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Native chickens are important for the rural poor women and marginalized section for subsidiary income and safe nutrition. Considering that views, the study were conducted taking objectives is assessing the profitability of native chicken and to find the livelihood status of native chicken farmers. The study areas were selected from six districts, namely, Joypurhat Sadar under Joypurhat, Dinajpur Sadar under Dinajpur, Dumoria under Khulna, Kotalipara under Gopalgonj, Nokla under Sherpur and Sonagazi under Feni district on the basis of improved native chickens project implementation areas. The selected areas were consisted of 30 treatment groups and 30 control groups from each upazila. The total sample size was 360 (P/H). In the case of profitability, the treatment group earned BDT 3,450 per 10 birds per annum followed by control group earned BDT 2,476. The BCR was found 2.04 and 1.45, respectively for treatment and control group. It was evident that treatment group produced 60 native chickens annually and on the other hand, control group produced 30 native chickens. For control group, labour cost occupied 32 percent and the feed cost captured 23 percent. On the other hand, for treatment group, feed cost occupied 34 percent and the labour cost was 38 percent. Fifty percent farmers opined that they reared native chicken for additional family income followed by 37 percent home consumption, 9 percent ceremonies and 4 percent creating employment opportunity. Rearing of native chicken entirely depends on women’s decision but the usage of money is controlled by women and men. It was found that women dominated most activities in rearing native chicken. Based on the result of the study, 100 percent women was the decision maker for rearing native chicken in both groups. Decision on selling of native chicken made by women was 92.15 percent in treatment group and 73.28 percent in control group. Money received from native chicken was also controlled 78.26 percent in treatment group and 51.57 percent in control group by women. Lack of access to livestock extension service, bad eggs quality, access to credit also was the challenges for native chicken farmers covering 7 percent, 4 percent and 4 percent, respectively. From this study, it was clear that rearing native chicken farming brought positive changes in economic, social and specially women empowerment indicators. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 24-38

The experiment was implemented at farmer’s house and Bathan areas of Shahjadpur Upazila in Sirajganj and Bera Upazila under Pabna districts of Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to know the incidence of repeat breeding (RB), physiology of different follicles and deformity of ovary and uterus in Holstein Frisian (HF) cows. Forty (40) RB HF cows (>50% HF Genetic) were selected on the basis of age and parity. Pyometra, endo-metra, cervicitis, Salpingitis and tumor like growth etc. in uterine wall were observed. Luteal and follicular cyst was also identified. Number of growing follicle appeared ultrasonically, size of Graafian follicle, breed, cow’s body size, and inheritance level and parity, nutritional factors and days calving to first service were recorded properly. All collected data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS soft-ware program using completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that, significantly (P0.05) in the whole experiment (table-1). The percentage of infection (Pyometra, Endometra) in the uterine wall differed non-significantly (P>0.05) among all the groups and minimum occurrence were observed in group-A (figure 1). Highest percent of cyst observed in the right ovary than left of the cows of group-D compared to others group but the differences were non-significant (P>0.05).Comparatively higher percentage (58.82±12.30) of follicles observed in left ovary of group-D than right ovary of others group (table 3). Non-significantly (P>0.05) the highest average number (2.40±0.44) of follicles was observed in left ovary of the group-C than the cows of others group. Though the follicle size in the end of luteal phase differed non-significantly (P>0.05) but comparatively larger (14.90±1.54mm) follicle in diameter were observed in group-C, than the follicles of others groups. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 95-104

A large number of farmers are rearing sheep in Bangladesh. Enormous quantity of local sheep wool are wasted due to lack of processing and proper applications. As the consciousness is growing for the use of natural fibre products, this wool can play a significant role. If proper processing technology can be employed in this sector, the natural fibre will be a good resource for us and will meet today’s necessity in all respects of life. Wool is normally collected from sheep by shearing in our country. A total of about 2.5 thousand metric tons of raw wool can be collected from local sheep every year. Therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to know the physico-mechanical properties of blended yarn. Wool and jute were treated with chemicals, washed, dried and opened to form spin able fibre. After that, jute, cotton and wool fibres were turned to blended yarn through cotton processing system. In results, it was observed that 30% wool, 30% jute and 40% cotton fibre 12s blended yarn used for blended yarn production. Therefore, Wool, jute and cotton blended yarn may be a new horizon for developing diversified products. Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 21-25: 173-177, 2018

