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Polarization-dependent periodic nanostructures can be self-assembled through focused irradiation of femtosecond pulses. These nanograting structures can be empirically classified as having one of the following three characteristics: (1) a structural deficiency, (2) strained crystal structure, or (3) partial crystallization. A nanograting structure consisting of glass/crystal transformation in $$\hbox {Al}_2\hbox {O}_3\text {-}\hbox {Dy}_2\hbox {O}_3$$ binary glass is demonstrated.

The initial processes of the refractive index change in a focal region of a femtosecond laser pulse inside a soda-lime glass is investigated by the transient lens (TrL) method with a time resolution of subpicosecond. The TrL signal showed a damped oscillation with about an 800 ps period. This oscillation was explained in terms of the thermoelastic response of a heated material by a short pulsed laser. The essential feature of the oscillation can be reproduced by the pressure wave creation and propagation to the outward direction from the irradiated region. The temporal evolution of the refractive index distribution inside a glass is retrieved from the probe beam deformation (TrL image) at various delay times between the pump and probe pulses. Two phases of the refractive index increase at the laser focal region were observed in a range of 1-50 ps and 500 - 700 ps. This is the first real time observation of the initial processes of the refractive index change in a focal region of a femtosecond laser pulse.

We report novel FETs with a structure in which not only the top surface but also the side surfaces of island-shaped c-axis aligned crystalline indium-gallium-zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO) serving as a channel are surrounded by a gate electrode, that is, surrounded channel CAAC-IGZO FETs. The FETs maintained their favorable subthreshold characteristics even if the channel length was scaled down to approximately 50 nm, i.e., normally-off, DIBL of 67 mV/V, SS of 92 mV/dec, and an off-state current lower than the measurement limit (0.1 pA) for a gate insulating film EOT of 11 nm. Moreover, we applied an FET with such a structure to a memory and discussed the writing time and the retention time, which were expected to be less than 5 ns and greater than 1,000 sec, respectively, for storage capacitance of 1 fF from circuit simulation.

A novel RF switch IC using GaAs MESFET's has been developed for digital communication systems. The new IC is composed of a three-stage SPST switch and a thin film termination resistor, which realizes a high isolation and a low return loss. In addition, a high power handling capability and a low insertion loss are simultaneously realized with two kinds of pinch-off voltages using the orientation effect of GaAs MESFET's. According to these technologies, the excellent performance is achieved as follows: the isolation of 60 dB, the return loss of 20 dB, the 1 dB power compression of 27 dBm and the insertion loss of 1.6 dB at a frequency of 1.9 GHz with control voltages of 0/-5 V. The new switch IC contributes to a variety of communication system using high-quality digital modulation. >

A high-performance millimeter-wave communication system in the 50-GHz band was realized by using GaAs FET microwave integrated circuits. The system contains a 25-GHz dielectric resonant oscillator, a 25-GHz FM modulator, and 25/50-GHz frequency doublers. A transmitting power of 10 dBm and a receiver noise figure of 13 dB were obtained. A frequency stability of less than +or-100 p.p.m. was obtained over the temperature range from -20 degrees C to 60 degrees C. >

A static program analyzer has been designed and developed. Even though it is natural that large-scale software is developed by a number of groups under standard guidelines, it is often convenient that each group have group-oriented guidelines in addition to the standard guidelines. This is because the standard guidelines do not reflect factors unique to each group. The tool regards coding styles as a set of static properties of a program. With this tool, the user can define such static properties to be detected, called irregular styles. The paper describes the definition of an irregular style, a detection strategy, and evaluation of its results. >

We present a method for acceleration of logic simulations. The logic simulation is mainly used to detect malfunctions in the logical design phase. As the size of logical circuits grows, acceleration of the logic simulation becomes increasingly required. Several acceleration methods have been presented for this purpose. The outstanding feature of our method is that it accelerates the simulation speed in accordance with the dynamic behaviours of target circuits. A global dynamic behaviour is predicted to realize this feature, through the investigation of the relationship among gates in the early stage of the simulation. Using the relationships, a logic simulation is accelerated by a process called "grouping". We have confirmed that the dynamic information of the circuits accelerates logical simulation by the evaluation system. >

Soluble fibrin(SF) is formed in the early-activated state of blood coagulation and quantitative measurement of SF shows high potential as a parameter for the diagnosis of suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed SF test utilizing SF specific monoclonal antibody(F405). Among hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic tumor patients, 249 patients with suspected DIC were collected. The SF level showed a good correlation with the DIC score and the SF levels in DIC patients were significantly higher than those in s-DIC and pre-DIC patients. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis also showed that the specificity and sensitivity of the SF assay were higher than those of thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT). In conclusion, these results indicate that the SF assay is a highly precise method for the diagnosis and screening of DIC stages.

