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Research into the relationship between epigenetic regulation and resistance to biotic stresses provides alternatives for plant protection and crop improvement. To unravel the mechanisms underlying tomato responses to Botrytis cinerea, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showing the increase in H3K9ac mark along the early induced genes SlyDES, SlyDOX1, and SlyLoxD encoding oxylipin-pathway enzymes, and SlyWRKY75 coding for a transcriptional regulator of hormonal signaling. This histone mark showed a more distinct distribution than the previously studied H3K4me3. The RNAPol-ChIP analysis reflected the actual gene transcription associated with increased histone modifications. A different pattern of marks in the oxylipin-related genes against P. syringae supported a pathogen-specific profile, while no significant differences occurred in SlyWRKY75. The epigenetic regulation of SlyWRKY75 by the intron-binding miR1127-3p was supported by the presence of SlyWRKY75 pre-mRNA in control plants. Interestingly, mRNA was found to be accumulated in response to B. cinerea and P. syringae, while reduction in miRNA only occurred against B. cinerea. The intronic region presented a similar pattern of marks than the rest of the gene in both pathosystems, except for H3K4me3 in the miRNA binding site upon B. cinerea. We located the gene encoding Sly-miR1127-3p, which presented reduced H3K4me3 on its promoter against B. cinerea., This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2013-49023-C3) and Economy (AGL2017-85987-C3), co-funded by the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF). Óscar Crespo-Salvador was the recipient of a research contract from AGL2013-49023-C3-1-R; AGL2017-85987-C3-2-R. M.J. López-Galiano was awarded with a University of Valencia Ph. D. fellowship.

Cancer cells have unlimited replicative potential, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, cellular stress, and sustained angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Cancer cells adequately adapt cell metabolism and integrate several intracellular and redox signaling to promote cell survival in an inflammatory and hypoxic microenvironment in order to maintain/expand tumor phenotype. The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) constitutes the recommended therapeutic strategy in different malignancies at advanced stages. There are important interrelationships between cell stress, redox status, mitochondrial function, metabolism and cellular signaling pathways leading to cell survival/death. The induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest widely related to the antitumoral properties of TKIs result from tightly controlled events involving different cellular compartments and signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to update the most relevant studies dealing with the impact of TKI treatment on cell function. The induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Ca2+ disturbances, leading to alteration of mitochondrial function, redox status and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that involve cell metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells will be covered. Emphasis will be given to studies that identify key components of the integrated molecular pattern including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) downstream signaling, cell death and mitochondria-related events that appear to be involved in the resistance of cancer cells to TKI treatments., This study was funded by Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCiii) (PI16/00090, PI19/00838 and PI19/01266), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2016-80006-P), Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment (BIO-216 and CTS-6264), Andalusian Ministry of Equality, Health and Social Policies (PI-0198-2016) and Valencian Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (PROMETEO/2019/027). P de la C-O was supported by FPU predoctoral fellowship (FPU17/00026) from Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. E N-V was supported by the the predoctoral i-PFIS IIS-enterprise contract in science and technologies in health (IFI18/00014) from ISCiii. We thank the Biomedical Research Network Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERcv), and the Biomedical Research Network Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd) founded by the ISCiii and co-financed by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "A way to achieve Europe" for their financial support.

DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein involved in Parkinson disease (PD) that can act as antioxidant, molecular chaperone, protease, glyoxalase and transcriptional regulator. However, the exact mechanism by which DJ-1 dysfunction contributes to development of Parkinson´s disease remains elusive. Here, using a comparative proteomic analysis between normal cortical neurons and neurons lacking DJ-1, we show that this protein is involved in cell cycle checkpoints disruption as a consequence of increased amount of p-Tau and a-synuclein proteins, altered signalling pathways, as the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Cdk5 is normally involved in dendritic growth, axon formation and the establishment of synapses, but can also contribute to cell cycle progression, as in our case, in pathological conditions. In addition, we observed a decrease in proteasomal activity, probably due to Tau phosphorylation that can also lead to activation of mitogenic signalling pathways. Taken together, our findings indicate, for the first time, that aborted cell cycle re-entry could be at the onset of DJ-1 associated PD. Thereby, new approaches targeting cell cycle re-entry can be envisaged to improve current therapeutic strategies.

Research into the relationship between epigenetic regulation and resistance to biotic stresses provides alternatives for plant protection and crop improvement. To unravel the mechanisms underlying tomato responses to Botrytis cinerea, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showing the increase in H3K9ac mark along the early induced genes SlyDES, SlyDOX1, and SlyLoxD encoding oxylipin-pathway enzymes, and SlyWRKY75 coding for a transcriptional regulator of hormonal signaling. This histone mark showed a more distinct distribution than the previously studied H3K4me3. The RNAPol-ChIP analysis reflected the actual gene transcription associated with increased histone modifications. A different pattern of marks in the oxylipin-related genes against P. syringae supported a pathogen-specific profile, while no significant differences occurred in SlyWRKY75. The epigenetic regulation of SlyWRKY75 by the intron-binding miR1127-3p was supported by the presence of SlyWRKY75 pre-mRNA in control plants. Interestingly, mRNA was found to be accumulated in response to B. cinerea and P. syringae, while reduction in miRNA only occurred against B. cinerea. The intronic region presented a similar pattern of marks than the rest of the gene in both pathosystems, except for H3K4me3 in the miRNA binding site upon B. cinerea. We located the gene encoding Sly-miR1127-3p, which presented reduced H3K4me3 on its promoter against B. cinerea.

