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In Indonesia, honesty does not thrive. The enormous number of cases of corruption and deception strongly demonstrate this. However, many people keep promoting the significance of honesty in a variety of ways, such as publishing hadith memes on honesty on Instagram. At least four accounts have done it in different ways. One of them includes both the hadith text and its translation, while the others merely provide the translation. The objective of this research is to determine which type of meme has the most influence in society, especially in Indonesia. This research is presented using descriptive-analytic methods. The qualitative approach would identify and analyze society's responses to each meme type to achieve the aforementioned goal. Once both sides are compared, the second one has greater interest than the first. In other words, Indonesians are unconcerned about the text of the hadith as long as they understand its message.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membahas tentang pembinaan manajemen peserta didik dalam perspektif pendidikan islam. Metodologi analisis yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif berdasarkan model pengamatan untuk mengetahui apasajakah pembinaan sekolah dalam pandang pendidikan isalm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Manajemen pendidikan Islam terdiri dari tiga kata yang diungkapkan Rahendra Maya, yaitu istilah manajemen, pendidikan dan Islam. Islam wahyu meliputi Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah Nabi, dan Islam budaya mencakup ekspresi para sahabat Nabi, pemahaman ulama, pemahaman ulama dan budaya Muslim. Oleh karena itu, pembahasan manajemen pendidikan Islam selalu melibatkan wahyu dan budaya Islam ditambah aturan-aturan manajemen pendidikan secara umum. Pengelolaan lembaga pendidikan Islam merupakan dasar yang realistis untuk merumuskan prinsip-prinsip manajemen pendidikan Islam

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a pandemic with a massive death toll across the world. The knowledge and understanding of this novel coronavirus transmission and pathogenesis are evolving. Although the landscape of vaccine and drug development is changing at an unprecedented pace, currently, there is no specific effective treatment. Proper and timely management of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients is crucial to reduce deaths in the ongoing pandemic. Ramping up testing capacity alongside a test strategy in place, ensuring adequate resources, i.e., protective gear, O2 supply, ICU facilities are essential requirements in the fight against COVID-19. Infection prevention and control measures at a personal level (e.g., handwashing, wearing masks, proper donning and doffing of personal protective equipment), and at hospital settings (e.g., hospital cleanliness, safe handling, and disposal of waste) are extremely important to reduce the risk of infection. COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global crisis that requires a multidisciplinary response and concerted effort to ensure resilience in health systems. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 84-90

Background Understanding the effect of immunity on Plasmodium falciparum clearance is essential for interpreting therapeutic efficacy studies designed to monitor emergence of artemisinin drug resistance. In low-transmission areas of Southeast Asia, where resistance has emerged, P. falciparum antibodies confound parasite clearance measures. However, variation in naturally acquired antibodies across Asian and sub-Saharan African epidemiological contexts and their impact on parasite clearance re yet to be quantified. Methods In an artemisinin therapeutic efficacy study, antibodies to 12 pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic P. falciparum antigens were measured in 118 children with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and compared with responses in patients from Asian sites, described elsewhere. Results Parasite clearance half-life was shorter in DRC patients (median, 2 hours) compared with most Asian sites (median, 2–7 hours), but P. falciparum antibody levels and seroprevalences were similar. There was no evidence for an association between antibody seropositivity and parasite clearance half-life (mean difference between seronegative and seropositive, −0.14 to +0.40 hour) in DRC patients. Conclusions In DRC, where artemisinin remains highly effective, the substantially shorter parasite clearance time compared with Asia was not explained by differences in the P. falciparum antibody responses studied.