We examined activated partial thromboplastin time, kaolin clotting time, mixing with normal plasma in kaolin clotting time, dilute Russell's viper venom time, dilute Russell's viper venom time at high lipid concentrations, anti-phospholipid antibodies, and anti-cardiolipin-beta2-glycoprotein I complex antibody in 135 patients with prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and diagnosed 86 patients positive for lupus anticoagulant. The sensitivity of activated partial thromboplastin time and dilute Russell's viper venom time/dilute Russell's viper venom time-high lipid concentrations ratio for lupus anticoagulant were markedly high, but the specificity of activated partial thromboplastin time for lupus anticoagulant was not markedly high. The specificity, but not the sensitivity, of kaolin clotting time-mixing with normal plasma in kaolin clotting time was markedly high. In summary, dilute Russell's viper venom time to dilute Russell's viper venom time-high lipid concentrations ratio gave high sensitivity as well as specificity, being the only assay to confirm this. Of the patients positive for lupus anticoagulant, 25% were positive for anti-phospholipid antibodies and 17% were positive for anti-cardiolipin-beta2-glycoprotein I complex antibody. Of the lupus anticoagulant-positive patients with thrombosis, 45% were positive for anti-phospholipid antibodies, 35% were positive for anti-cardiolipin-beta2-glycoprotein I complex antibody, 60% were positive for both anti-phospholipid antibodies and anti-cardiolipin-beta2-glycoprotein I complex antibody, and only 17% were negative for anti-phospholipid antibodies and anti-cardiolipin-beta2-glycoprotein I complex antibody. These findings suggest that lupus anticoagulant can be diagnosed by dilute Russell's viper venom time/dilute Russell's viper venom time-high lipid concentrations ratio, and that thrombosis in lupus anticoagulant-positive may be predictable from both anti-phospholipid antibodies and anti-cardiolipin-beta2-glycoprotein I complex antibody. Plasma tissue type plasminogen activator level in lupus anticoagulant patients was significantly increased, and plasma tissue type plasminogen activator and fibrin-D-dimer levels in lupus anticoagulant-positive patients with thrombosis were significantly higher than in those without thrombosis, suggesting that the diagnosis of thrombosis by hemostatic markers might be important in lupus anticoagulant.

We examined various hemostatic molecular markers in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), deep vein thrombosis(DVT), pulmonary embolism(PE), acute myocardial infarction(AMI), cerebral thrombosis(CT) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP). Global tests were sensitive for DIC but not for pre-DIC. However, hemostatic molecular markers such as soluble fibrin were sensitive for both DIC and pre-DIC. Hemostatic molecular markers were also useful for analysis of DIC in a baboon DIC model. Activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I were useful for the diagnosis of DVT, PE, AMI or CT. These findings suggests that hemostatic molecular markers are useful for the diagnosis of various thrombotic disorders.

We report a case of primary spinal intramedullary malignant lymphoma. A 48-year-old man suffered from numbness and weakness of the left leg for 8 months. He was admitted to the hospital with progressive paraplegia and sudden onset of urinary retention. MRI revealed a low intensity mass on T1-weighted image with diffuse enhancement by Gd-DTPA in the thoracic spinal cord. An intramedullary spinal cord tumor was suspected and an urgent laminectomy (C7-Th5) was performed for decompression and confirmation. In the operation, the spinal cord was seen to be diffusely swollen, but no apparent tumor was identified either in color or consistency, and only biopsy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was malignant lymphoma (diffuse medium size-cell type). Investigations excluded the presence of lymphoma in other sites in the central nervous system and in the extraneural organs. We diagnosed a primary spinal intramedullary malignant lymphoma. Postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy were performed. After the irradiation with 16Gy to the tumor and 30Gy to the whole spinal axis, the tumor disappeared on MRI. One month later MRI demonstrated two markedly enhanced lesions in the right frontal lobe white mantle and the corpus callosum. He died of progressive respiratory disturbance 15 months after the beginning of his illness. Primary involvement of the spinal cord in malignant lymphoma is rare. Only 12 cases have been reported. The number of cases of malignant lymphoma in the central nervous system has gradually increased and it must be taken into consideration when diagnosing spinal cord tumors. We are looking forward to developing curative means including chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

