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This paper explores harmonious exterior spaces with its surrounding through contextual architecture. With case studies of Diponegoro University area in Central Java, Indonesia. Diponegoro University area consists of various functions of building complex, hence the exterior spaces criteria are disparate. However, there are no exterior spaces criteria contextual with Diponegoro University area. To solve the problems, this study suggested the following strategies, starting with precedent studies and analysis to identify exterior spaces criteria. Variables in the precedent study are sampled from several complex functions of buildings, namely : complex area of office function, educational function, multipurpose building function, mosque function. Precedent studies and analysis will generate general and specific exterior spaces criteria harmonious with its surrounding and related to the characteristics of each building. Tropical climate and topographic contours are also concerns in formulating general criteria based on campus location. Specific criteria are inferred according to the building based on its function. The result of this paper can be utilized as guideline to designing harmonious exterior spaces. This paper presents exemplary results showing that exterior spaces criteria divided into general and specific criteria.

In this research, the synchronization between the PV system and grid designed with synchronization parameters are voltage, frequency, and phase angle difference. As a result, by using a synchronization system, the PV system and grid could be parallelized and supplying power into the load at the same time. The synchronization method used is zero-crossing detection because it is simple than the other method. The synchronization system consists of several components; voltage detector, frequency detector, phase angle detector, and switch controller which all of them are controlled using the Arduino board. The switch controller will be functioned based on input from the detector to do synchronization or parallelize the PV system and grid. Testing is done by simulating running in Proteus. Based on the result of the simulation, the system is successful to do synchronization between the PV system and grid, it can be observed from the grid and PV inverter voltage graph and current which is measured from load, grid, and inverter.

1. Growth patterns of male ducks from 4 lines (lines A, B, C and D) selected for market weight were analysed and compared to growth patterns of ducks in the respective line 7 generations earlier. Growth curves were analysed using procedures derived from the Weibull sigmoidal function and the linear-linear relative growth rate model and simple allometry. 2. The ducks were fed ad libitum under 24-h lighting throughout the experiment. At weekly intervals from the time of hatch through 70 d of age, 16 ducks from each line were killed to determine body, carcase, breast-muscle, leg and thigh-muscle, and abdominal fat weights. 3. Line A was the heaviest line, followed by line B, line C and line D. However, body weight, carcase weight and breast-muscle weight at 49 d of age were not significantly different between lines A and B. After 7 generations of selection, the breast-muscle yield was increased to >19% and the abdominal fat percent was reduced to

Bubble nucleation and growth in microsystems, and in microchannels supporting subcooled nucleate boiling, occur within liquids with extremely large temperature gradients. Non-uniform bubble-liquid interfacial temperatures may occur, leading to important thermocapillary effects. This analytical investigation is an attempt to demonstrate the potential impact of the thermocapillary effects on heterogeneously-generated micro-bubbles. Quasi-steady bubbles occupying heated microtubes are first modeled. It is shown that the temperature of the liquid-vapor interphase in these bubbles can be non-uniform. This temperature non-uniformity increases with increasing the heat transfer rate, and depends on the microtube size. A method for the prediction of liquid-vapor interphase geometry resulting from non-uniform bubble surface temperature is developed. It is shown that the aforementioned bubbles can be distorted from spherical geometry rather significantly. Quasi-steady bubbles attached to a heated microchannel surface supporting subcooled nucleate boiling are also modeled. The bubble-liquid interfacial temperature distribution is estimated based on assuming equal evaporation and condensation mass fluxes at the bubble base and top, and using the simple gas kinetic theory methods. The result shows that the thermocapillary effect tends to slightly distort and elongate the bubbles in the direction perpendicular to the heated surface, and leads to a thermocapillary force that resists bubble detachment. The geometric distortion of the bubble leads to an increase in drag force in comparison with a chopped-spherical bubble with equal volume.Copyright © 2002 by ASME

1. Growth patterns of the whole body, eviscerated carcases, breast muscle, leg and thigh muscles and abdominal fat pads were compared in 4 lines (Lines A, B, C, and D) of male ducks selected for market weight (n = 1305) using growth curve analysis, allometric growth analysis and repeated measure analysis. At 49 d of age, Line A was heaviest, followed by Line B, Line C and Line D. 2. Ducks were fed ad libitum under 24-h lighting and 12 or 24 ducks were killed to determine body, carcase, breast-muscle, leg and thigh-muscle, and abdominal fat weights at time points from hatching until 53 d of age. 3. The Weibull function was chosen for growth curve analysis. The asymptote and inflection point from the Weibull growth curves identified 3 lines (Lines B, C, and D) with discrete body and carcase growth patterns but did not distinguish Line A from Line B. In all 4 lines the asymptote ranged from 4437 g to 3008 g for body weight and from 3334 g to 2098 g for carcase weight; the inflection point ranged from 22.5 d to 25.3 d for body weight and from 25.4 d to 29.6 d for carcase weight. 4. The allometric growth coefficient, relative to whole-body growth, was higher than 1.00 for breast muscle and lower than 1.00 for leg and thigh muscles during from 4 d to 53 d of age. 5. Body fat accumulation was estimated by abdominal fat. Line D accumulated more abdominal fat than other lines. The pattern of fat accumulation in Line D was different from Lines A, B and C and there were no differences between Lines A, B and C.

