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In this paper, a hybrid 1-bit adder and 1-bit Subtractor designs are implemented. The hybrid adder circuit is constructed using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) logic along with pass transistor logic. The design can be extended 16 and 32 bits lately. The proposed full adder circuit is compared with the existing conventional adders in terms of power, delay and area in order to obtain a better circuit that serves the present day needs of people. The existing 1-bit hybrid adder uses EXNOR logic combined with the transmission gate logic. For a supply voltage of 1.8V the average power consumption (4.1563 µW) which is extremely low with moderately low delay (224 ps) resulting because of the deliberate incorporation of very weak CMOS inverters coupled with strong transmission gates. At 1.2V supply the power and delay were recorded to be 1.17664 µW and 91.3 ps. The design was implemented using 1-bit which can also be extended into a 32-bit design later. The designed implementation offers a better performance in terms of power and speed compared to the existing full adder design styles. The circuits were implemented in DSCH2 and Microwind tools respectively. The parameters such as power, delay, layout area and speed of the proposed circuit design is compared with pass transistor logic, adiabatic logic, transmission gate adder and so on. The circuit is also designed with a decrease in transistors in order to get the better results. Full Subtractor, a combinational digital circuit which performs 1-bit subtraction with borrow in is designed as a part of this project. The main aim behind this part of the project is to design a 1-bit full Subtractor using CMOS technology with reduced number of transistors and hence the efficiency in terms of area, power and speed have been calculated is designed using 8,10,15and 16 transistors. The parameters were calculated in each case and the results have been tabulated.

In this paper, a hybrid 1-bit adder and 1-bit Subtractor designs are implemented. The hybrid adder circuit is constructed using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) logic along with pass transistor logic. The design can be extended 16 and 32 bits lately. The proposed full adder circuit is compared with the existing conventional adders in terms of power, delay and area in order to obtain a better circuit that serves the present day needs of people. The existing 1-bit hybrid adder uses EXNOR logic combined with the transmission gate logic. For a supply voltage of 1.8V the average power consumption (4.1563 µW) which is extremely low with moderately low delay (224 ps) resulting because of the deliberate incorporation of very weak CMOS inverters coupled with strong transmission gates. At 1.2V supply the power and delay were recorded to be 1.17664 µW and 91.3 ps. The design was implemented using 1-bit which can also be extended into a 32-bit design later. The designed implementation offers a better performance in terms of power and speed compared to the existing full adder design styles. The circuits were implemented in DSCH2 and Microwind tools respectively. The parameters such as power, delay, layout area and speed of the proposed circuit design is compared with pass transistor logic, adiabatic logic, transmission gate adder and so on. The circuit is also designed with a decrease in transistors in order to get the better results. Full Subtractor, a combinational digital circuit which performs 1-bit subtraction with borrow in is designed as a part of this project. The main aim behind this part of the project is to design a 1-bit full Subtractor using CMOS technology with reduced number of transistors and hence the efficiency in terms of area, power and speed have been calculated is designed using 8,10,15and 16 transistors. The parameters were calculated in each case and the results have been tabulated.

The trillions of microorganisms residing in the human body display varying degrees of compositional and functional diversities within and between individuals and contribute significantly to host physiology and susceptibility to disease. Microbial species present in the vaginal milieu of reproductive age women showed a large personal component and varies widely in different ethnic groups at the taxonomic, genomic, and functional levels. Lactobacillus iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. johnsonii are most frequently detected bacterial species in the vaginal milieu of reproductive age women. However, we currently lack (i) an understanding of the baseline vaginal microbiota of reproductive age Indian women, (ii) the extent of taxonomic and functional variations of vaginal microbiota between individuals and (iii) the genomic repertoires of the dominant vaginal microbiota associated with the Indian subjects. In our study, we analyzed the metagenome of high vaginal swab (HVS) samples collected from 40 pregnant Indian women enrolled in the GARBH-Ini cohort. Composition and abundance of bacterial species was characterized by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA gene. We identified 3067 OTUs with ≥ 10 reads from four different bacterial phyla. Several species of lactobacilli were clustered into three community state types (CSTs). L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii are the most frequently detected Lactobacillus species in the vaginal environment of Indian women. Other than Lactobacillus, several species of Halomonas were also identified in the vaginal environment of most of the women sampled. To gain genomic and functional insights, we isolated several Lactobacillus species from the HVS samples and explored their whole genome sequences by shotgun sequencing. We analyzed the genome of dominant Lactobacillus species, L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. paragesseri to represent the CSTs and identify functions that may influence the composition of complex vaginal microbial ecology. This study reports for the first time the vaginal microbial ecology of Indian women and genomic insights into L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. paragesseri commonly found in the genital tract of reproductive age women.

The fabrication and characterization of a paper and pencil based resistive touch sensor is carried out in the present work. The sensor detects the effective change in the resistance, when the finger is placed on it. An ash less, low cost, easy to access, bio-degradable, flexible, light weight, easy to fabricate and ultra-thin sensor is developed by drawing interdigitated graphite electrodes on the Whatman filter paper of grade 42. Change in the resistance is due to the path created for flow of electrons, when the finger is placed. Current versus time and $\Delta$ R/Ro versus time characterization of fabricated device is done using Keithley 2450 source meter. Response of the device has made noticeable changes for the finger contact. The measured resistance of the non-touch and touch is found to be 80.154 M $\Omega$ and 4.748 M $\Omega$ respectively. This huge change in resistance is sufficient to detect the touch. The performance and sensitivity of the proposed sensor are evaluated using the test circuit and smart switch is developed on paper substrate.