Induction motors have an important role in the industry for the production of objects. Induction motors found in industry generally have a large capacity. However, the existence of this induction motor can cause stability problems in the electric power system. The cause of this disturbance is the starting current of the induction motor which rapidly rises to 6 times its normal current. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of starting large induction motors on the stability of the electric power system. When the large induction motor starts, it will cause a decrease in the bus voltage around the induction motor. In the stating condition, the motor absorbs a large amount of current in the electric power system. This starting current occurs not forever or only temporarily. The parameters on an induction motor that need to be analyzed when starting are the rotation speed, torque, power consumption and motor voltage at the terminal. In the method, the induction motor is operated at different voltage levels, namely low voltage 0.8 kV, medium voltage 30 kV and high voltage 75 kV. In addition, we also tried to operate an induction motor with a power capacity of 1 MVA. The results of each experiment were then analyzed.

This study presents the cutting tool development of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) with chromia addition. The process used for its development is solid-state, in which the powders of Alumina (Al2O3), Zirconia (ZrO2) and Chromia (Cr2O3) were processed by a ball mill, compacted under a Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) and sintered at a constant temperature of 1400 °C with 9 h soaking time. The initial study investigated the effect of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a binder, CIP and hardness of Al2O3-ZrO2 mixtures. The percentage composition between Al2O3 and ZrO2 was varied to choose the best for the highest mechanical performances determined by the density, porosity and properties analysis. The cutting tool that possessed the highest hardness and bending strength was selected the Al2O3-ZrO2 mixture was mixed 0.6 wt% Cr2O3 for machining trials within the cutting speed of 200–350 m/min and constant feed rate and depth of cut of 0.150 mm/rev and 0.5 mm, respectively. The results of the ZTA mixed with Cr2O3 and combined with the ratio 80-20-0.6 wt% showed that the addition of 0.6 wt% PEG and a CIP pressure at 300 MPa and 60 s dwell time resulted maximum hardness and bending strength of 71.03 HRc and 856.02 MPa, respectively. The fabricated cutting tool was capable to reach 225 s tool life when machining AISI 1045 at a lower cutting speed of 200 m/min and higher feed rate of 0.150 mm/rev. Keywords: Ceramic cutting tool, CIP, Binder, Hardness, Machining performance

The inclusion of sand columns results in enhancing the bearing capacity of clayey soil, increase the rate of consolidation, presentation of liquefaction in loose sandy soils and provide lateral resistance against the horizontal movement. This research aims at investigating the effects of floating columns in clayey soil with silty deposits by developing small scale laboratory models. The effects of sand columns on soils of different shear strengths, slenderness ratio (L/D) of columns were investigated. Group effect was also investigated by varying spacing between the columns. Experimental results were compared with the numerical analysis results. A 15-noded triangular mesh was generated using a finite element tool PLAXIS 2D. Finite element analysis was performed using Mohr’s Coulomb’s criterion considering undrained analysis for soft clayey soil and drained analysis for sand columns. It was concluded that the sand columns can significantly increase the ultimate loading capacity of soft soils. Results show that critical length for floating column ranges from 4 to 5.5 times the diameter of the column, beyond which bulging occurs and loading capacity decreased. The effect of group was also investigated and observed that with high spacing between the sand columns, the group efficiency decreased. The axial capacity of sand columns decreases while increasing spacing between the columns.