Three aspects of selection indices with constraints were studied. Equations for constructing restricted and optimum indices were modified to handle the general case in which the index and the net merit may consist of an unequal number of traits. A method was developed to estimate the selection intensity required to attain a specific change in one generation of selection when the genetic improvement is optimized for one trait. The required selection intensity may often be very high and make it impractical to achieve the specified genetic gain in one generation. However, estimation of such a selection intensity can be useful for comparative purposes. The effects of restriction of an index on its heritability and on the relationship between the selection efficiency (as measured by gains in net merit) and the heritability of selection index were studied theoretically and with a numerical example. Although generally a loss in efficiency due to restriction of a selection index is expected, the change in heritability of the index is dependent upon the effects of the constraints on variances of the index and the genetic index and is not necessarily in the same direction as the changes in selection efficiency. Therefore, it would be misleading to evaluate the efficiency of an index, conditional or unconditional, on the basis of its heritability.

Effects of genetic group, age, and dietary protein level on composition of eggs within the commercial size categories were studied in two Leghorn control strains formed in 1950 and 1958, two corresponding strains selected for high egg production and related traits, their reciprocal crosses, and a commercial Leghorn stock. Mean hen-housed egg production to 385 days was 154, 184, 197, and 191 eggs, and 385-day egg weight was 59.4, 63.1, 64.4, and 62.0 g for the control strains, selected strains, strain crosses, and commercial stock, respectively. In the eggs graded as large, wet and dry yolk weights, percent of yolk, and dry yolk/albumen ratio increased while wet albumen weight and percent of albumen decreased as dietary protein level increased from 15 to 19%. No such effects were observed in the medium or extra large eggs. Within each egg size category, wet and dry yolk weight and percent of yolk increased and wet and dry albumen weight, percent of albumen, albumen percent solids, and shell weight decreased with age. These trends were reversed by forced molting between the sixty-fourth and seventy-first weeks of age but they resumed afterwards. There was no heterosis for any egg composition trait and no genetic group effects on yolk percent solids. Within the same commercial size category, eggs of the control strains had lower albumen percent solids than those of selected strains or the commercial stock and contained more yolk and less albumen and shell. These differences reflect changes in the composition of the eggs from hens that have been under selection for increased production since the control strains were formed.

The approach of Harris (1970) and Harris et al. (1984) was used to develop mathematical profit functions for describing the bioeconomic objectives in an integrated three-way cross commercial broiler production system. The reproductive and productive performances of the pureline maternal grandparent female and the single cross female parent were included to reflect the impact of the traits expressed in those populations. The resulting complex function was approximated with linear and quadratic equations. Inputs (costs) in the system included feed, housing, labor and facilities, and processing. Outputs (returns) included salvage value of the cull hens and the processed cut-up broilers. A systematic procedure was developed to calculate relative economic values of the traits in the breeding objective from the bioeconomic function. The traits were boiler livability, boiler weight, proportion of carcass, proportion of breast-thigh-leg, broiler feed consumption, grower livability, layer livability, rate of lay, settability, fertility, and hatchability. The relative economic values thus obtained were 1.51, 1.00, 5.99, 3.21, —.20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0 in paternal grandparent; 4.48, 1.00, 5.99, 3.21, —.20, 3.00, 3.10, 4.58, 2.97, 3.04 and 3.04 in maternal great-grandparent male; and 9.30, 1.00, 5.99, 3.21, —.20, 7.88, 8.15, 12.06, 7.80, 7.97, and 7.97 in maternal great-grandparent female, for the traits in the above order.

Feed conversions of three Ottawa strains of Leghorns were measured from hatch to 27 days and bird activity at 1, 2, and 4 weeks of age was assessed. Males were more active than females. Chicks of the more active strain consumed more feed and had poorer conversion than those from the least active strain. Ranking of the strains on feed conversion to 27 days was similar to their ranking on feed consumed per egg mass produced in an earlier study.