Mobile Adhoc network is a network, which has advances of dynamic topology, mobility of nodes and congestion control. It is also an infrastructure less networks. This paper “Congestion control and packet Recovery for cross layer approach” is proposed. Traffic of packets occurred due to congestion and contention problems are reduced in datalink layer and transport layer. Also ensuring that, the superior performance of congestion is a challenging model due to changes in link layer contentions, topological changes and characteristic of wireless channel. The features of this model were localized packet recovery, deterministic, ability to trade of efficiency and peer to peer recovery. It can retrieve the missing packets by storing the copy of packet. Also by assigning priority order to the packets, data traffic congestion rate of higher and lower priority packets are maintained. This will develop the high priority flow to get desired access to the medium and its flow rate of low priority is adjusted, in order to have high flow rate of higher priority. Therefore the overall performance gives the better result than existing method. The simulation of CCPRCLA is verified using ns2 simulator, then graph and experimental results are discussed.

Encryption is an effective way to avoid threats to data. Here we perform bit plane decomposition(e.g. Fibonacci P-code, Truncated Fibonacci P-code methods ) for the source image which is to be encrypted, where the number of bit-planes generated depends on the bit length of the pixel. Other than our source image we use another key image to which we perform edge mapping with randomly generated thresholds(e.g. Canny, Prewitt, Sobel, LoG, Roberts, Kirsh edge generators), where the number of edge maps generated depends on the number of bit planes. We perform a pixel scrambling method to the edge maps which generates scrambled edge maps. Then xor operation to each individual bit-plane with the scrambled edge map is done. These images are combined using a randomly generated sequence to form an encrypted image. The final encrypted image is then formed by scrambling the encrypted image. In this process the results of encrypted images are high with greater NPCR and UACI values and lower Correlation values, depicting the consistency of this algorithm and the security against differential attack for any image.

Aim Cefditoren Pivoxil hydrogel tablets were prepared to achieve the gastro retentive effect in order to improve its absorption and bioavailability. Methods The formulations were made by varying the concentrations of carbopol and sodium alginate. The prepared blends were compressed directly using a 16-station rotary punch tablet machine (Cadmach, Germany) having caplet shaped concave punches. Stability studies for the selected formulation were performed as per the ICH protocol. Results The pre-compression parameters and post compression parameters were within acceptable pharmacopeial limits. The tablets prepared with sodium carbonate showed good porosity in the swelling index studies. The in-vitro dissolution behavior shows that the formulations that contain carbopol (100 mg) and sodium alginate (30 mg) were found to have good controlled release of 95.012% at 24th hour. Conclusion By preparing Cefditoren Pivoxil hydrogels with the above mentioned polymers gastro retentive effect was achieved, further the drug release can be controlled.

Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB), an anatomical and clinical subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is prevalent in regions where tobacco-chewing is common. Exome sequencing (n=50) and recurrence testing (n=60) reveals that some significantly and frequently altered genes are specific to OSCC-GB (USP9X, MLL4, ARID2, UNC13C and TRPM3), while some others are shared with HNSCC (for example, TP53, FAT1, CASP8, HRAS and NOTCH1). We also find new genes with recurrent amplifications (for example, DROSHA, YAP1) or homozygous deletions (for example, DDX3X) in OSCC-GB. We find a high proportion of C>G transversions among tobacco users with high numbers of mutations. Many pathways that are enriched for genomic alterations are specific to OSCC-GB. Our work reveals molecular subtypes with distinctive mutational profiles such as patients predominantly harbouring mutations in CASP8 with or without mutations in FAT1. Mean duration of disease-free survival is significantly elevated in some molecular subgroups. These findings open new avenues for biological characterization and exploration of therapies., Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB) is the leading cancer among males in India. Here, the authors carry out exome sequencing and recurrence testing in patients with OSCC-GB and highlight genes and biological pathways associated with the disease.

The basic mode of transportation for limited distances is mainly through road ways. As the problem of urban traffic congestion spreads, there is a pressing need for the introduction of advanced technology and equipment to improve the state-of-the-art traffic control. Traffic problems nowadays are increasing because of the growing number of vehicles and the limited resources provided by current infrastructures. Due to this, there is a need to wait for more time in front of the signals. This leads to waste of time. In concern with this problem, we have designed a paper that will help the people in taking the alternate routes in times of long traffic In the proposed method, vehicles count in the traffic is detected using image processing techniques. A camera will be installed along with the traffic light on the signalling post It will capture the image sequences. The image of an empty road is taken as the reference image and background subtraction is performed with the captured image to detect the traffic density. The vehicles on the captured road images will be counted. The vehicles count is updated in the SQL server through RF signals. Unique code win be assigned to the local server. By sending message to that code providing the name of the signal area, its traffic detail will be sent to the corresponding user. According to the received message from the signal area, people choose heir alternate way for their timely reach to their job or occasion. This will be used for all the local area working people. This reduces the waiting time in the traffic signals when the vehicles count is higher. The paper results in reducing the waiting time in the traffic signals as the traffic is set according to the traffic density. Hence the traffic movement will be smooth.