Background Antibodies to the blood stages of malaria parasites enhance parasite clearance and antimalarial efficacy. The antibody subclass and functions that contribute to parasite clearance during antimalarial treatment and their relationship to malaria transmission intensity have not been characterized. Methods Levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and C1q fixation in response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens (erythrocyte-binding antigen [EBA] 175RIII-V, merozoite surface protein 2 [MSP-2], and MSP-142) and opsonic phagocytosis of merozoites were measured in a multinational trial assessing the efficacy of artesunate therapy across 11 Southeast Asian sites. Regression analyses assessed the effects of antibody seropositivity on the parasite clearance half-life (PC½), having a PC½ of ≥5 hours, and having parasitemia 3 days after treatment. Results IgG3, followed by IgG1, was the predominant IgG subclass detected (seroprevalence range, 5%–35% for IgG1 and 27%–41% for IgG3), varied across study sites, and was lowest in study sites with the lowest transmission intensity and slowest mean PC½. IgG3, C1q fixation, and opsonic-phagocytosis seropositivity were associated with a faster PC½ (range of the mean reduction in PC½, 0.47–1.16 hours; P range, .001–.03) and a reduced odds of having a PC½ of ≥5 hours and having parasitemia 3 days after treatment. Conclusions The prevalence of IgG3, complement-fixing antibodies, and merozoite phagocytosis vary according to transmission intensity, are associated with faster parasite clearance, and may be sensitive surrogates of an augmented clearance capacity of infected erythrocytes. Determining the functional immune mechanisms associated with parasite clearance will improve characterization of artemisinin resistance., Antimalarial immunoglobulin G3 antibodies, complement fixation, and opsonic phagocytosis of merozoites are correlated with parasite clearance rates in therapeutic efficacy studies of artemisinins. By characterizing their contribution across regions of different malaria transmission intensities, artemisinin resistance phenotypes may be more accurately identified.

This paper proposes a fault diagnose method in finding problems related to four quadrants DC chopper and the propulsion motor during start up while vehicle is still at standstill. The check is done during start up of the DC drive electric vehicle (EV). If the problems exist and if it is major, the EV will not be allowed to operate. The expert system and quadratic solver are implemented as part of the control algorithm to search for the fault. MATLAB/Simulink is used to test and verify the checking control algorithm. The simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink with the expert system and quadratic solver algorithm techniques show that it can successfully detect if problems exist.

Water injection (WI) to improve oil production and increase reserves had been practiced in Malaysia since 1990s. Currently, around 27 fields are producing with water injection. To better manage these WI fields and gauge the relative performance of these fields, certain Key Performance Area (KPA) and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) were identified. Measurement of these KPA and KPIs serves as a yardstick to compare performance of WI fields and thus provide measures to improve collective performance by promoting replication of best practices and sharing lessons learnt. In the era of digital technology, the periodic measurement of KPA and KPI has been automated using the existing online platform which can remain accessible to all related parties. It provides a platform for data visualization with simple look forward analysis. The WI data is stored in company databank and the performance dashboard can be viewed from existing software. The team managed to overcome the challenges in completing the historical data gap and data hygiene which previously were managed manually and were not integrated. This resulted in historical evaluation of KPAs and KPIs of certain fields. This automation initiative will enable practicing engineers to identify the value leakages and proposed mitigation efforts. Some of the best practices identified such as pipeline pigging optimization, correct biocide dosage, periodic calibration of flow meter and chemical optimization already helped to reduce operating cost in certain WI fields. With these efforts, the company could reduce the operating cost significantly in year 2018. Other than data visualization, the tool provides diagnostic plots such as Hall Plot, Chan's Plot etc. for quick analysis of signs of well/ reservoir health deviations and thus solutions could be provided proactively. On seeing the initial positive results, this tool is being tried for the rest of the WI fields. This paper details how this tool tries to diagnose all sub-optimal areas within various WI project simultaneously, which leads to operational excellence and improvement in oil recovery, by identifying value leakages, providing proactive solutions with replication of thus identified best practices. Additionally, usage of this tool to rank WI performance of different projects can potentially help to initiate competition between different operators for improvement.

Producers are continuing to work on adding renewable energy in distribution network. Wind power plants are most often used as distributed generation (DG). However, every addition of DG can increase the level of short circuit current fault. To reduce this impact, a solution is needed to reduce the current fault level. The solution that can be used is Superconducting Fault Current Limiting (SFCL). The basic principle of SFCL is to increase the value of impedance in the short circuit condition, so that the current fault can be limited or reduced. In normal conditions, SFCL has an impedance close to 0. The focus of DG in this study is try to install SFCL on the four types of wind turbine power plants. In the research method, 5 scenarios are made to compare the results of each types of wind power plants. The first scenario is short circuit without DG. The second scenario, short circuit in type 1 and 2 of the wind power plant. The third scenario, short circuits on types 3 and 4. The fourth scenario, short circuits on types 1 and 3. The fifth scenario, short circuits on 4 types of wind power plants. The existence of SFCL can reduce the level of short circuit current fault significantly. SFCL can also cut or reduce the subtransient and transient periods in scenarios 2, 4 and 5. At the beginning of the short circuit, the total current fault curve only has a steady state period. This means that SFCL is able to cut the current fault level less than ¼ cycle at the wind power plant. Short circuit in FCIIG (scenario 3), since the beginning there is no sub-transparency and transient period.

