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Protein export pathways are important for bacterial physiology among pathogens and non-pathogens alike. This includes the Twin-Arginine Translocation (Tat) pathway, which transports fully folded proteins across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Some Tat substrates are virulence factors, while others are important for cellular processes like peptidoglycan remodeling. Some bacteria encode more than one copy of each Tat component, including the Gram-negative soil isolate Acinetobacter baylyi. One of these Tat pathways is essential for growth, while the other is not. We constructed a loss-of-function mutation to disrupt the non-essential tatC2 gene and assessed its contribution to cell growth under different environmental conditions. While the tatC2 mutant grew well under standard laboratory conditions, it displayed a growth defect and an aberrant cellular morphology when subjected to high temperature stress including an aberrant cellular morphology. Furthermore, increased sensitivities to detergent suggested a compromised cell envelope. Lastly, using an in vitro co-culture system, we demonstrate that the non-essential Tat pathway provides a growth advantage. The findings of this study establish the importance of the non-essential Tat pathway for optimal growth of A. baylyi in stressful environmental conditions.

Directing the flow of protein traffic is a critical task faced by all cellular organisms. In Gram-negative bacteria, this traffic includes lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytoplasm and receive their acyl modifications upon export across the inner membrane. The third and final acyl chain is added by Lnt, which until recently was thought to be essential in all Gram-negatives. In this report, we show that Acinetobacter species can also tolerate a complete loss-of-function mutation in lnt. Absence of a fully functional Lnt impairs modification of lipoproteins, increases outer membrane permeability and susceptibility to antibiotics, and alters normal cellular morphology. In addition, we show that loss of lnt triggers a global transcriptional response to this added cellular stress. Taken together, our findings provide new insights on and support the growing revisions to the Gram-negative lipoprotein biogenesis paradigm.

Mycobacteria grow and divide differently compared to well-studied model bacteria. They insert new cell envelope at their poles instead of along their side walls; and, they lack obvious homologs of many well-conserved cell growth and division proteins. Furthermore, while mycobacteria share several similarities to Gram-positive bacteria, unlike these organisms they possess an outer membrane, which is abundant in long-chain fatty acids and several glycolipids and lipoglycans. A better understanding of the unique factors that make this unusual structure could lead to therapeutic targets for pathogenic mycobacteria. Here, we study a gene of previously unknown function – msmeg_0317 - predicted to be essential and associated with mycobacterial cell growth and division proteins. We find that transcriptional depletion of msmeg_0317 leads to loss of polar growth, disruption of the mycobacterial outer membrane, and cell death. Surprisingly, we also observe that depletion results in the accumulation of cell-associated lipoglycans lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan (LM/LAM), while overexpression of CwdA leads to increased shedding of LM/LAM. LM/LAM have been extensively studied in relation to infection but their role in bacterial physiology is less clear. Altogether, our data suggest that MSMEG_0317, renamed CwdA, is involved in the transport of LM/LAM to the mycobacterial outer membrane, and reveal unexpected connections between the correct localization of LM/LAM, polar growth, and the structural integrity of the mycobacterial cell envelope. IMPORTANCE Some of the most successful antibiotics target bacterial cell envelope synthesis. However, the cell envelope of mycobacteria is significantly different from that of other, more well-studied, bacteria. Its core structure consists of a covalently-linked network of peptides, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Additionally, there are several lipids non-covalently interspersed throughout. Many of the enzymes which synthesize these lipids are known, but how they are transported remains largely unclear. Here, we discover that an essential protein, CwdA, is involved in the transport of LM/LAM, abundant lipoglycans in the mycobacterial cell envelope. Depletion of CwdA leads to the loss of polar growth and the disintegration of the mycobacterial outer membrane. These results suggest that the proteins which transport molecules across the mycobacterial cell envelope may represent an abundant source of novel drug targets for the treatment of mycobacterial infections, like tuberculosis.