While progress has been made to create smoke-free airports, sales of e-cigarettes at airports and airplanes and the presence of advertisements might detract from these smoke-free policies. The objective of this study is to describe the presence of policies, advertising, sales and use of e-cigarettes in airports and on flights in Europe and the US.A cross-sectional study was conducted between March-May, 2014. The study included 21 large and mid-sized airports of Europe and the US as well as 19 flights. A standardised protocol was used to observe points of sales and advertisements and to collect information on the implementation of policies on e-cigarette use. In addition, a series of questions were developed to obtain policy details from airport personnel and flight attendants.Retail outlets selling e-cigarettes in airports were present in approximately 20% and 40% of the observed pre and post-security areas, respectively. In post-security, 27.8% of the airport staff reported that the use of e-cigarettes indoors was not allowed, 22.2% reported that they did not know, 27.8% reported that it was only allowed in the smoking room, and 22.2% reported that it was allowed anywhere. Smoking ban announcements were made on all flights. However, only 15.8% of the flights made a specific announcement regarding the ban of using e-cigarettes. Conclusions. In light of our results, it seems necessary to reinforce in-flight e-cigarette smoking ban announcements and to instruct airport employees about the existence of e-cigarette smoking policies. Furthermore, airports themselves should also be encouraged to adopt smoke-free policies.Antecedentes. Pese a los avances en las políticas libres de humo en los aeropuertos, las ventas de cigarrillos electrónicos en aeropuertos y aviones y la presencia de publicidad pueden suponer un paso atrás en la implementación de dichas políticas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la presencia de políticas, publicidad, ventas y el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en aeropuertos y en vuelos de Europa y los EE.UU.Métodos. Estudio transversal realizado entre marzo y mayo del año 2014. El estudio incluyó 21 aeropuertos grandes y medianos de Europa y los EE.UU., así como 19 vuelos. Se utilizó un protocolo estandarizado para observar puntos de venta y publicidad y se recogió información sobre la implementación de políticas sobre el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Además, obtuvo información más detallada del personal del aeropuerto y de los asistentes de vuelo sobre las políticas de uso de cigarrillo electrónicos.Resultados. Los puntos de venta de cigarrillos electrónicos en los aeropuertos estaban presentes en aproximadamente el 20% y el 40% de las áreas observadas antes y después del control de seguridad, respectivamente. Después del control, el 27,8% del personal del aeropuerto declaró que no estaba permitido el uso los cigarrillos electrónicos en el interior, el 22,2% declaró que no sabía si se podían usar, el 27,8% declaró que sólo estaba permitido en el área de fumadores y el 22,2% declaró que se podía fumar en cualquier parte. Todos los vuelos anunciaron la prohibición de fumar. Sin embargo, sólo el 15,8% de los vuelos específicamente anunció la prohibición de usar cigarrillos electrónicos.Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados muestran que sería necesario reforzar los avisos de prohibición del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos durante los vuelos y de instruir a los empleados del aeropuerto sobre la existencia de políticas sobre el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Además, también se debería promover políticas libres de humo sin excepciones en todos los aeropuertos.

Introduction To assess exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in bus stops and markets, settings excluded from the Spanish Law 42/2010 regulating smoking in closed and open public places. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study in Barcelona assessing SHS exposure in 20 bus stops, 8 open markets, and 9 closed for comparison. We measured PM2.5 and vapour-phase nicotine as markers of SHS during 30 min (both in μg/m3), using a SidePak AM510 monitor and a cassette containing a filter treated with sodium bisulphate, respectively. We computed medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) and compared them according to traffic density, evidence of smoking (tobacco smell/butts), presence of smokers, wind speed, and type of bus stop (with/without shelter) or type of market (open/closed). Results Median (IQR) PM2.5 concentration was 13.52 µg/m3 (9.62–17.68 µg/m3) in bus stops, being higher in those with evidence of smoking (14.04 vs. 8.84 µg/m3; p