Trichosporon asahii is a yeast-like fungus that is emerging as an important cause of invasive infections in tertiary medical centres. A 58-year-old Chinese man with no known medical illnesses presented with liver lacerations and multiple fractures following an alleged 12-foot fall at a construction site. The gravity of his injuries and poor haemodynamic status necessitated an intensive care unit (ICU) admission, during which several febrile episodes were detected and multiple antibiotics were administered. After being in the ICU for at least two weeks, a urease-positive yeast was isolated from the patient's blood. The yeast formed dry, fuzzy and wrinkled white colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar following prolonged incubation, and produced blastoconidia, true hyphae, pseudohyphae and arthroconidia on slide culture. It was identified biochemically by the ID 32 C kit as T. asahii. The yeast had elevated minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to fluconazole, amphotericin B, flucytosine and all echinocandins tested. In view of this, the patient was treated with voriconazole and was successfully transferred to the general medical ward.

Background Experimental murine models and human challenge studies of Salmonella Typhi infection have suggested that the gut microbiome plays an important protective role against the development of typhoid fever. Anaerobic bacterial communities have been hypothesized to mediate colonization resistance against Salmonella species by producing short-chain fatty acids, yet the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in human patients with typhoid fever remain ill defined. Methods We prospectively collected fecal samples from 60 febrile patients admitted to Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, with typhoid fever or nontyphoidal febrile illness and from 36 healthy age-matched controls. The collected fecal samples were subjected to 16s rRNA sequencing followed by targeted metabolomics analysis. Results Patients with typhoid fever displayed compositional and functional disruption of the gut microbiota compared with patients with nontyphoidal febrile illness and healthy controls. Specifically, typhoid fever patients had lower microbiota richness and alpha diversity and a higher prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa. In addition, a lower abundance of short-chain fatty acid–producing taxa was seen in typhoid fever patients. The differences between typhoid fever and nontyphoidal febrile illness could not be explained by a loss of colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment, as antibiotic exposure in both groups was similar. Conclusions his first report on the composition and function of the gut microbiota in patients with typhoid fever suggests that the restoration of these intestinal commensal microorganisms could be targeted using adjunctive, preventive, or therapeutic strategies.

Bangladesh is one of the world’s top ten burdened countries for viral hepatitis. We investigated an adult fever cohort (n=201) recruited in Dhaka, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and to identify cases of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). HBV exposure (anti-HBc) was documented in 72/201 (36%), and active HBV infection in 16/201 (8%), among whom 3 were defined as OBI (defined as detectable HBV DNA but negative HBsAg). Applying a target-enrichment sequencing pipeline to samples with HBV DNA >3.0log10 IU/ml, we obtained deep whole genome sequences for four cases, identifying genotypes A, C and D. Polymorphisms in the surface gene of the OBI case may account for the negative HBsAg status. We identified mutations associated with nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance, although the clinical significance in this cohort is not known. The high prevalence of HBV in this setting highlights the benefits of offering screening in hospital patients and the importance of HBV DNA testing of transfusion products to reduce the risk of transmission. In order to work towards international Sustainable Development Goal targets for HBV elimination, increased investment is required for diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Bangladesh.