We attempted to compare the clinical efficacy of three modalities evacuating clots from basal cisterns as following; simple cisternal drainage (D, N = 14), ventricular or cisternal irrigation combined with cisternal drainage (I, 13), and single intracisternal injection of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) with cisternal drainage (T, 26). The patients undergoing surgery within 48 hours of aneurysm rupture were randomly assigned into three groups. Delayed neurological deficit was significantly less frequent in T than D group (15.4% vs. 57.1%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between I and T groups. According to Glasgow Outcome Scale, T group had a significantly better outcome than D group (p < 0.01). Severe disability was more common in D group than T group (p < 0.01). In T group, 2 of 7 deaths were due to severe vasospasm (7.7%). The complication in T group was epidural hematoma occurring in 2 patients. Our results suggest that intraoperative injection of rt-PA with cisternal drainage is effective in reducing vasospasm and improving outcome of the patients with SAH.

This study evaluated the clinical value of consecutive activity measurements of anticoagulation factors, protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III in plasma from patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Sequential plasma samples were obtained from 22 patients on the following days; 0–3, 5, 8, 14, and 20 after SAH. Then protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III levels were measured using an electroimmunoassay, and vasospasm on angiograms and clinical state of the patients determined. The time courses of 3 factors were classified into 5 groups as following; A) 3 factors abruptly decreased on Days 5 to 8, then increased (N = 2), B) 3 factors continuously increased (11), C) 3 factors under normal range (1), D) 3 factors within normal range (4), and E) 3 factors continuously decreased (4). When clinical outcome was compared to the patient group, the patients in Group B had a significantly better outcome than those in Group E (p < 0.01). Ten of the 11 patients in Group B had an excellent outcome without vasospasm. Three of the 4 in Group D had a favorable outcome. All 4 patients in Group E had a poor outcome due to delayed neurological deficit (DND). The patient in Group C had low anticoagulation factors and a mild DND. Temporary deficiencies of 3 factors occurred in a patient of Group A at the time of DND.

Electromagnetic properties of Zn, Ga, and Ge are studied by using the nuclear shell model. Empirically determinedM1 operators are found to be very successful to explainM1 transitions, moments, and mixing ratios. ManyE2 properties are also understood by the present shell-model calculations with effective charges.

Low-lying positive parity levels of calcium-40 are discussed in the framework of the shell model. An inert 32S core is assumed, and Od 3 2 and Of 7 2 are taken as active orbits. As effective interactions we assumed those used by Federman and Pittel. Effect of many-particle and many-hole configurations up to 8p–8h states are shown to be important even for the very low-lying 0+ states.

A very compact 50-GHz-band transmitter/receiver for a video link is described. The RF assemblies used in the system consist of 25/50-GHz frequency doublers, a 25-GHz dielectric-resonator oscillator, and a 25-GHz FM modulator. The circuits make extensive use of microwave integrated circuit (MIC) technology with all GaAs FETs as active elements. The frequency doublers exhibit a minimum conversion loss of 2.6 dB and a maximum output power of 11 dBm. The modulator is highly frequency stabilized by the dielectric resonator. Recently developed miniature probe microstrip-to-waveguide transitions permit the MIC assemblies to be installed compactly in hermetically sealed packages. Design considerations and experimental data for the transition are presented. Using these technologies a transmitting power of 10 dBm and a receiver noise figure of 13 dB have been obtained. >

The effective Hamiltonian which was determined empirically by Koops and Glaudemans is tested in shell model calculations for the65–68Zn,67–69Ga, and68–70Ge nuclei in the full (1p 3/2,0f 5/2,1p 1/2) n space. The resulting energy spectra are compared with the experimental spectra and results of previous calculations. The overall agreement with experiment is as satisfactory for these nuclei as for the Ni and Cu isotopes, by which the Hamiltonian was determined. It is noticed that the spectra of67Zn and67,69Ga calculated in this work are similar to those provided by the Alaga model.

Microsurgical decompression of the optic nerve was performed in 22 patients with traumatic optic nerve injury through a transfrontal intradural approach. When significant improvement is defined as an improvement of the visual acuity of 0.1 or more, 11 patients (50%) showed significant improvement and 7 patients (32%) showed non-significant improvement. Four patients who had been blind preoperatively, did not show any improvement. In cases with a preoperative visual acuity of 0.01 or more, significant improvement was obtained in 80% of the patients, and when the preoperative visual acuity was not nill but less than 0.01, 38% of patients showed significant improvement. We conclude that a transfrontal intradural microsurgical decompression is indicated, when the preoperative visual acuity is 0.01 or more and the time lag is less than 14 days after the injury.