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the well-substantiated platelet hyporeactivity in neonates is of interest given their implications for the clinical management of newborns, a population at higher bleeding risk than adults (especially sick and preterm infants), as well as for gaining insight into the regulatory mechanisms of platelet biology. Transcriptome analysis is useful in identifying mRNA signatures affecting platelet function. However, human fetal/neonatal platelet transcriptome analysis has never before been reported. We have used mRNA expression array for the first time to compare platelet transcriptome changes during development. Microarray analysis was performed in pure platelet RNA obtained from adult and cord blood, using the same platform in two independent laboratories. A high correlation was obtained between array results for both adult and neonate platelet samples. There was also good agreement between results in our adult samples and outcomes previously reported in three different studies. Gene enrichment analysis showed that immunity- and platelet function-related genes are highly expressed at both developmental stages. Remarkably, 201 genes were found to be differentially expressed throughout development. In particular, neonatal platelets contain higher levels of mRNA that are associated with protein synthesis and processing, while carrying significantly lower levels of genes involved in calcium transport/metabolism and cell signaling (including GNAZ). Overall, our results point to variations in platelet transcriptome as possibly underlining the hypo-functional phenotype of neonatal platelets and provide further support for the role of platelets in cellular immune response. Better characterization of the platelet transcriptome throughout development can contribute to elucidate how transcriptome changes impact different pathological conditions.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relation between psychosocial and sociodemographic variables in nursing professionals. To discover the levels of job satisfaction, psychosomatic symptoms and psychological well-being in nurses. METHOD: The research was conducted in a sample of 476 nurses / as from nine hospitals in the region of Murcia (Spain). An occupational health protocol was distributed among the sample participants for completion, which contained tools for measuring and describing psychosocial and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Although there is no high risk for psychological problems among the sample participants, psychosomatic symptoms, job dissatisfaction, and low psychological wellbeing are present. CONCLUSIONS: The results contribute to research on the subject by identifying the presence of psychosocial disorders in nursing professionals, associated with job conditions and certain psychosocial and sociodemographic variables. OBJETIVOS: Analizar la relación entre las variables psicosociales y las variables demográficas y sociolaborales en los profesionales de enfermería. Conocer los niveles de satisfacción laboral, síntomas psicosomáticos y bienestar psicológico en enfermeros. METODOLOGÍA: La investigación se realizó con una muestra de 476 enfermeros/as, procedentes de 9 centros hospitalarios de la región de Murcia (España). Se distribuye entre los participantes de la muestra un protocolo de salud laboral para su cumplimentación, que contenía herramientas de medición de variables psicosociales y descripción de variables demográficas y sociolaborales. RESULTADOS: Aunque no existe alto riesgo de problemas psicológicos en los componentes de la muestra, se presentan síntomas psicosomáticos, insatisfacción laboral, y bajo bienestar psicológico. CONCLUSIONES: Se aportan resultados a investigaciones desarrolladas sobre el tema, al identificar la presencia de alteraciones psicosociales en profesionales enfermeros, asociado a condiciones laborales y a determinadas variables sociodemográficas y sociolaborales. OBJETIVOS: analisar a relação entre as variáveis psicossociais e sociodemográficas em profissionais de enfermagem, conhecer os níveis de satisfação com o trabalho, sintomas psicossomáticos e bem-estar psicológico em enfermeiros. METODOLOGIA: a pesquisa foi realizada com uma amostra de 476 enfermeiros (as), procedentes de nove hospitais da região de Múrcia, Espanha. Foi distribuído entre os participantes um protocolo de saúde ocupacional para preenchimento, com ferramentas para medir as variáveis psicossociais e descrever as variáveis sociodemográficas. RESULTADOS: embora não exista alto risco de problemaspsicológicos nos sujeitos da amostra, sintomas psicossomáticos, insatisfação no trabalho e bem-estar psicológico baixo estavam presentes. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados contribuem para a investigação realizada sobre o assunto, ao identificar a presença de transtornos psicossociais nos profissionais de enfermagem, associada a condições de trabalho e determinadas variáveis psicossociais e sociodemográficas.

