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Although Large Visual Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated exceptional abilities in understanding multimodal data, they invariably suffer from hallucinations, leading to a disconnect between the generated text and the corresponding images. Almost all current visual contrastive decoding methods attempt to mitigate these hallucinations by introducing visual uncertainty information that appropriately widens the contrastive logits gap between hallucinatory and targeted ones. However, due to uncontrollable nature of the global visual uncertainty, they struggle to precisely induce the hallucinatory tokens, which severely limits their effectiveness in mitigating hallucinations and may even lead to the generation of undesired hallucinations. To tackle this issue, we conducted the theoretical analysis to promote the effectiveness of contrast decoding. Building on this insight, we introduce a novel optimization strategy named Hallucination-Induced Optimization (HIO). This strategy seeks to amplify the contrast between hallucinatory and targeted tokens relying on a fine-tuned theoretical preference model (i.e., Contrary Bradley-Terry Model), thereby facilitating efficient contrast decoding to alleviate hallucinations in LVLMs. Extensive experimental research demonstrates that our HIO strategy can effectively reduce hallucinations in LVLMs, outperforming state-of-the-art methods across various benchmarks., Comment: 10 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2311.16922 by other authors

Adapting large-scale image-text pre-training models, e.g., CLIP, to the video domain represents the current state-of-the-art for text-video retrieval. The primary approaches involve transferring text-video pairs to a common embedding space and leveraging cross-modal interactions on specific entities for semantic alignment. Though effective, these paradigms entail prohibitive computational costs, leading to inefficient retrieval. To address this, we propose a simple yet effective method, Global-Local Semantic Consistent Learning (GLSCL), which capitalizes on latent shared semantics across modalities for text-video retrieval. Specifically, we introduce a parameter-free global interaction module to explore coarse-grained alignment. Then, we devise a shared local interaction module that employs several learnable queries to capture latent semantic concepts for learning fine-grained alignment. Furthermore, an Inter-Consistency Loss (ICL) is devised to accomplish the concept alignment between the visual query and corresponding textual query, and an Intra-Diversity Loss (IDL) is developed to repulse the distribution within visual (textual) queries to generate more discriminative concepts. Extensive experiments on five widely used benchmarks (i.e., MSR-VTT, MSVD, DiDeMo, LSMDC, and ActivityNet) substantiate the superior effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. Remarkably, our method achieves comparable performance with SOTA as well as being nearly 220 times faster in terms of computational cost. Code is available at: https://github.com/zchoi/GLSCL., Comment: The author has withdrawn this paper due to a critical definitional error in concept learning for global/local-interaction learning during training. This error led to an alignment issue with the definition of the text-video retrieval task, causing an unfair comparison with state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. Consequently, this hindered the accurate evaluation of the paper's contributions

We demonstrate that, even when there are moderate overlaps in the inputs of sloppy or accurate double-word addition algorithms in the QD library, these algorithms still guarantee error bounds of $O(u^2(|a|+|b|))$ in faithful rounding. Furthermore, the accurate algorithm can achieve a relative error bound of $O(u^2)$ in the presence of moderate overlaps in the inputs when rounding function is round-to-nearest. The relative error bound also holds in directed rounding, but certain additional conditions are required. Consequently, in double-word multiplication and addition operations, we can safely omit the normalization step of double-word multiplication and replace the accurate addition algorithm with the sloppy one. Numerical experiments confirm that this approach nearly doubles the performance of double-word multiplication and addition operations, with negligible precision costs. Moreover, in directed rounding mode, the signs of the errors of the two algorithms are consistent with the rounding direction, even in the presence of input overlap. This allows us to avoid changing the rounding mode in interval arithmetic. We also prove that the relative error bound of the sloppy addition algorithm exceeds $3u^2$ if and only if the input meets the condition of Sterbenz's Lemma when rounding to nearest. These findings suggest that the two addition algorithms are more robust than previously believed.

