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UIDB/04627/2020 UIDP/04627/2020 The ever-increasing demands of war during the Renaissance caused rulers to continuously impose new taxes and exactions. One of the most unpopular exactions was billeting – the obligation to provide shelter to the king’s troops. The fact that billeting could be enforced despite widespread hardship and discontent has been traditionally interpreted as evidence of absolutism. In contrast, opposition to billeting tends to be regarded as a form of resistance to ‘despotism’. From this perspective, the ability of the monarchy to impose its demands in this matter and others is fundamentally reduced to a question of power dynamics between king and country. Some of the most popular sociological theories about the origin of the modern system of nation-states and their respective constitutional regimes base their conclusions on this type of assumption. Within this interpretative framework, an intrinsically anachronistic retrospective projection of the present paradigms of modernity can be found. This has led to the perpetuation of a stereotyped view of a complex topic. Billeting was not only dependent on strategic and material factors, but also on the inequality, hierarchy and legal compartmentalization that characterized pre-modern societies. The objective of this study is to discuss the importance of legal culture and social values for a proper understanding of the problematic practice of billeting and, more generally, power relations in pre-modern times. publishersversion published

UIDB/04627/2020 UIDP/04627/2020 The so-called time of the politique des réunions is considered a momentous period in the long reign of Louis XIV. It marked the apparently unstoppable rise of France to European hegemony, but also its fall into hubris. The story is well known. In 1679 the Peace of Nijmegen had put an end to the Franco-Dutch War, but Louis XIV did not feel satisfied with the outcome of the negotiations. Thus after the signing of the treaty he took advantage of his superior power to proceed to the annexation (réunion) of certain territories on the northern and eastern borders of his kingdom. In order to give an appearance of legitimacy to what basically were acts of arbitrary aggression in peacetime, he established a number of special courts (chambres de réunion) with the only purpose of fabricating legal justifications for the occupations. This display of force ended up alienating most European powers. The result was the complete diplomatic isolation of France. The Nine Years War, also known as the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697), made the Sun King return to a more prudent foreign policy. In this sense, the politique des réunions marked the peak of his power but also his limit. It is no coincidence if researchers have dedicated much more time to its condemnation (or justification) than to the study of its real historical implications. In this paper I will try to give some insight into the disturbing implications that this form of power politics had not only for border affairs but also more generally for the rule of ius gentium. My paper however will not focus on the northern or eastern borders where the chambres de réunion were formally established. Instead, my attention turns to the southwest, particularly to the French-Spanish border in the Basque-speaking Bidasoa River region situated between the Gulf of Biscay and the western Pyrenees. Unlike Flanders, Alsace or the Franche-Comté, the Bidasoa was far from being a strategic priority for Louis XIV. In fact, military activity in the region was consistently low during the whole period.In spite of this, during the 1680s the Bidasoa suffered the brutal consequences of French power politics just like other strategic border regions. Far from being considered a minor question, it was the object of intense and persistent attention by Louis XIV's foreign service. My research makes evident that the politique des réunions was not directed uniquely to highly strategic positions, and consequently it was not motivated by defensive concerns only. Furthermore, it shows that the brutal methods applied in the north and the east were actually common practice all along the French borders, implying a coordinated effort from the court. Finally, I hope to demonstrate that even if every aggression was justified by opportunistic ad hoc arguments, French power politics were informed by a more general political doctrine that intended to legitimate the sovereign’s arbitrary use of force. The result was the debasing of both the rule of border customary law and ius gentium in general, including traditional ways of settling disputes between border communities. authorsversion published

Au moment où se crée un espace européen sans frontières intérieures, au sein d'un monde globalisé, il est temps de renouveler l'histoire des conflits en les considérant comme des espaces vécus et non plus seulement comme des lieux de construction des États. Cet ouvrage aborde la question des sociétés de frontière à l'âge moderne dans la complexité des mécanismes sociaux et politiques liés à la force des connexions transfrontalières. Portant une attention particulière aux tensions qui s'exercent dans les sociétés en contact, il remet en cause l'idée selon laquelle la cohésion sociale découlerait essentiellement d'une opposition à un ennemi extérieur. Véritables fabriques de lien social, les sociétés de frontière donnent ici lieu à une réflexion sur le rapport entre conflits intérieurs, violences exogènes et dynamiques sociales, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les formes de voisinage hostile dans les sociétés d'Ancien Régime.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: After endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of colorectal lesions, delayed bleeding is the most common serious complication, but there are no guidelines for its prevention. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with delayed bleeding that required medical attention after discharge until day 15 and develop a scoring system to identify patients at risk. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 1214 consecutive patients with nonpedunculated colorectal lesions 20 mm or larger treated by EMR (n = 1255) at 23 hospitals in Spain, from February 2013 through February 2015. Patients were examined 15 days after the procedure, and medical data were collected. We used the data to create a delayed bleeding scoring system, and assigned a weight to each risk factor based on the beta parameter from multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patients were classified as being at low, average, or high risk for delayed bleeding. RESULTS: Delayed bleeding occurred in 46 cases (3.7%, 95% confidence interval, 2.7%-4.9%). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with delayed bleeding included age >= 75 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.36; P= 40 mm (OR, 1.91; P

Textos de comunicaciones defendidas en la XI Reunión Científica de la Fundación Española de Historia Moderna, previa evaluación ciega por pares., Este trabajo es posible gracias a una beca postdoctoral del 7.º Programa Marco de Investigación de la Comunidad Europea FP7/2007-2013 Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship, proyecto núm. 220270, desarrollado en el EHESS, París.

Textos de comunicaciones defendidas en la X Reunión Científica de la Fundación Española de Historia Moderna, previa evaluación ciega por pares., Cuando el navegante veneciano Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot en las fuentes inglesas) llegó a las costas de Norteamérica emulando a Colón por orden del rey de Inglaterra no pudo notificar el descubrimiento del ansiado oro ni de un camino hacia la especiería sino solamente de enormes bancos de pesca. Lo mismo ocurriría algunos años después, apenas iniciado el siglo XVI, al toscano Giovanni da Verrazzano durante una travesía de similares características patrocinada por el rey de Francia. Para entonces muchos barcos pesqueros (bacaladeros y balleneros) provenientes de puertos europeos ya faenaban en aguas de Terranova, en lo que hoy en día es Canadá. La importancia de estos caladeros resultó evidente desde fecha muy temprana y desde entonces aumentaría incesantemente. De este modo, al mismo tiempo que Hernán Cortés se empeñaba en la conquista del imperio azteca, flotas de diversos puertos de la fachada atlántica rivalizaban por el control de estos importantes recursos. Sin embargo, los trabajos que han abordado el tema son muy escasos, limitándose la mayor parte al estudio de las expediciones oficiales, como las ya mencionadas de Caboto, Verrazzano o la de los Cortereais portugueses. Dos razones podrían explicar este desinterés especialmente patente en la historiografía hispana. En primer lugar, la fiebre del oro sevillano que ha monopolizado la atención de los historiadores económicos, dejando la cuestión de las pesquerías en manos de los etnógrafos. En segundo lugar, la ausencia de expediciones oficiales patrocinadas por la corte española así como la falta de colonias estables durante este período han excluido las aguas del Atlántico Norte de la narrativa épica del descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo durante el siglo XVI. No obstante, es justo reconocer que estas mismas razones suponen un obstáculo no desdeñable para el investigador por la dispersión documental.