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The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from reflected visible and infrared radiation, has been critical to understanding change across the Arctic, but relatively few ground truthing efforts have directly linked NDVI to structural and functional properties of Arctic tundra ecosystems. To improve the interpretation of changing NDVI within moist acidic tundra (MAT), a common Arctic ecosystem, we coupled measurements of NDVI, vegetation structure, and CO2 flux in seventy MAT plots, chosen to represent the full range of typical MAT vegetation conditions, over two growing seasons. Light-saturated photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem CO2 exchange were well predicted by NDVI, but not by vertically-projected leaf area, our nondestructive proxy for leaf area index (LAI). Further, our data indicate that NDVI in this ecosystem is driven primarily by the biochemical properties of the canopy leaves of the dominant plant functional types, rather than purely the amount of leaf area; NDVI was more strongly correlated with top cover and repeated cover of deciduous shrubs than other plant functional types, a finding supported by our data from separate "monotypic" plots. In these pure stands of a plant functional type, deciduous shrubs exhibited higher NDVI than any other plant functional type. Likewise, leaves from the two most common deciduous shrubs, Betula nana and Salix pulchra, exhibited higher leaf-level NDVI than those from the codominant graminoid, Eriophorum vaginatum. Our findings suggest that recent increases in NDVI in MAT in the North American Arctic are largely driven by expanding deciduous shrub canopies, with substantial implications for MAT ecosystem function, especially net carbon uptake.

Previous research evaluating behavior skills training and performance feedback has largely examined factors influencing interventionist performance outcomes. However, to our knowledge, researchers have yet to compile existing literature to specifically explore characteristics associated with improved learner outcomes in the context of interventionist training research. In our meta-analysis, we conducted a regression analysis to examine the relationships between improved interventionist performance, interventionist training approach (behavioral skills training versus performance feedback in isolation), behavior domain (skill acquisition, behavior reduction, or both used in combination), and interventionist type on outcomes for learners. Results suggested that while interventionist performance was significantly correlated with improved learner outcomes, the training approach used was not. Behavior domain was found to reliably predict learner outcomes. Namely, training interventionists on protocols featuring both skill acquisition and behavior reduction were associated with better outcomes for learners than either skill acquisition or behavior reduction in isolation. Finally, interventionist type reliably predicted learner outcomes. That is, behavior therapists were positively correlated with larger learner effect sizes compared to other interventionist type, while post-secondary students as interventionists were correlated with the poorest learner outcomes. We end the paper by discussing potential clinical implications and make recommendations for future research.

Objectives The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on doctors is a significant concern. Due to the emergence of multiple pandemic waves, longitudinal data on the impact of COVID-19 are vital to ensure an adequate psychological care response. The primary aim was to assess the prevalence and degree of psychological distress and trauma in frontline doctors during the acceleration, peak and deceleration of the COVID-19 first wave. Personal and professional factors associated with psychological distress are also reported.Design A prospective online three-part longitudinal survey.Setting Acute hospitals in the UK and Ireland.Participants Frontline doctors working in emergency medicine, anaesthetics and intensive care medicine during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020.Primary outcome measures Psychological distress and trauma measured using the General Health Questionnaire-12 and the Impact of Events-Revised.Results The initial acceleration survey distributed across networks generated a sample of 5440 doctors. Peak and deceleration response rates from the original sample were 71.6% (n=3896) and 56.6% (n=3079), respectively. Prevalence of psychological distress was 44.7% (n=1334) during the acceleration, 36.9% (n=1098) at peak and 31.5% (n=918) at the deceleration phase. The prevalence of trauma was 23.7% (n=647) at peak and 17.7% (n=484) at deceleration. The prevalence of probable post-traumatic stress disorder was 12.6% (n=343) at peak and 10.1% (n=276) at deceleration. Worry of family infection due to clinical work was the factor most strongly associated with both distress (R2=0.06) and trauma (R2=0.10).Conclusion Findings reflect a pattern of elevated distress at acceleration and peak, with some natural recovery. It is essential that policymakers seek to prevent future adverse effects through (a) provision of vital equipment to mitigate physical and psychological harm, (b) increased awareness and recognition of signs of psychological distress and (c) the development of clear pathways to effective psychological care.Trial registration number ISRCTN10666798.

Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) is a simulated global exchange experience that utilizes technology to bridge the gap between classrooms worldwide. Past research suggests that COIL may be useful in facilitating intercultural communication effectiveness and cultural humility for adult learners. As such, this quantitative study sought to examine the effects of a COIL experience that connected adult learners in the United States and Brazil on their intercultural effectiveness and cultural humility. Two instruments were used to collect data, including the Cultural Humility Scale and Intercultural Effectiveness Scale before and after the COIL experience. Data analyses revealed statistically significant increases in participants' intercultural effectiveness and cultural humility following the COIL experience. These findings provided insights into the effects of COIL on the intercultural effectiveness and cultural humility of adult learners. They also informed andragogical practices for cultivating attitudes, skills, and behaviors for intercultural interactions among adult learners in educational and other professional settings. However, further research on the outcomes of COIL is beneficial.