Introduction : Stroke represents the third cause of morbidity and mortality in adults, the first medical determinant of disability and the second of dementia. Around 50% of stroke survivors develop mobility limitations and disability in the activities of daily living (ADL). After a stroke, treatment aims include the recovery of the maximum possible independence and the promotion of social and working reinsertion, while reducing the risk of institutionalization and mortality. Early supported discharge from acute care has demonstrated quicker return home and a higher chance of achieving independence. Efficiency of such programs is associated, among other factors, with an appropriate selection of patients and with coordination with community and social services. In Barcelona, both the healthcare and social systems provide a wide range of resources, but the two systems are not integrated. After a stroke, patients admitted to acute or intermediate care hospitals are currently discharged with a personal healthcare plan, but the activation of social resources requires further assessments by primary healthcare and municipal social services at the patient’s home; this activates a process to assign resources and to establish the economic contribution of the user. The Return Home Program (RHP) aims at facilitating home discharge and the achievement of maximum possible independence. It is directed to improve coordination in order to: - Early detect post-stroke patients admitted to acute or intermediate care hospitals and candidate to home-based social and rehabilitation interventions. - Direct activate municipal social services (including personal assistance, house cleaning, tele-care, meals-on-wheels, rehabilitation aids) through the empowerment of social workers staff of the hospitals, which traditionally could only refer the person to primary care or social services. During the first weeks after discharge, activation is independent of the economic situation of the person. - Guarantee the availability of social resources right at discharge. - Provide the most efficient rehabilitation resource. Methods : Quasi-experimental study, with pre-post intervention and comparison groups. Aims: to evaluate short and middle-term impacts of RHP on functional recovery, quality of life and return home, as well as patients’ and caregivers’ satisfaction; to evaluate cost-effectiveness of RHP, compared to usual care. Target population: stroke patients admitted to acute or intermediate care hospitals ,with >2 impaired ADL and social needs. Barcelona healthcare services are organized in 4 Integral Healthcare Areas (IHA): the intervention group includes hospitals of the Left and Seaboard IHAs (reference population= 815.285 inhabitants), whereas the control group includes hospitals of the other 2 IHAs (812.177 inhabitants). Progress report : RHP will start in January 15th 2016, and the pilot will run for 1 year. So far, we concluded: - Bibliographic review about similar interventions and outcomes - Program and study design, by 3 parallel and partially overlapping working groups: 1) “intervention working group”, including specialists in rehabilitation and geriatrics, nurses, social workers from the healthcare and social sectors, psychologists, who defined the program, target population and screening and assessment tools; 2) “evaluation working group”, which sums, to the previous profiles, experts in public health and healthcare assessment, who refined study design and methods; 3) “implementation working group”, expanded to strategic stakeholders from the participants institutions, in charge of the training and follow-up. - Institutional support and funding (gratuity of municipal social resources and study funding), by the Government of Catalonia and the Municipality of Barcelona. Discussion : This experience, in a highly fragmented environment such as the city of Barcelona, adds the value of integrating healthcare social services in the hospital and basic municipal social services in the community. Early detection of needs in the hospital is cardinal for the effectiveness of the intervention. A further innovative aspect is the gratuity for the patient, independent of the economic level. The design of the study will allow the estimation of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the program through the comparison between the study groups. In order to guarantee the feasibility of the study, we included in the project all the relevant stakeholders, experts professionals, who allowed taking into account the context and possible barriers, and leaders from the involved public administrations. We will present preliminary results at ICIC16. Conclusions : RHP is an innovative program which will promote integrated health and social care for a group of particularly vulnerable adults, in a high fragmented environment. Due to these elements of difficulty, in case of positive results we envision the translation of this program to other groups and contexts. After completing the design and planning phases, we will start the program shortly.

ResumenEn los últimos años ha aumentado de forma notable el interés por la evaluación de las intervenciones en salud, especialmente en relación a su utilidad social y su eficiencia económica. Sin embargo, todavía estamos lejos de tener un grado suficiente de consenso en los aspectos básicos de la evaluación, como son la terminología, la finalidad y la metodología de trabajo. En este marco se revisan las principales definiciones y clasificaciones de la evaluación aplicada a los programas y políticas en salud pública. En relación a la evaluación de resultados, se presentan los principales diseños evaluativos y sus componentes, y se revisan las amenazas a la validez interna de los resultados de los diseños evaluativos débiles. Se analizan y discuten las características de las intervenciones de salud pública que limitan las opciones de evaluación con diseños tradicionales. Entre estas limitaciones destacan la complejidad de las intervenciones, que habitualmente tienen múltiples componentes, y la dificultad de establecer un grupo de comparación sin intervención, en especial mediante asignación aleatoria. Para finalizar, se describe una propuesta de evaluación a partir de diseños evaluativos débiles, consistente en la valoración de la adecuación y la plausibilidad. La adecuación estaría determinada por la existencia de un cambio observable en los indicadores de resultados, y podría ser suficiente para tomar decisiones bajo determinadas condiciones; otras veces sería necesario analizar la plausibilidad, o atribución de los resultados observados al programa.AbstractIn the last few years, interest has markedly increased in evaluating health programs, especially their social utility and economic efficiency. However, consensus on key issues in evaluation, such as terminology, goals and methods is still a long way off. In this context, we review the main definitions and classifications of evaluation applied to public health programs and policies. We describe the main evaluation designs and their components, focusing on outcome evaluation. Threats to the internal validity of the results of weak evaluation designs are also discussed. The characteristics of public health interventions that limit evaluation with traditional designs are also analyzed. These limitations include the complexity of interventions, usually with multiple components, and the difficulty of forming an equivalent control group with no intervention, especially through random assignment. Finally, a two-step approach to evaluation through weak designs, which takes into account adequacy and plausibility, is described. Adequacy consists of the observation of a change in the selected indicators after the intervention, and would be sufficient to take decisions under certain conditions; at other times, plausibility would need to be analyzed, defined as attribution of the results to the program or intervention.

Background. While progress has been made to create smoke-free airports, sales of e-cigarettes at airports and airplanes and the presence of advertisements might detract from these smoke-free policies. The objective of this study is to describe the presence of policies, advertising, sales and use of e-cigarettes in airports and on flights in Europe and the US. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March-May, 2014. The study included 21 large and mid-sized airports of Europe and the US as well as 19 flights. A standardised protocol was used to observe points of sales and advertisements and to collect information on the implementation of policies on e-cigarette use. In addition, a series of questions were developed to obtain policy details from airport personnel and flight attendants. Results. Retail outlets selling e-cigarettes in airports were present in approximately 20% and 40% of the observed pre and post-security areas, respectively. In post-security, 27.8% of the airport staff reported that the use of e-cigarettes indoors was not allowed, 22.2% reported that they did not know, 27.8% reported that it was only allowed in the smoking room, and 22.2% reported that it was allowed anywhere. Smoking ban announcements were made on all flights. However, only 15.8% of the flights made a specific announcement regarding the ban of using e-cigarettes. Conclusions. In light of our results, it seems necessary to reinforce in-flight e-cigarette smoking ban announcements and to instruct airport employees about the existence of e-cigarette smoking policies. Furthermore, airports themselves should also be encouraged to adopt smoke-free policies.