Background Spread of malaria and antimalarial resistance through human movement present major threats to current goals to eliminate the disease. Bordering the Greater Mekong Subregion, southeast Bangladesh is a potentially important route of spread to India and beyond, but information on travel patterns in this area are lacking. Methods Using a standardised short survey tool, 2090 patients with malaria were interviewed at 57 study sites in 2015–2016 about their demographics and travel patterns in the preceding 2 months. Results Most travel was in the south of the study region between Cox’s Bazar district (coastal region) to forested areas in Bandarban (31% by days and 45% by nights), forming a source-sink route. Less than 1% of travel reported was between the north and south forested areas of the study area. Farmers (21%) and students (19%) were the top two occupations recorded, with 67 and 47% reporting travel to the forest respectively. Males aged 25–49 years accounted for 43% of cases visiting forests but only 24% of the study population. Children did not travel. Women, forest dwellers and farmers did not travel beyond union boundaries. Military personnel travelled the furthest especially to remote forested areas. Conclusions The approach demonstrated here provides a framework for identifying key traveller groups and their origins and destinations of travel in combination with knowledge of local epidemiology to inform malaria control and elimination efforts. Working with the NMEP, the findings were used to derive a set of policy recommendations to guide targeting of interventions for elimination.

Background: Pesticide self-poisoning is a major problem in Bangladesh. Over the last 20-years, the Bangladesh government has introduced pesticide legislation and banned highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs) from agricultural use. We aimed to assess the impact on suicide and agricultural production of pesticide bans.Methods: We obtained data on unnatural deaths from the Statistics Division of Bangladesh Police and used negative binomial regression to quantify changes in pesticide suicides and unnatural deaths following removal of WHO Class I toxicity HHPs from agriculture in 2000. We assessed contemporaneous trends in other risk factors, pesticide usage, and agricultural production in Bangladesh from 1996 to 2014.Result: Mortality in hospital from pesticide poisoning fell after the 2000 ban (15.1% vs 9.5%, relative reduction 37.1% [95% CI 35.4 to 38.8%]). The pesticide poisoning suicide rate fell from 6.3/100,000 in 1996 to 2.2/100,000 in 2014, a 65.1% (52.0 to 76.7%) decline. There was a modest simultaneous increase in hanging suicides (20.0% [8.4 to 36.9%] increase) but the overall incidence of unnatural deaths fell from 14.0/100,000 to 10.5/100,000 (25.0% [18.1 to 33.0%] decline). There were 35,042 (95% CI 25,502 to 45,666) fewer pesticide suicides in 2001 to 2014 compared the number predicted based on trends between 1996 to 2000. This reduction in rate of pesticide suicides occurred despite increased pesticide use and no change in admissions for pesticide poisoning, with no apparent influence on agricultural output.Conclusion: Strengthening pesticide regulation and banning WHO Class I toxicity HHPs in Bangladesh was associated with major reductions in deaths and hospital mortality, without any apparent effect on agricultural output. Our data indicate that removing HHPs from agriculture can rapidly reduce suicides without imposing substantial agricultural costs.Key words: Bangladesh, pesticides, suicide, prevention, agriculture.

Fluxless bonding of plateless Cu–Cu substrates at processing temperature lower than 250 °C and low pressure of 0.1 MPa was achieved by transient liquid phase sintering (TLPS) of mixed Cu nanoparticles and Sn–Bi eutectic powders. The effects of mixture composition, and sintering temperature on the shear strength, microstructure, and remelting temperature were investigated. Lowering the sintering temperature of Cu mixed with 65 weight percentage of Sn–Bi (Cu–65SnBi) resulted in decreased shear strength, however, at 200 °C sintering temperature, the obtained highest shear strength was more than 20 MPa. It was found that it is essential to use Cu nanoparticles to accelerate the consumption so that no initial Sn–Bi phases remained after processing. The liquid phase generated at approximately 196 °C during sintering from the reaction between newly formed Cu6Sn5 and Bi-phase was expected to facilitate the densification and strengthening of the joints. Although this newly generated liquid phase was known to solidify as hypereutectic Sn–Bi, by controlling the sintering temperature at 200 °C, the remelting event at 139 °C was not observed by differential scanning calorimetry. It is assumed that the proportion of solidified Sn–Bi eutectic phases in Cu–65SnBi that was sintered at 200 °C were significantly small, hence, when reheated at 150 °C, the obtained shear strength was equivalent to that at room temperature.

Artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria, defined by a slow-clearance phenotype and the presence of kelch13 mutants, has emerged in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Naturally acquired immunity to malaria clears parasites independent of antimalarial drugs. We hypothesized that between- and within-population variations in host immunity influence parasite clearance after artemisinin treatment and the interpretation of emerging artemisinin resistance. Antibodies specific to 12 Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and blood-stage antigens were determined in 959 patients (from 11 sites in Southeast Asia) participating in a multinational cohort study assessing parasite clearance half-life (PCt1/2) after artesunate treatment and kelch13 mutations. Linear mixed-effects modeling of pooled individual patient data assessed the association between antibody responses and PCt1/2.P. falciparum antibodies were lowest in areas where the prevalence of kelch13 mutations and slow PCt1/2 were highest [Spearman ρ = -0.90 (95% confidence interval, -0.97, -0.65), and Spearman ρ = -0.94 (95% confidence interval, -0.98, -0.77), respectively]. P. falciparum antibodies were associated with faster PCt1/2 (mean difference in PCt1/2 according to seropositivity, -0.16 to -0.65 h, depending on antigen); antibodies have a greater effect on the clearance of kelch13 mutant compared with wild-type parasites (mean difference in PCt1/2 according to seropositivity, -0.22 to -0.61 h faster in kelch13 mutants compared with wild-type parasites). Naturally acquired immunity accelerates the clearance of artemisinin-resistant parasites in patients with falciparum malaria and may confound the current working definition of artemisinin resistance. Immunity may also play an important role in the emergence and transmission potential of artemisinin-resistant parasites.

A myriad of existing education training kits are easily accessible, however lacks practicality as they require a large space to operate. This calls for a more portable and smaller training kit to facilitate the teaching and learning experiences. It is also necessary to ensure that the new design meets the requirement of the fourth Industrial Revolution besides assisting teaching and learning. A study was conducted using the results of students undertaking Industrial Automation Course in UNITEN. The data was obtained from assessment results when only simulation software was used, and simulation software is complimented by a training kit. The results indicated 1.6% and 18.0% increment in the number of students obtaining A+ respectively. This shows that students who are exposed to both simulation and also sensors and actuators wiring learnt better compared to the control group. Ultimately, this paper presents the development of a portable programmable logic controller (PLC)-based training kit for industrial automation course. This portable PLC training kit is only 470 × 370 × 270 mm in dimension, which is equivalent to a cabin size baggage, and weigh below 10 kg, making it the most suitable to teach smart sensor application for IR 4.0.

Limited resources in post-disaster areas, one of which is a communication where coordination needed for aid distribution in disaster areas. Wireless balloon technology as a solution for use in post-disaster areas. Bandwidth limitations and high delay in communication systems on wireless balloons create limitations in aid coordination, especially mobile device tracking on BPBD volunteers or officers. This research develops an effective communication system at the wireless balloon to track personal device officers in disaster areas that use cellular devices. This mobile device tracking system utilizes a wireless balloon using a publish-subscribe system on their mobile devices, namely volunteers as publishers and those responsible for disasters or communities as subscribers. To overcome the limitations of communication resources on cellular devices and wireless balloons using the Adaptive method on publish-subscribe called UM-Disaster. The results of this study, the UM-Disaster system for multi-cell tracking has an average efficiency of 40-63% for bandwidth and processor use on mobile devices at 51-70%.