In recent years, Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major threat to human health. Yet studies to uncover the molecular mechanisms used by A. baumannii to mediate human infections have only recently begun. For example, the methods used by A. baumannii to resist antibacterial treatment are not fully understood. Using a candidate approach, we sought to identify proteins found in the A. baumannii cell envelope that are important for resistance to antimicrobial compounds. We screened selected mutants in genes needed for assembly of the bacterial cell envelope, biofilm formation, or capsule production for sensitivity to different antibiotics and detergents. Compared to wild-type, these mutants displayed an increased sensitivity to bacitracin yet not to vancomycin, both antibiotics that target the cell wall. Only the ompA and lnt mutants had significantly increased sensitivity to the DNA gyrase inhibitor novobiocin. Similarly, there was also a spectrum of sensitivity to bile salts, with ompA and lnt mutants being most sensitive while pgaA, pgaB, and capA mutants showed a modest growth defect. While we do not fully understand the specificity of these sensitivity profiles, our findings suggest a potential use for these antimicrobial compounds in genetic selections for mutants that disrupt cell envelope biogenesis. This approach could potentially inform future efforts to combat multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter infections.

Children and youth in foster care experience loss, trauma, and sometimes multiple placements while in foster care. These experiences can contribute to the development of antisocial or delinquent behaviors, thus impacting personal relationships, problem-solving, and coping abilities, and increasing the risk of becoming involved in the juvenile or adult criminal system. Involvement in the criminal justice system, and a subsequent criminal record, can produce additional problems for these youth. This article focuses on one of these problems, juvenile records not being sealed, which negatively impacts youths' abilities to attain adequate housing and employment as they transition from foster care to independence. The advocacy efforts of one graduate student and several community agencies, outcomes, and plans for continuing advocacy are discussed.

Considerable previous research indicates that salespeople are generally dissatisfied with their jobs, and that at least some, if not most of this dissatisfaction occurs as a result of job or role-related issues. This article proposes that one way the individual salesperson may attempt to moderate the negative effects of role characteristics on satisfaction is through active participation in the process of planning.

Customer contact personnel in banks face increasingly difficult jobs because of the changes that are taking place in their industry. In recent times, customers have become more and more frustrated with the inability of the customer contact person to successfully explain the myriad new products that financial institutions are offering. At the same time, the financial institutions are becoming increasingly concerned with the inability of its customer contact personnel to successfully cross sell these new products. This paper addresses both sides of the issue, and offers training solutions for the banks.

The current movement to educate students with severe disabilities in their neighborhood high schools creates a new classroom environment for teachers. How do secondary teachers view the inclusion of students with severe disabilities in their neighborhood school and/or in the reg ular education classroom?

Diagnosis of adrenal-cortisol insufficiency is often misleading in hospitalized patients, as clinical and biochemical features overlap with comorbidities. We analyzed clinical determinants associated with a biochemical diagnosis of adrenal-cortisol insufficiency in non-intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalized patients.In a retrospective cohort study we reviewed 4668 inpatients with random morning cortisol levels ≤15 μg/dL hospitalized in our center between 2003 and 2010. Using serum cortisol threshold level of 18 μg/dL 30 or 60 minutes after Cortrosyn (250 μg; Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, Calif) injection to define biochemical adrenal-cortisol status, we characterized and compared insufficient (n = 108, serum cortisol ≤18 μg/dL) and sufficient (n = 394; serum cortisol18 μg/dL) non-ICU hospitalized patients.Commonly reported clinical and routine biochemical adrenal-cortisol insufficiency features were similar between insufficient and sufficient inpatients. Biochemical adrenal-cortisol insufficiency was associated with increased frequency of liver disease, specifically hepatitis C (P = .01) and prior orthotopic liver transplantation (P.001), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; P = .005), and reported pre-existing male hypogonadism (P.001), as compared with the biochemical adrenal-cortisol sufficiency group. Forty percent of insufficient inpatients were not treated with glucocorticoids after diagnosis. Multivariable logistic analysis demonstrated that inpatients with higher cortisol levels (P = .0001) and higher diastolic blood pressure (P = .05), and females (P = .009) were more likely not to be treated, while those with previous short-term glucocorticoid treatment (P = .002), other coexisting endocrine diseases (P = .005), or who received an in-hospital endocrinology consultation (P.0001), were more likely to be replaced with glucocorticoids.Commonly reported adrenal-cortisol insufficiency features do not reliably identify hospitalized patients biochemically confirmed to have this disorder. Comorbidities including hepatitis C, prior orthotopic liver transplantation, HIV, and reported pre-existing male hypogonadism may help identify hospitalized non-ICU patients for more rigorous adrenal insufficiency assessment.