When potato starch was hydrolyzed to form Nageli amylodextrin by 16% sulfuric acid at 30°C, only the amorphous portion of the starch granules was deteriorated. The crystallinity of Nageli amylodextrin showing the hydrolysis ratio of 0.22 was 1.28 times as large as that of original starch. The hydrolysis process at above 45°C was given by two exponential equations. The value of acid resistance portion (Co) at 30 and 38°C was 100%, while the values at 45, 50 and 55°C were 67, 38 and 18%, respectively. The high value of Co generally showed the high acid resistance in the various starches. Sweet potato and waxy rice starches were more easily hydrolyzed than other starches, although they gave the relatively high value of Co. Thus, it was slightly more difficult for low acid resistance portion of potato starch to be hydrolyzed than for that of other starches. Moreover, that of waxy rice was easily hydrolyzed. Uber die Saurebestandigkeit von Starkekornern. Wenn Kartoffel-starke durch 16%ige Schwefelsaure bei 30°C unter Bildung von Nageli-Amylodextrin hydrolysiert wurde, wurde nur der amorphe Anteil der Starkekorner angegriffen. Die Kristallinitat des Nageli-Amylodextrins, welches ein Hydrolyseverhaltnis von 0,22 aufwies, war 1,28mal groser als die der ursprunglichen Starke. Der Hydrolysenprozes bei mehr als 45°C wurde durch zwei exponentielle Gleichungen beschrieben. Der Wert fur den saurebestandigen Anteil (Co) bei 30 und 38°C betrug 100%, wahrend die Werte bei 45, 50 und 55°C 67, 38 und 18% betrugen. Der hohe Wert fur Co zeigte allgemein die hohe Saurebestandigkeit bei den verschiedenen Starken. Suskartoffel- und Wachsreisstarken wurden leichter hydrolysiert als andere Starken, obgleich sie einen relativ hohen Wert fur Co aufwiesen. Somit war der wenig saurebestandige Anteil von Kartoffelstarke schwerer zu hydrolysieren als derjenige von anderen Starken. Demgegenuber wurde der saurebestandige Anteil von Wachsreis leicht hydrolysiert.

The electromagnetic properties of the nuclei 19, 20 O, 19, 20, 21 F, 19, 20, 21, 22 Ne, 21, 22 Na and 22 Mg are studied in a shell-model basis in which the valence nucleons are restricted to the (0d, 1s) shell and the 16 O core is assumed to be inert. Central two-body interactions are taken as the residual interactions. Beyond mass number A = 20, the SU(3) and SU(4) groups are used to truncate the shell-model space to a dimension less than sixty. Good agreement with experiment is obtained, except for 22 Na.

A 58-year-old female suffered frequent attacks of unconsciousness due to vertebrobasilar insufficiency. She had a slight left hemiparesis, dysarthria, gait disturbance, and decreased vibration sense. Angiography revealed remarkable stenoses of the bilateral vertebral artery origin with inadequate collateral flow from the anterior circulation. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed on the more severely narrowed left vertebral artery through transfemoral approach. This was followed by PTA on the right one through transbrachial approach after an interval of 3 weeks. The procedure cleared off the signs and symptoms; neuroradiological studies including angiography and Xe-CT scan confirmed the improvement. PTA has been performed on stenotic lesions at the origin of the vertebral artery and the common carotid artery with more safety than on stenotic lesions of the other cerebral arteries, because of the smooth luminal non-ulcerated lesions of the former. In spite of the possibility of restenosis after PTA, in selected cases, PTA leads to good results, less complications and shorter stay in hospital. These factors are of major benefit to the patients. In the future, PTA may be an alternative method for treating arterial stenotic lesions in the field of neurosurgery.

A 71-year-old patient with asymptomatic calcified subdural hematoma is presented. Review of the pertinent literature indicates that the lesion should be left untreated when incidentally found or not associated with progressive neurological symptoms and signs.

A massive hemorrhage originating in a giant celled astrocytoma of tuberous sclerosis is reported and pertinent literature is reviewed. No such association has been reported previously.

We report a newborn infant with a chondroma of the spine covered by a large lipoma. The child had no neurological deficit. Presenting as a tumor of the back, the chondroma was successfully excised. A review of the pertinent literature emphasizes the rarity of this lesion.