For countries aiming for malaria elimination, travel of infected individuals between endemic areas undermines local interventions. Quantifying parasite importation has therefore become a priority for national control programs. We analyzed epidemiological surveillance data, travel surveys, parasite genetic data, and anonymized mobile phone data to measure the spatial spread of malaria parasites in southeast Bangladesh. We developed a genetic mixing index to estimate the likelihood of samples being local or imported from parasite genetic data and inferred the direction and intensity of parasite flow between locations using an epidemiological model integrating the travel survey and mobile phone calling data. Our approach indicates that, contrary to dogma, frequent mixing occurs in low transmission regions in the southwest, and elimination will require interventions in addition to reducing imported infections from forested regions. Unlike risk maps generated from clinical case counts alone, therefore, our approach distinguishes areas of frequent importation as well as high transmission.

Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is the sequel of visceral leishmaniasis in Indian subcontinent and may appear among patients with or without previous history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The aim of the study is to understand the male reproductive safety profile of miltefosine used for the treatment of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) in Bangladesh. From January 2017 to March 2017, an exploratory study was carried out on male fertility capacity in Bangladesh among male patients above 14 years old with PKDL treated with miltefosine. Twenty nine male patients were included to observe the effect of miltefosine on reproductive health. All PKDL patients had history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in different time periods. Among them three (10.3%) patients were unable to ejaculate semen. In semen analysis, 3 patients (10.3%) were found azoospermia (sperm countmotility- 0, viscosity- good, pH- 7 to 8), microscopically there was presence of RBC (5-15/HPF), WBC (8-15/HPF). Another 3 patients (10.3%) were found oligospermia (sperm count- 4.2 to 15.3 million/ml, motility- 20 to 50%, viscosity- good, pH- 6 to 9, RBC- 4 to 15/HPF, WBC- 4 to 15/HPF). The study documented some important findings in evaluating male infertility and selection of drug regimens in treating PKDL patients with miltefosine for 12 weeks.

Combination of alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2) as cutting tool have been established themselves as a dominant in ceramic category for dry machining. The mechanical properties of Al2O3-ZrO2 cutting tool were critically dependent on its density and hardness, which affected by the powder preparation and sintering processes. This paper present the effect of sintering temperature on density, hardness and tool wear of Al2O3-ZrO2 cutting tool. Specific composition of 80-90 wt% Al2O3 and 10-20 wt% ZrO2 powders were mixed and ball milled for 12 hours. These powders then were compacted in the form of RNGN120600 designated cutting tool by using manual hydraulic press before undergone secondary compaction by Cold Isostatic Press. The compacted powders then were sintered from 1200oC to 1400oC at constant 9 hours soaking time. For each sintered cutting tool, evaluation has been made based on the density and hardness. By using AISI 1045 as a workpiece material, the wear performance of the selected cutting tools were evaluated within 200-350 m/min cutting speeds, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate and 0.5 mm depth of cut. The results shows that the sintering temperature at 1400oC and 9 hours soaking time produced maximum relative density and hardness for 90 wt% Al2O3 and 10 wt% ZrO2 at 94.17% and 63.4 HRC respectively. Cutting tool contained with 80 wt% Al2O3 and 20 wt% ZrO2 contributed maximum relative density of 97% and hardness of 70.07 HRC. Maximum tool life recorded was 156s at 200 m/min cutting speed. Wear mechanisms of fabricated cutting tool dominated by the notch and flank wear at the early stage of machining and formation built up edge at the end of machining process.

Nanocomposite films of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) with GF(graphene flakes), GO (graphene oxide) and G(Graphite) as nanofillers have been synthesized. Nanocomposites were prepared to contain various weight amounts of nanofiller (0.3, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3%) within PVA matrix. The film is cast on a clean glass plate through the solution casting method and dried in the oven. Here a report of a simple and practical approach to synthesizing graphene-reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films by incorporating other filler into PVA aqueous solution. Further, the investigation of thermal properties was used using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal stability shows the best stability with the nanofillers content of 1% for G, GO and GF. Nanocomposites with an additional of 1% GF gives the highest thermal stability compared to 1% of G and GO.