Scene Graph Generation (SGG) endeavors to predict the relationships between subjects and objects in a given image. Nevertheless, the long-tail distribution of relations often leads to biased prediction on coarse labels, presenting a substantial hurdle in SGG. To address this issue, researchers focus on unbiased SGG and introduce data transfer methods to transfer coarse-grained predicates into fine-grained ones across the entire dataset. However, these methods encounter two primary challenges: 1) They overlook the inherent context constraints imposed by subject-object pairs, leading to erroneous relations transfer. 2) Additional retraining process are required after the data transfer, which incurs substantial computational costs. To overcome these limitations, we introduce the first plug-and-play one-stage data transfer pipeline in SGG, termed Adaptive Label Finetuning (ALF), which eliminates the need for extra retraining sessions and meanwhile significantly enhance models' relation recognition capability across various SGG benchmark approaches. Specifically, ALF consists of two components: Adaptive Label Construction (ALC) and Adaptive Iterative Learning (AIL). By imposing Predicate-Context Constraints within relation space, ALC adaptively re-ranks and selects candidate relations in reference to model's predictive logits utilizing the Restriction-Based Judgment techniques, achieving robust relation transfer. Supervised with labels transferred by ALC, AIL iteratively finetunes the SGG models in an auto-regressive manner, which mitigates the substantial computational costs arising from the retraining process. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ALF achieves a 16% improvement in mR@100 compared to the typical SGG method Motif, with only a 6% increase in calculation costs compared to the state-of-the-art method IETrans.

Existing Unbiased Scene Graph Generation (USGG) methods only focus on addressing the predicate-level imbalance that high-frequency classes dominate predictions of rare ones, while overlooking the concept-level imbalance. Actually, even if predicates themselves are balanced, there is still a significant concept-imbalance within them due to the long-tailed distribution of contexts (i.e., subject-object combinations). This concept-level imbalance poses a more pervasive and challenging issue compared to the predicate-level imbalance since subject-object pairs are inherently complex in combinations. Hence, we introduce a novel research problem: Generalized Unbiased Scene Graph Generation (G-USGG), which takes into account both predicate-level and concept-level imbalance. To the end, we propose the Multi-Concept Learning (MCL) framework, which ensures a balanced learning process across rare/ uncommon/ common concepts. MCL first quantifies the concept-level imbalance across predicates in terms of different amounts of concepts, representing as multiple concept-prototypes within the same class. It then effectively learns concept-prototypes by applying the Concept Regularization (CR) technique. Furthermore, to achieve balanced learning over different concepts, we introduce the Balanced Prototypical Memory (BPM), which guides SGG models to generate balanced representations for concept-prototypes. Extensive experiments demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of our model-agnostic strategy in enhancing the performance of benchmark models on both VG-SGG and OI-SGG datasets, leading to new state-of-the-art achievements in two key aspects: predicate-level unbiased relation recognition and concept-level compositional generability., Comment: The author requests to withdraw this paper due to a critical definitional error in Multi-Concept Learning for Generalized Unbiased SGG Debiasing. This error aligned with the definition of Generalized Unbiased SGG tasks, resulting in an unfair comparison with state-of- the-art (SOTA) methods, which in turn, hindered the ability to evaluate the paper's contributions

Scene graph generation aims to detect visual relationship triplets, (subject, predicate, object). Due to biases in data, current models tend to predict common predicates, e.g. "on" and "at", instead of informative ones, e.g. "standing on" and "looking at". This tendency results in the loss of precise information and overall performance. If a model only uses "stone on road" rather than "stone blocking road" to describe an image, it may be a grave misunderstanding. We argue that this phenomenon is caused by two imbalances: semantic space level imbalance and training sample level imbalance. For this problem, we propose DB-SGG, an effective framework based on debiasing but not the conventional distribution fitting. It integrates two components: Semantic Debiasing (SD) and Balanced Predicate Learning (BPL), for these imbalances. SD utilizes a confusion matrix and a bipartite graph to construct predicate relationships. BPL adopts a random undersampling strategy and an ambiguity removing strategy to focus on informative predicates. Benefiting from the model-agnostic process, our method can be easily applied to SGG models and outperforms Transformer by 136.3%, 119.5%, and 122.6% on mR@20 at three SGG sub-tasks on the SGG-VG dataset. Our method is further verified on another complex SGG dataset (SGG-GQA) and two downstream tasks (sentence-to-graph retrieval and image captioning)., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2108.13129