The study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships among indigenous sheep population of Bangladesh (Barind, Jamuna river basin, Coastal and Garole sheep) using microsatellite markers. A total of 96 blood samples were collected from adult sheep of Barind (24), Jamuna River Basin (24), Coastal (24), Garole(10) and available Chotanagpuri (10) sheep. Chotanagpuri sheep was used as an outgroup population. DNA was extracted from blood samples using QIAGEN DNA Mini extraction kit and was quantified using a nanodrop. FAO recommended 13 labeled microsatellite markers were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR product was confirmed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide.The exact allele sizes in each primer were determined by GeneMaker V1.85 demo. Microsatellite tool kit and Dispan software package were used for calculation of allele frequency, number of alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosity and genetic distances (DA). The Dispan software was used to calculate inter-individual genetic distances. These distance values were used to construct an UPGMA tree. Results showed that average number of polymorphic alleles per locus varied from4 in HUJ616 to 12 in MAF70. Observed heterozygosity was also varied from 0.54±0.04 in Coastal to 0.63±0.03 in Barind sheep population. Genetic distance between Jamuna river basin and Barind was lowest (0.01) and between Garole and Costal was highest (0.17). Garoleand Chotonagpuri sheep has higher genetic distance from other three sheep populations. Phylogenetic dendogram showed that sheep of Jamuna river basin and barind were belonged to same genetic group. Whereas, coastal, garole and Nagpur sheeps were shown higher genetic distances from Jamuna river basin and coastal sheep. Considering findings of this study it may be concluded that the Barind and Jamuna river basin sheep belongs to a similar genetic group while, Garole and Coastal sheep are belonging to two distinct genetic groups. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (1): 17-22

Dermatophytosis (ringworm), an infection of the superficial keratinized structures of the skin and hair, is the most common contagious skin disease in cattle. It is a remarkable public and veterinary health problem reported from different parts of the world and causes great economic loss. A number of calves were simultaneously affected with this disease in the cattle farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). So, this study was undertaken to develop a suitable treatment approach for controlling the disease in the herd. A total of 20 calves of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) were selected for the trial. All the experimental calves were divided into five groups namely – T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4. T0 group was kept as control and T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups were allowed for treatment. The drugs used for treatment were griseofulvin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in group T1; ivermectin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in T2; topical antifungal ointment, griseofulvin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in T3; and topical antifungal ointment, ivermectin, streptomycin-penicillin, antihistaminic and vitamin AD3E in group T4. No drug was used in T0 (control).The duration of the experiment was about one month. The fungal spores of Trichophyton spp., and Microsporum spp. were observed in the samples (skin scrapping) under microscope using 20% potassium hydroxide solution. All experimental calves were observed after 7 days to know the response of the treatment. On the basis of visual observation the result was recorded on day 14. All experimental calves were observed after 7 days to know the response of the treatment. On the basis of visual observation the result was recorded on day 14. Calves in control group remain same. Calves suffering from chronic dermatomycosis or dermatophytosis (ringworm) can be treated with topical antifungal ointment, griseofulvin tablet, streptonmycin-penicillin injection, antihistaminic injection and vitamin AD3E injection as per dosages used in this experiment. If the case is acute, topical antifungal ointment and griseofulvin tablet may be recommended as treatment measures. Vitamin AD3E may or may not be used in this case. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1), 132-135

A cross sectional study was carried out from June, 2008 to December, 2010 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to determine the responsible bacterial pathogens in lactating dairy goats in northern districts of Bangladesh. A total of 292 goats and 584 udder halves milk samples were screened using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was 56.2% (164/292), and in udder half level it was 33.9% (198/584). The subclinical mastitis prevalence at goat level was high (71.6%) in Jamnapari goats as compared to Black Bengal goats (50.2%), whereas at the udder half level, subclinical mastitis prevalence was 45.1% and 29.6% in Jamnapari and Black Bengal goats, respectively. The pathogens isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were coagulase negative Staphylococci , Coliforms, Streptococcus spp. , Staphylococcus aureus , Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Among these, the most frequent isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococci (28.8%), Coliforms (22.7%) and Streptococcus spp (15.2%). Out of four potential host related risk factors considered, litter size and body condition of goats were found to influence the prevalence rate of subclinical mastitis in goat significantly ( p< 0.05 ). On the other hand, the subclinical mastitis was very significantly ( p=0.0001 ) associated with the housing system of goats, i.e., goats reared in raised floor had a low subclinical mastitis infection rate (35.8%) as compared to reared in earth floor (62.2%). Antibiogram studies were also performed for the bacterial isolates and Gentamicin was found to be the most effective drug. Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 112-122, Jan-Dec 2012