ResumenObjetivoAnalizar la eficiencia de un programa de prevención del tabaquismo en escolares de Barcelona (programa PASE.bcn).MétodosSe realizó un análisis de coste-beneficio. Como costes se incluyeron los derivados del diseño y la ejecución del programa. Como beneficios se contabilizaron los costes sanitarios y las pérdidas de productividad evitados. La perspectiva de análisis es la social y el año de referencia es 2005.ResultadosEstimando una efectividad del 1%, el programa PASE.bcn lograría un beneficio anual de 1.558.311,46€. Los beneficios sanitarios por fumador evitado son de 1997,57€, mientras que los beneficios indirectos por fumador evitado son de 21.260,80€. Dado que el coste del programa es de 68.526,03€, la razón beneficio-coste del programa es de 22,74.ConclusionesLos programas de prevención del tabaquismo en escolares generan un beneficio para la sociedad muy superior a sus costes. Los resultados justifican la aplicación universal de este tipo de programas.AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the efficiency of a school-based smoking prevention program in Barcelona (PASE.bcn program).MethodsA cost-benefit analysis was performed. As costs we included those corresponding to the design and implementation of the program. As benefits we considered healthcare costs and the productivity losses avoided. This study was conducted from a societal perspective, and the estimations of costs and benefits related to 2005.ResultsAssuming an effectiveness of 1%, the PASE.bcn program would achieve a total benefit of 1,558,311.46€. The healthcare benefits per prevented smoker were 1997.57€, and the indirect benefits per prevented smoker were 21,260.80€. Given the total cost of the school-based program (68,526.03€), the cost-benefit ratio was 22.74.ConclusionsFrom a societal perspective, the benefits of school-based tobacco prevention programs, in terms of healthcare costs and productivity losses avoided, are far greater than the costs. These results support universal application of this type of intervention.

Four different raw materials (olive-oil mill, pruning waste, rice straw and almond shell waste) used as additives were mixed with pepper plant wastes for composting purposes. Three bacterial strains isolated from prior composting processes and identified as Bacillus shackletonni, Streptomyces thermovulgaris and Ureibacillus thermosphaericus were added to every windrow and their effect on humic-like substances evolution was studied. In all the cases, an increase in the humification indices (humic to fulvic acids ratio, humification ratio and humification index) was obtained. On the other hand, inoculation significantly affected the humification indices, and differences due to both raw materials and microbial inoculants could be observed. When inoculated in almond shell and rice straw heaps respectively, B. shackletonni and U. thermosphaericus induced higher humification levels than those obtained for other raw material/inoculant combinations. Thus, the improvement of composting processes by means of inoculation seems to depend on properties of raw materials and microorganisms applied.

Introducción: Es bien sabido que la investigación en enfermería comienza a dar sus pasos, aunque todavía de una manera tímida. Para avanzar en el cuerpo de conocimientos propio se hace imprescindible conocer las diferentes estrategias metodológicas y ponerlas en práctica. No es posible avanzar si no se empieza desde las Escuelas de enfermería. Objetivo: En nuestro trabajo expondremos la necesidad de que el alumno realice una investigación en alguno de los campos o áreas de la Enfermería y las Ciencias de la Salud, con un carácter eminentemente práctico. Metodología: La asignatura es obligatoria para todos los alumnos de tercer curso, siendo la única Escuela en España que así lo hace. Se organiza en seminarios teórico-prácticos y en sesiones de seguimiento personalizadas tras la adjudicación de un director de proyecto dentro del claustro de profesores. Conclusiones: En los cuatro años que llevamos de experiencia se han realizado trabajos de alta calidad y, lo que es más importante, el alumno le ha perdido el miedo a la investigación y tendrá la experiencia suficiente para continuar cuando se enfrente al mundo laboral.Introduction: it is a well-known fact that research in the field of nursing has already started though in a timid way. It is essential to know the different methodological strategies and put them into practice in order to make progress in the body of specific knowledge. This progress will not be possible, however, if the Schools of Nursing are not taken as the starting point. Objective: In our paper, we will show the need for the students to carry out a research in any of the fields or areas of Nursing and Health Sciences, this research being basically of a practical nature. Methods: the subject is compulsory for all students in their third year, being this the only School of Nursing in Spain that envisages a situation of this kind. The subject is organized in theoretical and practical seminars and in sessions of individualized monitoring after having appointed a project director from within the faculty. Conclusions: In our four-year experience, high quality works have been carried out. Moreover, and what is even more important, students have overcome their fear to research and they will have enough experience once they have to face the labor market.