The task of dynamic scene graph generation (DynSGG) aims to generate scene graphs for given videos, which involves modeling the spatial-temporal information in the video. However, due to the long-tailed distribution of samples in the dataset, previous DynSGG models fail to predict the tail predicates. We argue that this phenomenon is due to previous methods that only pay attention to the local spatial-temporal information and neglect the consistency of multiple frames. To solve this problem, we propose a novel DynSGG model based on multi-task learning, DynSGG-MTL, which introduces the local interaction information and global human-action interaction information. The interaction between objects and frame features makes the model more fully understand the visual context of the single image. Long-temporal human actions supervise the model to generate multiple scene graphs that conform to the global constraints and avoid the model being unable to learn the tail predicates. Extensive experiments on Action Genome dataset demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed framework, which not only improves the dynamic scene graph generation but also alleviates the long-tail problem., Comment: The author has withdrawn this paper due to a critical definitional error in multi-task learning for dynamic SGG debiasing. This error aligned with the definition of dynamic SGG tasks, resulting in an unfair comparison with state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, which in turn, hindered the ability to evaluate the paper's contributions

Current Scene Graph Generation (SGG) methods explore contextual information to predict relationships among entity pairs. However, due to the diverse visual appearance of numerous possible subject-object combinations, there is a large intra-class variation within each predicate category, e.g., "man-eating-pizza, giraffe-eating-leaf", and the severe inter-class similarity between different classes, e.g., "man-holding-plate, man-eating-pizza", in model's latent space. The above challenges prevent current SGG methods from acquiring robust features for reliable relation prediction. In this paper, we claim that the predicate's category-inherent semantics can serve as class-wise prototypes in the semantic space for relieving the challenges. To the end, we propose the Prototype-based Embedding Network (PE-Net), which models entities/predicates with prototype-aligned compact and distinctive representations and thereby establishes matching between entity pairs and predicates in a common embedding space for relation recognition. Moreover, Prototype-guided Learning (PL) is introduced to help PE-Net efficiently learn such entitypredicate matching, and Prototype Regularization (PR) is devised to relieve the ambiguous entity-predicate matching caused by the predicate's semantic overlap. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method gains superior relation recognition capability on SGG, achieving new state-of-the-art performances on both Visual Genome and Open Images datasets., Comment: Accepted by CVPR 2023

The current studies of Scene Graph Generation (SGG) focus on solving the long-tailed problem for generating unbiased scene graphs. However, most de-biasing methods overemphasize the tail predicates and underestimate head ones throughout training, thereby wrecking the representation ability of head predicate features. Furthermore, these impaired features from head predicates harm the learning of tail predicates. In fact, the inference of tail predicates heavily depends on the general patterns learned from head ones, e.g., "standing on" depends on "on". Thus, these de-biasing SGG methods can neither achieve excellent performance on tail predicates nor satisfying behaviors on head ones. To address this issue, we propose a Dual-branch Hybrid Learning network (DHL) to take care of both head predicates and tail ones for SGG, including a Coarse-grained Learning Branch (CLB) and a Fine-grained Learning Branch (FLB). Specifically, the CLB is responsible for learning expertise and robust features of head predicates, while the FLB is expected to predict informative tail predicates. Furthermore, DHL is equipped with a Branch Curriculum Schedule (BCS) to make the two branches work well together. Experiments show that our approach achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on VG and GQA datasets and makes a trade-off between the performance of tail predicates and head ones. Moreover, extensive experiments on two downstream tasks (i.e., Image Captioning and Sentence-to-Graph Retrieval) further verify the generalization and practicability of our method.