A survey work was undertaken with a total of 200 farm households of the coastal areas of Noakhali were categorized into landless, marginal, small, medium and large based on their landholding and sheep population. All categories of farmers had higher number of sheep compared to goat and cattle. In case of lamb (0-4months) farmers didn’t supplied concentrate. The average deficiency of DM (g/h/d), ME (MJ/h/d) and CP (g/h/d) of lamb were 70.24, 0.97 and 13.35, respectively. For growing sheep (4-15 month) small, medium and large farmers provided little but landless and marginal farmers provided very little amount of concentrate. The average deficiency of DM (g/h/d), ME (MJ/h/d) and CP (g/h/d) of growing sheep were 257.31, 2.62 and 34.75, respectively. In case of adult ewe (>15 month, milking) the average deficiency of DM (g/h/d), ME (MJ/h/d) and CP (g/h/d) were 441.87, 2.81 and 35.45, respectively. Livestock farming contributed about 17.2% of annual family income in which the contribution of sheep of the total household income was about 11% followed by goat (3.58%) and cattle (2.62%). The available feed resources were durba, asamilata, chaila, bothoua, gamma, alias grass, shon, bontil, khesari, pakisthani lata, bean leaf, ipil ipil, mayahagoni, kadam, boroi leaf, jackfruit, babla, mango leaf, kitchen wastes, rice straw, and rice bran, til oil cake. Surveyed information on existing available nutrient status of sheep and feed resources would help to develop a feeding system of sheep in coastal areas of Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i3.21652 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (3): 213-217

The experiment was conducted with forty four pre-pubertal stages female lambs of 12.5±2.5 kg average live weight and 7.5±0.5 months of average age. Animals were equally and randomly allocated into two feeding groups, intensive and semi-intensive feeding systems with 22 animals in each group. Under intensive system, animals were fed concentrate mixture (15.0% crude protein (CP); 11 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg dry matter (DM)) at the rate of 1.5% of live weight with ad libitum green grass from May to November and supplied urea molasses straw (UMS) in place of green grass from December to April. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in service per conception, litter size, lambing interval, gestation length, service period, birth weight and weaning weight between intensive and semi-intensive feeding system. Reproductive traits and productive traits were not affected by feeding system. Conception rate was higher (98.0%) in semi-intensive system than intensive system (83.0%). On the other hand lamb survivability was higher in intensive system than in semi-intensive system. The semi-intensive feeding system is found to be better to rear sheep for commercial purpose compared to intensive feeding system. Keywords: Feeding system; Productive; Reproductive; Native sheep. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7129 J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 692-698 (2011)

The study was conducted to evaluate the qualities of ram semen in different age groups (one to four years) were evaluated. The parameters included testes length (cm), testes breadth (cm), scrotal circumference (cm), live weight (kg), semen volume (ml), P H , sperm concentration (x10 9 ), motility (%), percentage of live, dead and normal, abnormal spermatozoa of native sheep. The average semen volume (ml) found to be 0.60, 0.91, 0.85 and 0.87; sperm concentration (10 9 /ml) 1.03, 3.27, 4.45 and 4.17 and finally motility (%) were found to be 68.07, 75.03, 75.01 and 76.25 respectively for the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th year age of native ram. The effects of age on all parameters (testes length, semen volume, semen p H , sperm concentration, motility, viability, normal spermatozoa) were significant except testes breadth and scrotal circumference. The value of all of these parameters increased linearly up to three years with the increase of age except P H . The result of the present study indicated that scrotal diameter, serving capacity; normal and live spermatozoa were comparatively better during the 3 rd year than the 1 st and 2 nd year of age while the values were almost similar at 3 rd and 4 th year of age. With the increasing of age, the semen quality improved and stabilized up to at the age of 3 years. Keywords: Native sheep; Spermiogramic parameter; Age DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4738 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 301-304, 2009

This experiment was undertaken to know the phenotypic characteristics of native sheep. The study was conducted to investigate morphometric characters of sheep in three different field sites (Naogaon, Noakhali and Tangail) and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) nucleus flock through close observation, measuring and record keeping. Characteristics of body weight, body length, heart girth, wither height, fore leg length, hind leg length, head length, ear length, ear width, horn length etc were collected from mature sheep. The results indicate that the average litter size, birth weight, weaning weight and body weight gain were comparatively higher in sheep of BLRI nucleus flock than those of other three regions. The average numbers of service/conception, post partum heat period (days), age at first heat (days), age at first lambing (days), lambing interval (days) were 1.30, 34.13, 266.50, 432.72, 192.17 respectively in BLRI nucleus flock which were comparatively better than the other three regions. The average litter size, birth weight (kg), weaning weight (kg) and body weight gain (g) in nucleus flock were 1.80, 1.19, 6.74 and 60.70 consequently. The overall performance of the sheep of BLRI nucleus flock were comparatively better than the others which may be due to the result of selective breeding, improve feeding, housing, health management etc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9906 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 1-6