Analytical and descriptive study of the process of change being experienced in the Spanish university system over the last decade (2005-2014). Objective: To describe the structural changes occurring in Nursing Education in Spain, reaching access to doctoral studies from the European Convergence Process and the subsequent legislative development. Methodology: Bibliographical review of royal decrees and reference literature on the subject of study and descriptive analysis of the situation. Results: Carries various changes suffered in the curricula of nursing education in the last decade, the legislation of the European Higher Education sets the guidelines for current studies of Masters and Doctorates. Conclusions: The implementation of the Master and Doctorate stages after a basic degree, which is now possible with the new legislation. A formal beginning made of scientific nursing in order to generate their own lines of research led by Doctors of nursing who can integrate in research groups under the same condition as other researcher, yet now, from the nursing discipline itself. Estudio analítico y descriptivo del proceso de cambio que durante la última década (2005-2014) está experimentando el Sistema Universitario Español. Objetivo: Exponer el cambio estructural sufrido en la formación enfermera en España, hasta alcanzar el acceso a los estudios de doctorado, a partir del Proceso de Convergencia Europeo y el consecuente desarrollo legislativo. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de Reales Decretos y literatura referencial sobre el tema objeto de estudio y análisis descriptivo de la situación. Resultados: Tras los diferentes cambios sufridos en los contenidos curriculares de la formación enfermera en la última década, la legislación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior marca las directrices de los actuales Estudios de Master y Doctorado. Conclusiones: La implantación de los niveles Máster y programas de Doctorado propios después de los estudios básicos de Grado, se hace posible con la nueva legislación. Se inicia una etapa formal de Enfermería científica al poder generar líneas de investigación propias lideradas por Doctores en Enfermería que se pueden integrar en equipos de investigación en las mismas condiciones que el resto de investigadores, pero ahora desde la propia disciplina enfermera. Estudo analítico e descritivo, do processo de mudança do sistema universitário espanhol na última década (2005-2014). Objetivo: expor a mudança estrutural ocorrida na formação de enfermagem na Espanha, até o acesso aos cursos de doutorado, a partir do Processo de Convergência Europeu e o consequente desenvolvimento legislativo. Metodologia: revisão bibliográfica dos Decretos e referência de literatura sobre o objeto de estudo e análise descritiva da situação. Resultados: após diferentes alterações no conteúdo curricular da formação da enfermagem, na última década, a legislação do Espaço Europeu do Ensino Superior define as orientações de estudo de mestrado e doutorado atuais. Conclusões: a implementação dos níveis de mestrado e programas de doutorado próprios, após a graduação, torna-se possível com a nova legislação. Inicia-se uma etapa formal de enfermagem científica, capaz de gerar linhas próprias de pesquisa, liderada por doutores, integrando equipes de pesquisa nas mesmas condições que outros pesquisadores, mas agora, da própria disciplina de enfermagem.

Objetivo: Explorar las percepciones de las mujeres inmigrantes trabajadoras del servicio doméstico sobre la puesta en vigor en España del Real Decreto 1620/2011, que regula la relación laboral del servicio del hogar familiar, y su efecto en sus condiciones de empleo. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio mediante análisis de contenido cualitativo. Se realizaron tres grupos de discusión con mujeres inmigrantes (colombianas, ecuatorianas y marroquíes). Resultados: A pesar de valorar positivamente los beneficios teóricos de la nueva normativa, las mujeres inmigrantes han identificado barreras legales y económicas para conseguir un contrato, ser dadas de alta en la seguridad social y que las personas empleadoras asuman su coste, en especial en el caso de las trabajadoras contratadas por horas. Estas dificultades influyen en la posibilidad de legalizar su situación. La confluencia con la crisis económica ha emergido como un problema que dificulta su cumplimiento. Conclusiones: Aunque el nuevo régimen ha favorecido la creación de puestos de trabajo con mayores derechos laborales en el sector, las mujeres inmigrantes perciben que su puesta en marcha en el actual contexto de crisis económica no ha contribuido a mejorar sus condiciones de empleo. Objective: To examine the perceptions of female immigrant domestic workers of the effect of Royal Decree 1620/2011, which regulates the relationship of domestic workers in the family home and their employment conditions in Spain. Methods: An exploratory study was performed using qualitative content analysis of three focus group discussions with immigrant women from Colombia, Ecuador and Morocco. Results: Immigrant women positively assessed the theoretical benefits of the new regulation, but identified legal and economic barriers to obtaining a contract and being registered in the social security system by their employers, and to employers accepting the cost of these measures, especially for workers hired by the hour. These difficulties affected their possibilities of legalizing their status. The economic crisis posed a serious challenge to compliance with the new regulation. Conclusions: Although the new regime encourages job creation with stronger working rights for these workers, immigrant women perceived that its implementation has been hampered by the current financial crisis and has not, therefore, improved their employment conditions. FIS (PI11/01192).