Implementation of evidence-based practices for autistic students must be informed by robust research literature. Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) are often considered a "gold standard" methodology for determining the effectiveness of interventions. However, the complex nature of schools presents challenges for implementing successful RCTs. We review common challenges that researchers may face when implementing RCTs of interventions for autistic students in school settings. Additionally, we provide recommendations to researchers for avoiding and addressing such challenges, based on our own experience conducting a school-based RCT. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

Tendinopathy is a common and progressive musculoskeletal disease. Increased apoptosis is an end-stage tendinopathy manifestation, but its contribution to the pathology of the disease is unknown. A previously established in vivo model of fatigue damage accumulation shows that increased apoptosis is correlated with the severity of induced tendon damage, even in early onset of the disease, supporting its implication in the pathogenesis of the disease. Consequently, this study aimed to determine: (1) whether apoptosis could be inhibited after fatigue damage and (2) whether its inhibition could lead to remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and pericellular matrix (PCM), to ultimately improve the mechanical properties of fatigue-damaged tendons. The working hypothesis was that, despite the low vascular nature of the tendon, apoptosis would be inhibited, prompting increased production of matrix proteins and restoring tendon mechanical properties. Rats received 2 or 5 d of systemic pan-caspase inhibitor (Q-VD-OPh) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) carrier control injections starting immediately prior to fatigue loading and were sacrificed at days 7 and 14 post-fatigue-loading. Systemic pan-caspase inhibition for 2 d led to a surprising increase in apoptosis, but inhibition for 5 d increased the population of live cells that could repair the fatigue damage. Further analysis of the 5 d group showed that effective inhibition led to an increased population of cells producing ECM and PCM proteins, although typically in conjunction with oxidative stress markers. Ultimately, inhibition of apoptosis led to further deterioration in mechanical properties of fatigue-damaged tendons.

This quantitative study aims to explore the validity of Donohoo et al.'s (2020) Enabling Conditions for Collective Teacher Efficacy Scale (EC-CTES) for fostering collective efficacy in schools and evaluate its relationship to measures of collective teacher efficacy. The instruments used for this study include the EC-CTES, the Collective Efficacy Scale (CES-SF), and the Collective Teacher Beliefs Scale (CTBS). The data were evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis, correlation matrices, and multiple regression models. The findings from this study demonstrate that the EC-CTES is a valid tool. The EC-CTES subscales are positively associated with measures of collective teacher efficacy. We recommend adjustments for the EC-CTES subscales for greater congruence with collective efficacy theory and practical application. Due to the theoretical density of collective teacher efficacy, a modified conceptual framework is proposed to make the enabling conditions theory more accessible to practitioners.

Given the rising number of refugees in the United States, it is becoming increasingly important for individuals to understand the lived experience of refugees and foster their inclusion. World Relief refugee simulations were designed to raise awareness about the refugees' rehoming process, and these immersion activities may be powerful experiences to improve participants' character. Furthermore, these simulations may aid individuals in shifting their preconceived perceptions about this population, and as a result, participants may become more inclusive of refugees. However, minimal research has been conducted on the value of refugee simulations. This convergent mixed-method study examined the difference between community college students' character strengths before and after a refugee simulation and explored their experiences in the refugee simulation. The quantitative data were collected using the VIA Character Strengths Survey. The results revealed that community college students' character strengths such as bravery, curiosity, fairness, judgment, kindness, love of learning, social intelligence, and zest were statistically higher after this intervention. The qualitative data were collected with an adapted version of the Guide for Reflective Practice. The results indicated that community college students' participation in the refugee simulation was transformative. These findings suggest that refugee simulations aid in character development and change participants' perspectives about refugees.

In this collaborative autoethnography, three female professors sought to reflect on personal discoveries from their recent research examining the benefits of women supporting women in academia. The findings of their study indicated that women who are mentored and supported by other women in academia feel empowered to continue with this work despite the challenges they encounter. As educators, reflective thinking and writing are common practices we use to examine and enhance our teaching. Through this autoethnographic exploration, we self-reflected on the topic of this research and explored how we, as women in academia, benefit by being supported by other women and how we could take what we learned to support and mentor other women we encounter in this field.

Special educators are among the countless professionals adversely impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic. Before the pandemic, the special education profession was associated with increased occupational stress, anxiety, and job dissatisfaction. As we progress through the first post-pandemic school year, special educators continue to be adversely impacted by occupational demands associated with COVID-19. Here we discussed the basics of stress, the personal and professional implications of stress, and an examination of how to address this critical issue among these valuable professionals. We discussed the importance and development of wellness and resilience plans applied throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The stress experienced by special educators is a significant occupational and ethical issue needing attention.

