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Introduction: Diseases of the spinal cord are called myelopathy. They are frequently devastating. They produce quadriplegia or paraplegia with sensory deficits far beyond the site of damage. Many spinal cord diseases are reversible if recognized and treated at an early stage.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical presentation and aetiology of myelopathy among the patients attending Rajshahi Medical College Hospital with the help of history, clinical examination and investigations.Methodology: This was a cross-sectional type of descriptive study. A total 44 myelopathic patients were evaluated between January 2009 to December 2009.Result: Out of 44 patients, 33 (75%) were male and 11 (25%) were female (ratio 3:1), mean aged 35 ± 13.9 years (range 13-65 years). Among them 24 (54.5%) patients had paraparesis and 20 (45.5%) patients had quadriparesis. It was observed that majority 33 (75%) of them had compressive type and 11 (25%) patients had non-compressive type of involvement. Out of 33 compressive myelopathy, the commonest cause was cervical spondylotic myelopathy 14 (42.4%) in number. 2nd cause was Pott’s disease 8 (24.2%) in number. Syringomyelia was detected in 5 (11.4%) patients, disc herniation was in 2 (6.1%) patients, schwannoma was in 2 (6.1%) patients, lipoma was in 1 (3%) patient and 1 (3%) patient was metastasis to the vertebra. Out of 11 non-compressive myelopathy, acute transverse myelitis was detected in 9 (81.8%) patients and familial spastic paraplegia in 2 (18.2%) patients.Conclusion: All patients with myelopathy should be investigated for potentially treatable causes.TAJ 2013; 26: 48-52

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is a disease of unknown aetiology common in obese females and presents with headache, papilledema, raised CSF opening pressure, no abnormalities in CSF examination and no abnormality on CT scan or MRI of the Brain. Sinovenous abnormalities are commonly detected in patients of IIH by different neuroimaging techniques. But the exact role of these sinovenous abnormalities in the causation of the disease or whether they are an effect of the disease is not yet known. Nor has a ‘gold standard’ investigation been established yet for detection of the sinovenous abnormalities. This study was done to detect the presence of sinovenous abnormalities in IIH patients by performing a Magnetic Resonance Venography of the brain. All 33 patients of IIH who presented to Rajshahi Medical College Hospital during the study period from June 2009 to May 2010 were included in the study. There were 30 females and 3 males having a F:M ratio of 10:1. 91% of the patients were between 20 and 35 years of age and most of them were married housewives. 63.64% patients had history of use of oral contraceptives. Unusually 51.52% of the patients had a BMI less than 25 indicating that they were not even overweight (BMI 25 to 30). Only 6% of the patients had BMI > 30 indicating that they were obese. Headache and papilloedema were present in all patients but visual difficulties were present only in 54.54% of the patients. Abnormalities in MRV of the brain were detected in 27.27% (9/33) of the patients and transverse sinus hypoplasia was the commonest finding (88.89% - 8/9 patients). There was no statistically significant difference in the findings of MRV abnormalities between the males and females or among the patients having BMI less or more than 25TAJ 2013; 26: 53-56

Sepsis is one of the most serious complications after major trauma, and may be associated with increased mortality. We sought to determine whether there is an association between serum levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) at the time of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and the development of sepsis. We evaluated 100 adult patients with major trauma admitted to the surgical ICU over a 6-month period. Serum levels of IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The IL-17 rs1974226 genotype was determined by real-time PCR. In both non-adjusted and adjusted analyses, IL-17 was the only biomarker significantly associated with sepsis [median serum IL-17 of 72 pg/mL in sepsis versus 37 pg/mL in those without sepsis, P = 0.0001; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.2, P = 0.02]. No significant association was found among IL-17 rs1974226 genotypes and related serum cytokine levels. These data suggest that elevated serum IL-17 may increase the susceptibility for septic complications in polytrauma patients and so could be a useful biomarker for trauma patient management.