The biostratigraphy and lithological composition of diatomaceous marls have been defined in 93 outcrops of the Guadalquivir Basin. They are included in different lithological formations affected by diachronous tectonic events. The diatom assemblages are dominated by the following upwelling and oceanic species: Thalassionema nitzschioides, Thalassiothrix longissima, Crucidenticula nicobarica, Crucidenticula punctata, Denticulopsis hustedtii and several taxa from Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira genera. Benthic diatoms are scarce. Three diatom sedimentation episodes have been defined. The Lower Episode includes the Cestodiscus peplum and Coscinodiscus lewisianus Zones and is assigned to the middle Langhian-early Serravallian. After a period of no diatom occurrence (the Coscinodiscus gigas var. diorama Zone is missing), the Middle Episode is defined by the Craspedodiscus coscinodiscus and the Actinocyclus moronensis Zones and covers the late Serravallian-early Tortonian. The Upper Episode corresponds to the Thalassiosira yabei Zone and is assigned to the middle Tortonian. The diatomaceous marls are comprised of opal A (10–85%) (mainly diatoms), calcite (5–80%) (principally foraminifers and nannoplakton), clay minerals (5–40%) and terrigenous quartz (

Durante las últimas décadas, ha crecido el interés por el estudio del estrés y los factores psicosociales relacionados con el trabajo. Se suele estudiar el estrés en unidades específicas, pero es frecuente encontrar situaciones de estrés en Unidades Médicas. Fue objetivo de ese estudio identificar y clasificar factores laborales estresantes que afectan a los profesionales de enfermería en Unidades Hospitalarias. Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo-analítico, prospectivo siguiendo la metodología Delphi, en España – Hospital Geral. Universitario de Alicante y Hospital Geral. de Elda. Participaron profesionales de enfermería (n=30) de las unidades. Se identifican en las cuatro etapas del proceso diferente factores de estrés en los profesionales, elevándose progresivamente los niveles de consenso. Se concluye que los factores con mayor consenso y mayor puntuación en el grupo, pueden usarse como herramienta en la gestión clínica de unidad hospitalaria, a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida laboral de los trabajadores, y buscar la excelencia en la línea gestora. Interest in the study of stress and the psycho-social factors related with work has grown over recent decades. Stress may be studied in specific units, but situations of stress are frequently to be found in medical units. The objective of this study was to identify and classify work-related stress factors which affect nursing professionals in hospital units. The study was qualitative with a descripto-analytical approach, following the Delphi methodology, and was carried out in Spain at the University of Alicante General Hospital and Elda General Hospital. Thirty nursing professionals from these units participated. Different stress factors acting on the health professionals were identified in the four stages of the process, in progressively raising levels of consensus. It is concluded that the factors referred to most frequently and with the greatest consensus may be used as a tool in the clinical management of hospital units, to improve the work life of the staff and to seek excellence in management. Durante as últimas décadas, o interesse pelo estudo do estresse vem crescendo, bem como os fatores psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. É comum estudar o tema estresse em unidades específicas, porém frequentemente se encontram situações de estresse em Unidades Médicas. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e classificar fatores laborais estressantes que afetam os profissionais de enfermagem em Unidades Hospitalares. Estudo qualitativo, descritivo-analítico, prospectivo segundo a metodologia Delphi, na Espanha – Hospital Geral. Universitário de Alicante e Hospital Geral. de Elda. Participaram 30 profissionais de enfermagem das unidades. Foram identificados, nas quatro etapas do processo, diferentes fatores de estresse nos profissionais, elevando-se progressivamente os níveis de consenso. A conclusão a que se chegou foi a de que os fatores com maior consenso e maior pontuação no grupo podem ser usados como feramenta na gestão clínica de unidade hospitalar, a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida laboral dos trabalhadores e buscar a excelência na linha gestora.

In the last few years, interest has markedly increased in evaluating health programs, especially their social utility and economic efficiency. However, consensus on key issues in evaluation, such as terminology, goals and methods is still a long way off. In this context, we review the main definitions and classifications of evaluation applied to public health programs and policies. We describe the main evaluation designs and their components, focusing on outcome evaluation. Threats to the internal validity of the results of weak evaluation designs are also discussed. The characteristics of public health interventions that limit evaluation with traditional designs are also analyzed. These limitations include the complexity of interventions, usually with multiple components, and the difficulty of forming an equivalent control group with no intervention, especially through random assignment. Finally, a two-step approach to evaluation through weak designs, which takes into account adequacy and plausibility, is described. Adequacy consists of the observation of a change in the selected indicators after the intervention, and would be sufficient to take decisions under certain conditions; at other times, plausibility would need to be analyzed, defined as attribution of the results to the program or intervention.

Evaluation of public health interventions poses numerous methodological challenges. Randomization of individuals is not always feasible and interventions are usually composed of multiple factors. To face these challenges, certain elements, such as the selection of the most appropriate design and the use of a statistical analysis that includes potential confounders, are essential. The objective of this article was to describe the most frequently used designs in the evaluation of public health interventions (policies, programs or campaigns). The characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of each of these evaluative designs are described. Additionally, a brief explanation of the most commonly used statistical analysis in each of these designs is provided.