Many business schools are encouraging their faculty to consider an international experience as a means of responding to the need for “globalizing” business school curncula. The process of making su...

The paper argues that the development of what is known as a "sales culture" in a service organization has implications for the roles of the people involved, the control and motivation systems employed, and the internal environment of the organization. The results show perceptual relationships among these issues in a specific context (financial services firms), and offer general implica- t~ons from this to other services fums. Managers of service firms need to understand that strategy changes alone, structural changes alone, or cultural revision alone is not sufficient for success. All of these variables are intertwined and all Ulree are necessary conditions for the successful adoption of a sales culture.

Not‐for‐profit organisations have a much more complicated and less formal relationship with the various constituent groups they serve than do for‐profit organisations. As a result, the not‐for‐profit organisation must carefully analyse the needs and requirements of each of its constituent groups and develop individual strategies for responding to those needs. A paradigm for that analysis is proposed in this article.

A new technique for the treatment of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias was used in a 3-year-old dog that was evaluated for incessant supraventricular tachycardia (220 to 280 beats/min), which had been refractory to several treatment regimens. The mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia was atrioventricular (AV) reentry, using a dorsoseptal accessory pathway (AP) for retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction (concealed AP). With the dog under general anesthesia and with fluoroscopic monitoring, electrode catheters were introduced into the heart via peripheral vessels. Electrical recordings allowed localization of the accessory AV pathway. Programmed electrical stimulation was used to verify the function of the abnormal AV connection. At the atrial insertion site of the AP, 2 applications of radiofrequency current (45 V, 21.6 W) were delivered to the dorsoseptal right atrium (near the coronary sinus ostium), which eliminated AP conduction and AV reentrant tachycardia. The dog has remained free of tachycardia and has not required medication during more than 1 year of follow-up.

IT’S great to be back on a Poultry Science Association Program again, even if it is as a representative of the Geritol Generation. My wife says that I don’t look my age and I can get around about as well as I could back at the Poultry Science Association meeting in Massachusetts some forty-three years ago. I will admit to a few slow-downs; for example, instead of Wine, Women and Song it’s now Metrical, the same old Gal and listening to Lawrence Welk. I can even remember when the wonder drugs began to appear. The first two, I think, were aspirin and iodine. But seriously, my collection of poultry literature was started a little over fifty years ago for the purpose of building a working library for myself. In a comparatively short time, however, it became a hobby that generated life-long interest. Each rare-book find led to added interest in . . .

Summary Fungal keratitis is a common, devastating complication of equine corneal ulceration. Early recognition is of paramount importance. The ocular manifestations, clinical diagnosis and treatment of fungal keratitis are discussed. Five cases of fungal keratitis are reviewed. Current methods of medical and surgical therapy are examined.

This article deals with the call planning process in commercial and industrial sales. The role of call planning and its relationship to sales effectiveness is developed in the context of time trade-offs among sales activities. A conceptual model of the call planning process is then provided. Previous research related to the components of the model and their interrelationships is reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion of implications of the model and previous research with respect to salesperson and management practice.

The changes which have taken place in the competitive arena for financial institutions recently have brought both opportunities and problems. One area of increasing interest is the branching decision, particularly as statewide branching and interstate banking are likely occurrences in all states.

THE volume of dressed poultry sold through retail channels is influenced by the manner in which it is displayed. Dressed poultry presents a difficult display problem as it is a highly perishable product that must be protected at all times. This condition gives rise to many problems, such as: 1. How long can poultry be held under retail conditions? 2. What type of display is best from a quality and merchandising point of view? 3. How much will poultry change in weight during the display period? 4. How should poultry be held when it is not on display? The project here reported was undertaken for the purpose of studying problems of this nature. Wagoner, Vail, and Conrad (1947) tested the effect of premortal fast on deterioration of dressed poultry and found that starving tended to increase the storage stability only slightly but to the extent that it was statistically significant. . . .