In this work, analysis of draw component i.e Vee-Cap used in AC motor and other machines is carried out. 3D modeling of the draw component is carried out in Solid Works software. ANSYS 16 is employed for the structural analysis of the sheet metal component considered for present study. Angles 00and 30 at the corner of the draw angle are considered for analysis of the component in order to check the stress distribution at the bottom fillet, which is the most critical part of the component. The displacement of the component is also analyzed to check the plastic strain behavior of the component. From the structural analysis it is clear that the von-mises stress distribution is maximum at 00 and reduced for 30. Whereas, for displacement and plastic strain of the component reduces by increasing the clearance angle from 0 degrees to 3 degrees.

This paper presents an experimental investigation of an airflow from convergent-divergent axisymmetric nozzles expanded suddenly into circular duct of larger cross-sectional area than that of nozzle exit area, focusing attention on the base pressure and the flow development in the duct. To investigate the influence of active control on wall pressure as well as on the flow field developed in the duct, the micro jets of 1 mm orifice diameter located at 900 interval along a pitch circle diameter 1.3 times the nozzle exit diameter were employed as the controller of the base pressure. The Mach number investigated in the present study was 1.30. The area ratio of the present study was 2.56. The nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) used were from 2.77 and 4.16 respectively which corresponds to correct and under expanded conditions. The length-to-diameter ratio of the enlarged duct was varied from 10 to 1.The level of expansion at the nozzle exit (i.e. before sudden expansion) influences the wall pressure very strongly. When the micro jets were activated they found to influence the flow in the enlarged duct. Wall pressure results for correctly expanded and under expended jets indicate that the flow in the enlarged duct remains attached for L/Ds including at L/D =1. Also, it is found that the wall pressure flow field in the duct for with and without control are identical and the control in the form of the micro jets does disturb the flow field. Results for L/D = 8 and 10 for correctly expanded jets indicate peculiar phenomenon and are totally different from all the results for lower L/Ds. Wall pressure results for under expanded jets indicate that control results in marginal decrease in the wall pressure otherwise the wall pressure flow field with and without control remains same.

Airflow from convergent-divergent axisymmetric nozzles expanded into circular duct of higher area were studied experimentally, with the main focus on the flow development in the duct. The flow parameters considered in this investigation are the Mach number at the nozzle exit and the level of expansion. The geometrical parameters considered are the area ratio and the L/D ratio of the duct. To control on the flow field developed in the duct, four tiny jets of 0.5 mm radius located at 90 degrees intervals at 6.5 mm radius from the centre of the nozzle exit were employed as the flow regulators. The Mach number in this case was 1.48. The area ratio of the study was 2.56. The nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) used was from 3.27 and 5.35 respectively which corresponds to ideally expanded and under expanded cases. The L/D ratio of the enlarged duct was varied from 10 to 1. From the results it is found that there is a jump in the wall pressure when flow passes through first oblique shock and this trend is repeated for all the cases.From the results it is found that the entire flow field is full of waves and flow remains identical with and without control when the jets were operated under favourable and adverse pressure gradient, it is also observed that when flow regulators in the form of tiny jets are employed they do not disturb the flow of duct.

Comminuted meat products are important sources for protein, fat, minerals and other nutrients. The specific spoilage organisms association of meat products should be periodically monitored in parallel with the changes in the economic and social live style. Therefore, a total of 75 random frozen samples of comminuted meat products (25 each of hamburger, minced beef and sausage) commercially produced and procured at the retail level in Ismailia city were examined for total aerobic, psychrophilic, proteolytic and Enterobacteriaceae counts. The percentage of proteolytic bacteria in hamburger, minced beef and sausage samples were 84, 68 and 80%, respectively, and for Enterobacteriacae bacteria were 60, 48 and 56%, respectively. The mean aerobic counts of hamburger, minced beef and sausage samples were 4.9 x104, 1.8 x105 and 3.8 x105 CFU/g, respectively, while the mean psychrophilic counts were 4.1 x105, 9.5 x104 and 1.9 x105 CFU/g, respectively, and the mean proteolytic counts were 2.1 x104, 1.3 x104 and 3.4 x104 CFU/g, respectively. Finally, the mean Enterobacteriaceae counts were 5.8 x103, 2.6 x103 and 7.1 x103 CFU/g, respectively. The highest frequency of psychrophilic microorganisms was Micrococcus roseus, whereas, the highest frequency of proteolytic microorganisms was Pseudomonas cepacia. It could be concluded that the microbial content of meat products at the retail level in Ismailia city confirmed the original microbial contamination of raw meat as well as the additional contamination occurred during processing. Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems in meat plants aids in improve the microbial quality of the comminuted meat products.