While the immigrant collective in Spain has grown considerably in recent years, little is known about working conditions and their corresponding effects on occupational injury in this group. The objective of this study was to compare the incidences for both fatal and non-fatal injuries in foreign workers to that of Spanish workers in 2005, by autonomous community and economic activity.injury data came from the accident registry of the ministry of labor and social issues, and denominators were taken from available social security affiliation statistics from general and coal mining social security system. Incidence indices for fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries for foreign and spanish workers were calculated. In addition, relative risks and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by autonomous community and economic activity, using spanish workers as the reference group.Overall, relative risk for occupational injury in foreign workers in 2005 was superior to base risk for both fatal (1.34; 95% CI: 1.11-1.62) and non-fatal injury (1.13; 95% CI: 1.13-1.14), though there were important differences by autonomous community and activity sectors. Compared with Spanish workers, risk for occupational injury was higher for foreign workers in industrial activities, while it was lower in construction, commerce and restaurants and hotels. By autonomous community, Aragón and Catalonia showed the highest risks for foreign workers.A higher risk for occupational injury among foreign workers is confirmed, and may be higher than that observed. The differences in risk among economic activities and autonomous communities require more detailed analysis.

Ana.Camarasa@uv.es Juan.Mateu@uv.es Este trabajo analiza el efecto de los cambios recientes en los usos del suelo en la génesis de escorrentía en ramblas mediterráneas utilizando un SIG. Para el cálculo de la producción de escorrentía se ha utilizado el método desarrollado por el S.C.S. modificado por Témez (1978) que combina los mapas de pendientes, usos del suelo y grupo hidrológico del suelo. Se ha aplicado una adaptación del método propuesta por Camarasa et al. (2006) basado en la interpretación hidrogeomorfológica de la cuenca para la estimación del grupo hidrológico de suelo. Los resultados muestran una variabilidad espacial y temporal importante en la dinámica de producción de escorrentía, de forma que los valores promedio obtenidos para el conjunto de una cuenca enmascaran comportamientos diferentes según los sectores y dependiendo del período de tiempo. This paper attempts to determine the influence of recent land use changes on runoff production in Mediterranean ephemeral streams by means of GIS. The runoff threshold has been estimated by the US Soil Conservation Service method (1972) modified by Témez (1978) which combines values of slope, vegetation, land use and hydrological soil type. The method has been adapted by Camarasa et al. (2006) to estimate the hydrological soil type from the hydrogeomorphological characteristics of the catchment. The results show a very high spatial and temporal variability in runoff production. Overall values calculated for a catchment are not good indicators because they hide changes occurring in different sectors and tendencies that changes in periods of time.

This study evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine (Prevenar ® ) in 115 children, aged 2–3 years (24–36 months), who have not been previously vaccinated with Prevenar ® . Results: Safety: As for local reactions, 40% of children reported erythema, 32.2% induration and 39.1% tenderness at the injection site. Regarding systemic reactions, fever ≥38C was recorded in 7% of patients. Other commonly reported events were decreased appetite (24.3%), restlessness (20%), and fussiness (18.3%). Immunogenicity: After vaccination, more than 98% of the subjects achieved antibody levels of ≥0.15 μg/mL for all seven serotypes and more than 95% achieved antibody levels ≥0.50 μg/mL for all serotypes. Conclusions: Pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine (Prevenar ® ) was safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic when administered in previously unvaccinated children aged 24–36 months.

Introducción: Es bien sabido que la investigación en enfermería comienza a dar sus pasos, aunque todavía de una manera tímida. Para avanzar en el cuerpo de conocimientos propio se hace imprescindible conocer las diferentes estrategias metodológicas y ponerlas en práctica. No es posible avanzar si no se empieza desde las Escuelas de enfermería. Objetivo: En nuestro trabajo expondremos la necesidad de que el alumno realice una investigación en alguno de los campos o áreas de la Enfermería y las Ciencias de la Salud, con un carácter eminentemente práctico. Metodología: La asignatura es obligatoria para todos los alumnos de tercer curso, siendo la única Escuela en España que así lo hace. Se organiza en seminarios teórico-prácticos y en sesiones de seguimiento personalizadas tras la adjudicación de un director de proyecto dentro del claustro de profesores. Conclusiones: En los cuatro años que llevamos de experiencia se han realizado trabajos de alta calidad y, lo que es más importante, el alumno le ha perdido el miedo a la investigación y tendrá la experiencia suficiente para continuar cuando se enfrente al mundo laboral. Introduction: it is a well-known fact that research in the field of nursing has already started though in a timid way. It is essential to know the different methodological strategies and put them into practice in order to make progress in the body of specific knowledge. This progress will not be possible, however, if the Schools of Nursing are not taken as the starting point. Objective: In our paper, we will show the need for the students to carry out a research in any of the fields or areas of Nursing and Health Sciences, this research being basically of a practical nature. Methods: the subject is compulsory for all students in their third year, being this the only School of Nursing in Spain that envisages a situation of this kind. The subject is organized in theoretical and practical seminars and in sessions of individualized monitoring after having appointed a project director from within the faculty. Conclusions: In our four-year experience, high quality works have been carried out. Moreover, and what is even more important, students have overcome their fear to research and they will have enough experience once they have to face the labor market.