The performance of current Scene Graph Generation (SGG) models is severely hampered by hard-to-distinguish predicates, e.g., woman-on/standing on/walking on-beach. As general SGG models tend to predict head predicates and re-balancing strategies prefer tail categories, none of them can appropriately handle hard-to-distinguish predicates. To tackle this issue, inspired by fine-grained image classification, which focuses on differentiating hard-to-distinguish objects, we propose an Adaptive Fine-Grained Predicates Learning (FGPL-A) which aims at differentiating hard-to-distinguish predicates for SGG. First, we introduce an Adaptive Predicate Lattice (PL-A) to figure out hard-to-distinguish predicates, which adaptively explores predicate correlations in keeping with model's dynamic learning pace. Practically, PL-A is initialized from SGG dataset, and gets refined by exploring model's predictions of current mini-batch. Utilizing PL-A, we propose an Adaptive Category Discriminating Loss (CDL-A) and an Adaptive Entity Discriminating Loss (EDL-A), which progressively regularize model's discriminating process with fine-grained supervision concerning model's dynamic learning status, ensuring balanced and efficient learning process. Extensive experimental results show that our proposed model-agnostic strategy significantly boosts performance of benchmark models on VG-SGG and GQA-SGG datasets by up to 175% and 76% on Mean Recall@100, achieving new state-of-the-art performance. Moreover, experiments on Sentence-to-Graph Retrieval and Image Captioning tasks further demonstrate practicability of our method., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2204.02597

Scene Graph Generation (SGG) represents objects and their interactions with a graph structure. Recently, many works are devoted to solving the imbalanced problem in SGG. However, underestimating the head predicates in the whole training process, they wreck the features of head predicates that provide general features for tail ones. Besides, assigning excessive attention to the tail predicates leads to semantic deviation. Based on this, we propose a novel SGG framework, learning to generate scene graphs from Head to Tail (SGG-HT), containing Curriculum Re-weight Mechanism (CRM) and Semantic Context Module (SCM). CRM learns head/easy samples firstly for robust features of head predicates and then gradually focuses on tail/hard ones. SCM is proposed to relieve semantic deviation by ensuring the semantic consistency between the generated scene graph and the ground truth in global and local representations. Experiments show that SGG-HT significantly alleviates the biased problem and chieves state-of-the-art performances on Visual Genome.

The performance of current Scene Graph Generation models is severely hampered by some hard-to-distinguish predicates, e.g., "woman-on/standing on/walking on-beach" or "woman-near/looking at/in front of-child". While general SGG models are prone to predict head predicates and existing re-balancing strategies prefer tail categories, none of them can appropriately handle these hard-to-distinguish predicates. To tackle this issue, inspired by fine-grained image classification, which focuses on differentiating among hard-to-distinguish object classes, we propose a method named Fine-Grained Predicates Learning (FGPL) which aims at differentiating among hard-to-distinguish predicates for Scene Graph Generation task. Specifically, we first introduce a Predicate Lattice that helps SGG models to figure out fine-grained predicate pairs. Then, utilizing the Predicate Lattice, we propose a Category Discriminating Loss and an Entity Discriminating Loss, which both contribute to distinguishing fine-grained predicates while maintaining learned discriminatory power over recognizable ones. The proposed model-agnostic strategy significantly boosts the performances of three benchmark models (Transformer, VCTree, and Motif) by 22.8\%, 24.1\% and 21.7\% of Mean Recall (mR@100) on the Predicate Classification sub-task, respectively. Our model also outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a large margin (i.e., 6.1\%, 4.6\%, and 3.2\% of Mean Recall (mR@100)) on the Visual Genome dataset.