Antibiotics residue appear to be the most important chemical hazards in food of animal origin. Therefore, 220 edible offal samples, 110 kidney and 110 liver were randomly collected from different abattoir located in North Sinai governorate for evaluation of penicillin and tetracycline drug residues. Penicillin was recorded in 32 (29.1%) and 35 (31.8%) of livers and kidney samples respectively. Tetracycline residue were recorded in 49 (44.5%) of liver and 49 (44.5%) kidney samples. The results were confirmed that there were abuse using of antibiotics in veterinary practices and there were difficulty to control of drug withdrawal time before cattle slaughter. Veterinarians must be well aware of the importance of antibiotics residues in the meat and their possible risk to the general public.

Now a days, natural fiber based polymer composites are having more attention because of it is good mechanical properties and environment friendly. The foremost aim of this investigation attempt is for examine the effect of the nano-filler over the tensile properties of natural based polymer composite.. Just one nano-material is used in most of the research for the production of new composites. In this analysis, the vacuum assisted by infusion molding method uses the neem fiber and two different nano-filler materials for creating new nano infused composites. Neem fiber is chosen as a fiber and LY556 epoxy-resin is selected as polymer materials for the production of reinforced polymer matrix composites of this natural fiber material. Composites of the neem fiber based polymer composites is developed by infused the neem fiber with the nano to examine the tensile property of the neem fiber infused composite and the effect of nano-filler materials. By infusing nan-ofiller materials to build nano based natural fiber polymer composites; the average ultimate tensile strength for the polymer matrix composite is 15.5 percent.

A 45-year-old lady presented with left lower quadrant abdominal pain and hematochezia of 1 month duration. She had Copper-T, an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) inserted in the immediate post-partum period 25 years ago elsewhere and was lost to follow up. CT abdomen done 2 weeks earlier before reporting to us revealed a migrated and translocated IUCD embedded in the right lateral wall of the rectum. On colonoscopy, an area of friable mucosal nodule was noticed in the right lateral wall 10 cm from the anal verge but the IUCD was not visible intraluminally. Fluoroscopy showed the horizontal limb lying in close approximation with the rectal wall and the vertical limb of the IUCD embedded at the site of mucosal nodule in the rectum. After a careful endoscopic mucosotomy, the vertical limb was exposed and the Copper-T in its entirety was retrieved using a polypectomy snare. The mucosal defect was closed with hemoclips. She became asymptomatic after the procedure.

The results of an experimental investigation carried out to control the base pressure in a suddenly expanded axi-symmetric passage is presented in this paper. An active control in the form of micro jets is employed to control the base pressure. Air injection at four locations at the base, symmetric to the nozzle axis is used as the active control. The jet Mach number studied and the area ratios are 1.87, and 2.56, 3.24, 4.84, and 6.25. The L/D ratio is varied from 10 to 1. The experiments are conducted at a fixed level of under expansion (i.e. Pe/Pa = 1.5). In addition to base pressure, wall pressure field along the duct was also measured. As high as 80 percent increase in base pressure was achieved for certain combination of parameters of the present study. The minimum Length-todiameter ratio of the duct required is L/D = 2 for area ratios 6.25 and 4.84. Whereas, this requirement is L/D = 1 for area ratios 2.56 and 3.24.