SINCE THE admission of California into the Union as a state, many of the prominent men of various portions of the United States had been earnest advocates for the construction of a great national highway be tween the Atlantic and Pacific Coast. After the passage of the Compromise measures in 1850, it was apparent to all that the agitation of the slavery ques tion was but postponed, that it would spring up again and be more formi dable than ever. The persons referred to who were national men, who rose above sectional prejudices and sectional fanaticism, believed that the con struction of such a great highway as the railroad to the Pacific would form such a cement to the Union that it would be impossible to jeopardize its exist ence by the extremists in either section of the Union. They were therefore earnest, in season and out of season, in urging this question in Congress. The extremists, north and south, were always the chief obstacle to the passage of the Pacific railroad bill. Another dire set of enemies were the aspirants to the Presidential chair. It has been stated that in 1853 lt was defeated by Cass, Douglas and their followers, and in 1855 die bill passed the Senate more in compliment to Mr. Gwin, who was about to leave his seat, than with a real expectation that it would become a law, and he had a proof of it in the second session of the 35th Congress. At the beginning of that Congress, a bill was introduced and referred to the Select Committee, similar in all of its provisions to the bill that passed the Senate in 1855. It was reported back from the committee, and after elaborate discussion, it was defeated by a defection on the part of friends of the Pacific railroad. Mr. Bell of Tennessee, who had been a member of former select committees

THE Del-Mar-Va Peninsula comprises the southern parts of Delaware, the eastern shore counties of Maryland, and one county in Virginia contiguous to the eastern shore of Maryland. The rapid growth of commercial broiler production on the Del-Mar-Va Peninsula since 1925 has taken place despite the fact that broiler prices on the New York Market have generally been at lower levels each succeeding year. This is shown in Figure 1, which gives New York quotations on May 1 for both live and fresh-killed broilers since 1913. Increased production has caused this decline in prices because the product of the area has met a very favorable consumer demand. It is estimated that at the present time from 65 to 75 percent of all the broilers raised in the area are sold to local dressing plants, of which there are seven now operating on the Peninsula. In the future the percent of total . . .

(1946). Marketing Eggs in Western Europe. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 148-150.

In his Presidential Address, Captain A. M. A. Majendie emphasizes the value of the Institute in preserving the essential link between theory and practice. Particularly in aviation there is a risk that the ingenuity of the designer will lose value unless it is directly associated with the practical work of the operator. As airborne equipment becomes more complex, the operator cannot hope to grasp more than the fundamentals of much of the theory behind it, and his criticisms must perforce be tentative and somewhat uncertain.

THE effect of fasting broilers and fryers has been studied to determine a fasting period best suited to commercial operations. Many current poultry texts and bulletins recommend the withholding of feed from birds for twenty-four hours before slaughter. Commercial processors, and especially those in the broiler areas, follow the practice of slaughtering birds that have been full fed (fed up to time of slaughter) or have had feed withheld for periods of from only one to six hours. Many commercial processors operate without definite knowledge or rules relating to the proper length of the fasting period. They often follow the established commercial practice in their area without definite data to support their opinions. Many producers and small processors follow the long-established recommendation of a twenty-four hour fasting period, which, according to the results reported herein, indicates that it is an uneconomical practice and a much longer time than needed to . . .

Glaucoma in the beagle is an inherited disease that is exhibited clinically in dogs of 6 to 18 months of age. The genealogy, clinical signs, gonioscopy, tonometry, tonography, water provocative response, and scanning electron microscopy of the iridocorneal angle of the glaucomatous beagle are summarized.

Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in 5 dogs was often manifested as subconjunctival masses of variable growth rate. Each mass was raised, pink, and hyperemic. Five masses involved the bulbar conjunctiva, and 2 masses involved the eyelids. Local excision of each mass successfully resolved the condition.

Lipid infiltration of the corneal stroma, sclera, and uvea occurred in a 2-year-old cottontail rabbit that had been fed an all-milk diet for 20 months. Superficial keratectomy was performed on the left eye but the rabbit died. Histologically, lipid deposits were most extensive in the anterior corneal stroma and posterior iridal epithelium.