An experiment was undertaken to determine the conception rate of native sheep by using Artificial Insemination with liquid ram semen. The semen was collected from ram using artificial vagina and the was stored in a refrigerator (4°C) for three days. The volume of semen was extended with egg yolk citrate diluter. A total of 63 ewes were inseminated with stored liquid semen collected from 15 rams by AV method. The total number of spermatozoa, live-dead, normal-abnormal, sperm motility and the pH was observed regularly. The average semen volume per ejaculate was 0.76-1.00ml and the sperm concentration was 2.37x109 - 4.30x109 per ejaculate. The number of normal spermatozoa and the pH was almost similar irrespective of days of storage. Number of live spermatozoa and the sperm motility were reduced with the increasing age of semen. The average conception rate (%) was obtained as 63.61, 61.90, 52.38 and 47.61 with sperm in zero, 1st, 2nd and 3rd day storage respectively. Keywords: Preservation; Liquid semen; Quality; Artificial insemination; Sheep DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4739 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 305-308, 2009

The research work was carried out from July 2004 to June 2005 and the place of research work was Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). The objectives of this work were to investigate the diseases and mortality pattern of goats and some factors affecting mortality and survivability rates of Black Bengal goats under intensive and semi-intensive management, in permanent house. Goats were only vaccinated with Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), administered with anthelmintics and dipped in 0.5% Malathion or 0.02% Diazinon solution to control endo- and ecto-parasites, respectively. They were allowed to graze 6-7 hours along with supplemental concentrate and green forages whereas ad libitum green grasses and concentrate were supplied to the goats managed under intensive management. The diseases were recorded mainly on the basis of clinical symptoms shown by animals and some by laboratory diagnosis; mortality was confirmed by some laboratory tests and clinical findings before death if any. Adult goats (>1 yr of age) died mostly due to suspected enterotoxaemia in the dry season (October to March) when there were shortages of green grasses in the grazing lands, which were confirmed by Gram’s staining and ELISA tests, and female goats died significantly more than male. Growing goats (3-12 months of age) mortality was about 22%, died mostly due to diarrhoea and pneumonia and mortality was higher (nearly 40%) in hot and wet season (July to October). The overall kid (0-3 months of age) mortality within study period was about 29%, of which the major causes were infectious (63%) i.e., diarrhoea, pneumonia, ecthyma and enterotoxaemia. Excluding accidental causes (predators and mechanical) mortality was reduced to about 18%.Kid mortality was affected by birth weight which was just opposite to mortality. It was also affected by birth seasons, litter size, sex of kids, dam’s body weight at kidding but parity was no significant effect on kid mortality Kids like growing goats, also died significantly more during hot and wet season. Morbidity was higher in female goats where mostly diarrhoea and pneumonia and some sorts affected all age groups of goats by ecthyma. There were seasonal differences.Key words: Black Bengal, diseases, goats, kids, mortalityDOI = 10.3329.bjvm.v5i1.1316Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 71-76

The antibacterial sensitivity of some single, double and triple chain aroylhydrazine against gram positive and gram negative bacteria were performed by disc diffusion method. Most of the compounds showed appreciable antibacterial activity against different gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The single chain hydrazines are more active then double chain and triple chain hydrazine. Among the single chain aroylhydrazines studied only 4-n-hexyloxy benzoyl hydrazine is the most active. The significant activity of 4-n-hexyloxybenzoyl hydrazine and heptyloxybenzoyl hydrazine against gram positive and gram negative bacteria may be (formation of inhibition zone 8 to 22 mm with most of the test bacteria) due to their liophilicity of the bacterial cell membrane. Anti-microbial activity decreases as the number of carbon of single chain hydrazine increases (C6 > C7 > C8 > C9 > C10 single chain hydrazine). Double chain hydrazines (3, 5 or 3, 4) are more active than triple chain hydrazines (3, 5 > 3, 4 > 3, 4, 5 hydrazine). The antibacterial activities of hydrazines are being decreased as their increasing number of side chain.Keyword: Antibacterial sensitivity; Aroyl hydrazine.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i1.8610 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(1):17-21

Twenty four castrated native sheep were grouped (six/group) into four: T 1 >3 to ≤ 6; T 2 > 6 to ≤ 9; T 3 >9 to ≤12 and T 4 >12 to ≤ 15 months. Through out the 63 days of experimental period, animals were offered ad libitum urea (3%), molasses (15%) and straw (82%) as a basal diet with concentrate mixture [14% crude protein (CP) & 11.5 MJ metabolizing energy (ME) per kg Dry Matter (DM)] @ 1% of live weight. Five days metabolic trial was conducted towards the end of the feeding trial. Besides, fortnightly live weight change, daily nutrient intake, carcass yield and carcass characteristics were studied. Daily weight gain decreased (P