Especially since the COVID-19 pandemic when teachers might have found or created videos for students to watch, flipped classroom methodology has interested many secondary-level chemistry teachers. However, as the secondary coauthor teachers here found, most of the research on the effectiveness of flipped classroom methodology has been performed at the collegiate level. To help fill this gap, six high school teachers from different schools present their research and experience with flipped classroom methodologies in their classes. Taken as a collective, their research, aligning with previous research, suggests that there likely will not be gains on exam scores or course grades for high school students when a classroom is "flipped", but there are other positive reasons that flipped classroom methodology might be a useful tool in the secondary-level chemistry classroom.

Data collected on the physical, biological or man-made world are often highly correlated, posing the question of whether fewer variables would contain almost as much information. A crude solution is simply to look at the Pearson correlation matrix and omit one of a pair of highly correlated variables. A more systematic method is to condition on one or more variables, and observe the resulting partial covariance matrix. If the variables have little variance after the conditioning, then the conditioning variables contain most of the information of all the original variables. Paralleling the usual tests applied in judging how many principal components are sufficient to represent all the data, we can use the amount of variance explained by the conditioning variable (s), as a measure of information content. The paper references earlier work in this area, explains the computation and includes examples using published data sets. The approach is found to be highly competitive with using principal components, and has the obvious advantage over principal components of simply omitting some of the original variables from further consideration. The method has been coded in Visual-Basic add-ins to an Excel spreadsheet.

CI-976, a new trimethoxy fatty acid anilide, is a potent and specific inhibitor of liver and intestinal acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in vitro. Several in vivo approaches were used to determine the efficacy and sites of action of this compound in rats. CI-976 decreased non-high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol in rats with pre-established dyslipidemia. High performance gel chromatographic separation of plasma lipoproteins also revealed that CI-976, but not CL 277,082, lowered low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and elevated HDL-cholesterol. Bay o 2752, octimibate, melinamide, and SaH 58-035 were all less potent in vivo compared to CI-976 and CL 277,082, and CI-976 produced the greatest decrease in liver cholesteryl esters. Subcutaneous (SC) administration of CI-976 was also efficacious in cholesterol-fed animals. In sucrose-fed rats, oral and SC CI-976 administration potently lowered plasma triglycerides. Hepatic cholesteryl ester accumulation in the ethinyl estradiol-treated rat was also diminished by orally administered CI-976. ACAT activity and cholesteryl ester mass were dose-dependently decreased in the livers from cholesterol-fed rats treated with CI-976, suggesting a direct effect on the liver. In both hypercholesterolemic and hypertriglyceridemic models, CI-976 also decreased plasma apoB concentrations. In other experiments radiolabeled CI-976 accumulated in the liver after multiple doses. Time-dependent changes in biliary lipid and bile acid secretion suggested that free cholesterol did not accumulate in the liver but instead was excreted as such or as bile acid. Finally, inhibition of endogenous and exogenous intestinal cholesterol absorption was demonstrated using several in vivo techniques. The combined data strongly supports the hypothesis that orally administered CI-976 inhibits both intestinal and hepatic ACAT, and that both of these enzymes may be determinants of plasma lipid concentrations in the rat.

Sustainable vineyard fertilization can lead to cost savings while protecting the environment. However, appropriate fertilization conditions depend on the rootstocks, which differ in their uptake of macro- and micronutrients, as well as on the vineyard soils' physical and chemical characteristics, which affect the soil nutrient reservoir. We studied identical sets of 14 rootstocks on three different soils. Rootstocks had a significant impact on petiole levels of nitrogen and potassium throughout the growing season. Pruning weight and fruit yield also varied considerably by rootstock and site. However, rootstock performance was not consistent among sites, nor was the seasonal pattern of change in nitrogen and potassium consistent among sites. The observed differences emphasize the impact of soil texture and nutrient availability on plant growth. Further studies will help guide the development of site-specific sustainable fertilization regimens.

What is the relationship between social policy reforms and issue salience in public opinion? Extensive research analyses policy feedbacks on policy preferences and the influence of policy preferences on policy change. Scant research, however, considers the link between reforms and issue salience – i.e., the perception of importance citizens attach to a topic. We address this gap in the literature through the comparative study of the salience of the 'pension issue'. Drawing on a novel dataset covering 2010–2020 and 28 European countries, we argue that the passage of pension reforms shapes pension salience. Multilevel fixed effects models indicate that pension reforms that include either contracting or expansionary provisions are positively related to pension salience. In contrast, expansionary and contracting reforms, by themselves, are not robustly associated with pension salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]