Objective To find out different grades of cervical intraepithelial lesions of cervix with visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (VIA). Methods VIA was carried out in 540 eligible women attending Gynaecology Outpatient Department for gynecological problems. The women underwent a complete clinical evaluation. All screened women (540) were evaluated by colposcopy and biopsies which were taken from different quadrants of the cervix. The final diagnosis was based on histology, which allowed direct estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of VIA and colposcopy. Those with abnormal lesions diagnosed by histology were considered as true positive. Results Out of 540 patients screened, 212 (39.27%) were VIA positive. More patients with cervical lesions were detected by VIA than colposcopy. There were 63 (11.67%) women with histologic cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I), which was found in 150 (27.78%) by VIA and 138 (25.56%) by colposcopy. VIA and colposcopy yielded high grade CIN II in the same number of patients. Biopsy proven cancer was found in 24 (4.45%) which was detected in 18 (3.33%) by VIA and colposcopy. Sensitivity and specificity of VIA were 68.50% and 70.45% respectively. Positive predictive value was 41.04% and negative predictive value was 90.85%. Conclusions VIA can differentiate a normal cervix from a precancerous cervix with reasonable accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity of VIA are comparable to the other studies. So VIA may reduce the cervical intraepithelial lesions both in urban and rural areas.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of heat-inactivated estrous sheep serum (ESS) on sheep IVF. When the capacitation and the fertilization media contained 20% ESS, a fertilization rate of 85% was achieved. The beneficial effect of ESS on sheep IVF was further demonstrated since the fertilization rate was null when ESS was omitted during sperm capacitation and fertilization. Estrous sheep serum supported both sperm capacitation and fertilization as shown by the results of experiments in which it was omitted during one of these steps: sperm capacitation in serum-free medium resulted in delayed sperm-oocyte penetration, while fertilization in serum-free medium significantly decreased the percentage of fertilized oocytes. To investigate the influence of serum on sperm ability to undergo the acrosome reaction, salt-stored follicular sheep oocytes were inseminated, and the acrosomal status of spermatozoa attached to zonae was examined by electron microscopy after a 4-h period of coincubation. Quantitative analysis on thin sections demonstrated that fewer acrosome-reacted spermatozoa were observed when the capacitation and insemination steps were carried out in DM-H medium without serum than in DM-H-SS supplemented with 20% ESS (0.08, [0; 0.34], (median, range)/100μm zona vs 1.32, [0.90; 2.28]/100μm zona; P < 0.01). Since a higher number of spermatozoa attached to the zona surface in DM-H medium, the proportion of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa was much lower (0.7%, [0%; 2.2%], (median, range) vs 54%, [25%; 100%]; P < 0.01) in the absence of serum. These results indicate that in our IVF system the development of the acrosome reaction depended on serum. Sperm cholesterol efflux during in vitro capacitation was measured on [3H] cholesterol labeled spermatozoa resuspended in DM-H or DM-H-SS medium. A time-dependent cholesterol removal was observed in the presence of serum (60 ± 5%, mean ± SD, after 5 h), whereas it was limited to 14 ± 3 % in DM-H medium; hence addition of serum to the capacitation medium efficiently supports cholesterol efflux, which is thought to be a key-event in the capacitation process.