The Schiøtz tonometer with 5.5-, 7.5-, and 10-g weights was calibrated for the normal canine eye, using a transducer with open and closed reservoir systems. The line of best fit for the observations was determined, and the equation of this line was utilized to derive a calibration table for the conversion of tonometer scale readings to mm of Hg intraocular pressure.

Topical 1, 2, and 4 percent pilocarpine were evaluated in the normotensive and glaucomatous beagles, comparing intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary size, and time. In normotensive beagles pilocarpine produced maximal decreases of 25 percent (5.5 mm. Hg) at 1 percent concentration; 34 percent (7.26 mm. Hg) at 2 percent concentration; and 25 percent (6.9 mm. Hg) at 4 percent concentration. The maximum reductions in IOP after pilocarpine instillation in the glaucomatous beagle were 30 percent (9.1 mm. Hg) at 1 percent concentration; 44 percent (14.92 mm. Hg) at 2 percent concentration; and 31 percent (10.89 mm. Hg) at 4 percent concentration. The glaucomatous beagles responded with a greater reduction of IOP than did the normotensive beagles.

Fifty-nine normal dogs, ranging in age from 6 weeks to 132 months were examined with contact specular microscopy to determine the relationship of age to corneal endothelial cell density, morphology, and corneal thickness. Canine corneal endothelial cells appear quite similar to those of other species studied, including man. The hexagonally shaped canine endothelial cells tend to enlarge with age, with the population in young animals averaging around 2500 cells/mm2 and the number of cells in older dogs being frequently below 2100 cells/mm2. A significant increase in corneal thickness was observed with age. Healthy canine corneal endothelial cells appear to maintain a functional monolayer by enlargement and migration and represent a reasonable model for future endothelial cell study.

Conjunctival swab specimens were obtained from both eyes of 43 horses, 25 cows, 50 dogs, and 25 cats without keratitis or other ophthalmologic problems. Fungi were isolated from 95% of the horses, 100% of the cows, 22% of the dogs, and 40% of the cats. Aspergillus spp were isolated from 56% of the horses, 12% of the cows, 8% of the cats, and none of the dogs. Penicillium spp and Cladosporium spp were isolated ubiquitously. Collectively, 28 species from 209 isolants were identified.

In two cases of naturally occurring disseminated histoplasmosis, multifocal inflammatory lesions were seen in the posterior segment of the eyes. Histologic examination of both animals revealed lesions of active choroiditis (cat) and retinitis (dog) in association with numerous Histoplasma capsulatum.

Twenty-one dogs were used to study the effects of phacoemulsification and extracapsular lens removal on corneal endothelium and corneal thickness. Specular microscopy revealed preoperative cell morphology and cell densities similar to man. After surgery endothelial cell counts significantly decreased 22% (central) and 13% (periphery) with phacoemulsification and 34% (central) and 31% (periphery) with extracapsular lens removal. Corneal thickness increased with both procedures. Endothelial cell pathology included cellular enlargement, increased pleomorphism, and focal cellular degeneration. Phacoemulsification time did not correlate with the degree of cell loss. Dog corneal endothelium responds to surgical trauma in a manner similar to man and maintains a functional monolayer via cellular enlargement and migration. The dog, therefore, represents a good animal model for the study of corneal endothelial disease in man.

A standard procedure for tonography was developed in the dog. Acepromazine, ketamine, xylazine, droperidol-fentamyl, and combinations of these drugs were evaluated for effects on blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and restraint of the dog for 4 minutes of Schiotz tonography of each eye. In dogs given a cepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) and then ketamine (10.0 mg/kg intramuscularly), the mean coefficient of aqueous humor out-flow in 24 normal Beagles was 0.24 mul/mm of Hg/minute (SD +/- 0.07). Mean coefficient of aqueous humor outflow in 35 glaucomatous Beagles, between 4 months to more than 37 months old, was 0.09 mul/mm of Hg/minute (SD +/- 0.04). Coefficient of aqueous humor out-flow was less in the older glaucomatous Beagle.