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Following supporting information are part of the paper “Leveraging Governance Performance to Enhance Climate Resilience”. The supporting information include additional Tables and Figures that complement the manuscript, as well as a description of the processing steps.

International audience; Ocean case studies with socio-economic relevance. Statement of main outcome: The ocean is an integral part for the three pillars of sustainable development: environment, society and economy. Pressures on the ocean from climate change, pollution, and over exploitation have increased over the past decades, posing unprecedented challenges, particularly for vulnerable communities such as the Large Ocean Island States, and these pressures need to be monitored. This study analyses the time series of Essential Ocean Variables sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a in coastal reefs of two pilot regions in Fiji and New Caledonia. In situ measurements represent true local conditions, with a necessarily limited coverage in time and space. Remote sensing data have a broad coverage but are necessarily limited in terms of resolution and accuracy in the coastal zone. Our analysis points to the advantage in using these complementary data types for the same geographical areas at small spatial scales close to the coast, and in particular, for high frequencies and extreme events. We discuss the way forward for a co-coconstructed monitoring framework, drawing on ongoing initiatives in Oceania, and advocate a methodology for the use of ocean data to support society and economy. Co-construction with stakeholder involvement is paramount for this framework, including policy- and decision-makers, industry, scientists, local and indigenous, governmental and non-governmental organisations, all of whom need sound, multi-disciplinary science advice, targeted expertise, and reliable evidence-based information to make informed timely decisions for the right timescale. Such transdisciplinarity combines scientific, traditional, administrative, technical, and legal knowledge repertories.

This paper discusses the role played by decentralized, voluntary multi-stakeholder partnerships between public authorities and agencies and/or public authorities and civil society for disaster risk reduction. We pay attention to Public – Public Partnerships (PuP), a term coined for public alliances in the early 2000s although arguably building upon community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) and disaster risk reduction (CBDRR), as well as other cooperative initiatives. In many respects PuPs became known as a counterpart of PPPs and quickly spread in public water and health service provision. While the concept of PuPs match to some extent the European Union’s efforts to expand horizontal cooperation and collaboration, it appears too narrow to capture the sense of European initiatives. In particular, the strict exclusion of business and commercial undertakings in the essence of PuPs by early scholars is not compatible with the call for truly cooperative multi-governance arrangements. The paper examines the concept of PuP, its objectives and defining characteristics, partners involved and relationship tying them. It then moves to understand to what extent partnerships meant to improve cooperation and coordination have permeated the EU legislation and policies, focusing especially on the role of inclusive governance and territorial cooperation. The analysis is complemented by examples of PuPs addressed in the ENHANCE case studies in which disaster risk reduction plays a role.

Many regions in the world are becoming predominantly vulnerable to the impacts of a changing climate and may need from adaptation strategies to deal with it. In our sense, when dealing with adaptation strategies special attention needs to be drawn towards processes through which the capacity of authorities, experts, interest groups and the general public to manage uncertainty effectively and its reactions towards adversity are increased (Webler et al., 1995). Such processes occur not only within the “well-defined” stakeholder groups but more within behavioural systems. Dealing with uncertainty to climate change, then, is a change of belief that influences behaviour at a systemic level. In this approach we consider decision making as a process embedded in a social environment, shaped by particular cultural perceptions and shared beliefs about the cause and nature of resource management and planning decisions. Socially constructed context for actions to react to climate change are given by behavioural system acting under a collective scheme. Thus, collective schemes outline the accepted definitions of what is usual or unusual, i.e. what is out of place or congruent. So far, collective schemes are outputs and inputs to the socially embedded knowledge that succeed upon group practices and can be the same across different stakeholder groups. Thus, the transitions and the acceptance of new policies are determined rather by behavioural systems than by the so-called stakeholder groups. Under this paradigm, behavioural systems and its processes become an inseparable part of planning uncertainty under climate change and developing adaptation policies for e.g. maritime urban regions. In this paper we present the concept of behavioural system as an indispensable milestone in the process of developing adaptation policies to deal with the uncertainties attached to climate change.

Risk perception research has played an influential role in supporting risk management and risk communication policy. Risk perception studies are popular across a range of disciplines in the social and natural sciences for a wide range of hazard types. Their results have helped to articulate the complex individual, relational, structural, and environmental factors influencing people’s behavior. Connections between individual and collective behaviors and norms impacting global climate change, and conse- quently, local disaster risk, however, are infrequently included in disaster risk management. This paper presents results from two diverse and complementary European risk perception studies examining both natural and anthropogenic hazards. Research gaps and recommendations for developing more compre- hensive risk management strategies are presented.

Risk perception research has played an influential role in supporting risk management and risk communication policy. Risk perception studies are popular across a range of disciplines in the social and natural sciences for a wide range of hazard types. Their results have helped to articulate the complex individual, relational, structural, and environmental factors influencing people’s behavior. Connections between individual and collective behaviors and norms impacting global climate change, and conse- quently, local disaster risk, however, are infrequently included in disaster risk management. This paper presents results from two diverse and complementary European risk perception studies examining both natural and anthropogenic hazards. Research gaps and recommendations for developing more compre- hensive risk management strategies are presented.