Follicular cumulus-enclosed goat oocytes were matured in vitro in the presence of granulosa cells, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol-17β. While 86% of the oocytes from follicles 2 to 6 mm in diameter achieved meiotic maturation, only 24% of the oocytes from follicles 1 to 2 mm in diameter progressed to Metaphase II. Exposure of follicle-enclosed cumulus-oocyte complexes to 20°C prior to culture resulted in 11.5% of the oocytes exhibiting abnormal meiotic spindle. This indicated that immature goat oocytes are particularly sensitive to temperature. Ejaculated spermatozoa were capacitated according to the technique previously proposed for ram sperm (1). The fertilization rates of ovulated and mechanically denuded in vitro-matured oocytes were 85 and 82.8%, respectively; 59.7% of ovulated and 57.1% of in vitro-matured oocytes were normally fertilized, as shown by the presence of both the female and the male pronucleus as well as by the remnants of the sperm tail in the ooplasm, 17 hours after insemination. Polyspermy was the main abnormality detected, and it affected almost 20% of the inseminated oocytes. The cleavage rate (two to fourcell stage) 41 hours after insemination of in vitro-matured and fertilized oocytes was 58%.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of size of follicle from which goat oocytes originate on their subsequent ability to be fertilized and to undergo early embryonic development in vitro. Nonatretic follicles larger than 2 mm in diameter were dissected and distributed into three groups according to size (small: 2-3 mm; medium: 3.1-5 mm; large: >5 mm). Cumulus-oocyte complexes were isolated from the follicles and only those with a compact multilayered cumulus were selected for in vitro maturation. After maturation, 70%, 83% and 97% of oocytes from small, medium and large follicles, respectively, were at metaphase II. After in vitro fertilization, no significant difference was observed in the cleavage rate 40 h after insemination between oocytes from small (46%) and medium (55%) follicles, and between oocytes from large follicles (69%) and ovulated oocytes (75%). After in vitro culture, significantly more embryos from small follicles arrested before or at the 8-16 cell stage (84% compared with 53%, 45% and 39% of embryos from medium and large follicles and ovulated oocytes, respectively). The proportion of morulae and blastocysts obtained was 10% and 6% from small follicles, 35% and 12% from medium follicles, 29% and 26% from large follicles and 20% and 41% from ovulated oocytes. Oocytes from small and medium follicles yielded a significantly lower proportion of hatched blastocysts (0% and 3%, respectively) than did those from large follicles and from ovulated oocytes (0% and 34%, respectively). These results indicate that developmental competence of goat oocytes is acquired progressively during follicular growth and that only a small proportion of oocytes, those isolated from large antral follicles, have the capacity to progress to the blastocyst stage following in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture

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The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in fragments of lactating rabbit mammary glands in vitro was studied by considering the distribution of 13-{ 14 C}AA in the cells, and the effects of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway on the basal and prolactin (PRL)-stimulated casein secretion. 13-{ 14 C}AA was incorporated in all classes of lipids and PRL increased transiently the percentage of free fatty acid after 1 and 5 min. Ten μM ETYA (5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid), a tetrayne analogue of AA inhibited prostaglandins F 2α (PGF 2α ) production but not leukotrienes B 4 and C 4 (LTB 4 and LTC 4 ) production and increased basal casein secretion. 10 −4 M DCHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) a competitive inhibitor of prostaglandin-synthetase inhibited PGF 2α production but did not affect basal nor PRL-stimulated casein secretion. Fourteen μM indomethacin inhibited PFF 2α and LTC 4 production and PRL-stimulated casein secretion. Ten μM NGDA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid) an inhibitor of lipoxygenase pathway, inhibited LTB 4 and LTC 4 production, increased basal level of casein secretion and inhibited PRL-stimulated casein secretion. Hundred μM caffeic acid, an inhibitor of glutathion-S-transferase (GST), a class of enzymes implied in the transformation of LTA 4 into LTC 4 , had the same effect that NDGA on basal and PRL-stimulated casein secretion. These findings show that inhibitors of AA metabolites alter casein secretion.

The effects in vitro of monensin on the secretory pathway of caseins in lactating rabbit mammary gland fragments were investigated. Addition of monensin (0.1 microM or 1 microM) to the incubation medium induced a dilatation of Golgi saccules and vesicles and a decrease of the relative volume of microvesicles. Dilated vesicles did not contain acid phosphatase. Neosynthesized proteins were localized by electron microscope autoradiography near the membranes of dilated vesicles. 1 microM monensin did not inhibit basal secretion of neosynthesized caseins (radioactive caseins, labelled during a 3 min pulse, released into the medium), but increased basal secretion of total beta-caseins (measured by radioimmunoassay). Monensin abolished all the effects of prolactin (increase in the relative volume of Golgi microvesicles and stimulation of secretion of total and neosynthesized caseins). These results show that monensin provokes simultaneously modifications in the Golgi apparatus morphology and inhibition of the prolactin stimulating effect. Moreover, secretion of intracellular caseins is differently modified, depending probably on whether caseins are neosynthesized or stored.