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In recent years, increased discharge of toxic effluents into water bodies has severely harmed ecosystems and human well-being. Various techniques are employed to remove contaminants, among which photocatalysis have proven to be the most environment friendly and effective technique. This review focuses on MgFe2O4, an exceptional photocatalyst owing to their small band gap, spherical shape, magnetic responsivity, stability, reusability, cost-effectiveness and small crystallite size. We have covered comprehensive comparison of research studies from the past decade to assess. Magnesium ferrite's photocatalytic potential in pure, doped, and composite forms. Along with synthesis methods, degradation mechanisms, and shortcomings explained in detail. Furthermore, we have highlighted the enhanced photocatalytic capability of doped MgFe2O4 and their nanocomposites towards the various organic contaminants upon visible light irradiation under a comparatively short period of time. Factors like cation distribution, dosage, pH, as well as methods for recovery and reuse are discussed to aid in production of more efficient photocatalysts. There has been a lack of information on the techniques that can be used to overcome the various shortcomings of MgFe2O4 ferrite. Hence, we have accentuated on bringing forth such advanced techniques that would aid in driving the researchers’ attention towards the practical and industrial application of the hybrid MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. Lastly, the research gaps and industrial need of MgFe2O4 ferrite-based materials were addressed to offer a concise view.

Abstract The present work focuses on suggesting Gr as a valuable self-lubricating reinforcement for hybrid composite samples and offering a minimum wear rate for sliding pairs with fewer mechanical surface defects at the same time. A series of samples were fabricated using the route by stir casting method considering B4C and Gr as the two reinforcements. The morphology of the sample has been studied using the X-ray diffraction graphs, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Scanning electron imaging stating the homogeneity of reinforcement in various composite cast. The theoretical and experimental density of the series of samples has been studied and compared stating the low porosity of the samples fabricated. A maximum wear rate (W r ) of 0.351 × 10−4 mm3/m. was found for pure aluminium sample against EN31 steel disc with 0.053 as friction coefficient (µ). W r was somehow seen to reduce up to 0.286 × 10−4 mm3/m for Al-B4C composite with µ of 0.48. For hybrid samples, the wear rate was further seen to improve to 0.187 × 10−4 mm3/m for Al-B4C and Gr 2.0% weight with µ of 0.38. Least W r was found for composite having Gr 3.5% weight, of 0.149 × 10−4 mm3/m. with µ of 0.36. SEM images of the worn surface give evident results for delamination and crack formation on the pin face for the pure-Al sample. Taguchi-ANOVA analysis has been carried out showing the valid contribution of pin type, load and sliding speed on W r and friction coefficient as the P-value lies below 0.05 for input parameters considering the 95% confidence level of the model developed. An F-value of 44.57 with R2 of 0.895 is developed for Wr model and an F-value of 54.2 with R2 of 0.934 for the µ model.

Abstract A precise land suitability assessment plays a vital role in modern agriculture to sustain production against population explosions worldwide without affecting natural resources or environmental factors. Further, recent urbanization has led to a reduction in arable land and forced the conversion of non-arable land to arable land. Therefore, developing land suitability with its potential and limitations is essential through advanced techniques like multi-criteria Decision Analysis for the particular area. The current research aimed to assess the land suitability of the Manimutha Nadhi watershed, Tamil Nadu, India, using geographical information system (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. This study area, Manimutha Nadhi, covers a total area of 263.89 km2. Using a random sampling technique, 57 soil samples were obtained. The parameters for the AHP study were soil pH, EC, Soil organic carbon (SOC), available NPK, soil texture, and soil erosion. The climatic parameters, Annaula average rainfall (AAR) and Annual average temperature (AAT) and topographic parameter slope of the study area are also used as the criteria for generating final agricultural land suitability. The final suitability map through GIS and AHP was created using weighted overlay analysis. The land suitability class on the basis of FAO classification is highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), currently not suitable (N1), and permanently not suitable (N2) for agriculture. The results of the final land suitability map by AHP and GIS revealed that 150.58 km2 (57.09%) of the research region is highly suitable for agriculture (S1). The 29.60 km2 (10.08%) area was moderately suitable (S2) for irrigated agriculture. The 53.37 km2 (20.20%) area was marginally suitable (S3) for irrigated agriculture. The 10.56 km2 (7.53%) area was currently unsuitable (N1) for agricultural uses. The area of about 13.45 km2 (5.10%) was permanently unsuitable (N2) for agriculture. The outcomes can be used as baseline information on the land that could strengthen agriculture production in the Manimutha Nadhi watershed.

Ferrite-based nanomaterials have surfaced as capable candidates for glucose sensing owing to their distinctive magnetic, electrical, and structural properties. This review article offers a wide-ranging overview of current studies in the expansion and use of ferrite-based glucose sensors. In this review, the synthesis methods and characterization techniques for the various ferrite nanomaterials, including spinel ferrite, highlighting their enhanced sensitivity, stability, and selectivity in glucose detection has been discussed thoroughly. The mechanism of glucose sensing is explained, focusing on the role of ferrite nanoparticles in facilitating electron transfer and catalytic activity. Additionally, the integration of ferrite-based sensors with the various transducing elements such as electrochemical, optical, and magnetic systems is examined. Alongside, obstacles and future scopes in this field has been explained, emphasizing the potential for ferrite-based materials to aid to the enhancement of low-cost, and non-invasive glucose monitoring devices with high efficiency. Through this critical analysis, we aim to provide insights into the ongoing research and inspire future innovations in ferrite-based glucose sensing technologies.

Gastroduodenal artery (GDA) aneurysm is very rare, and it comprises around 1.5% of all visceral artery aneurysms. More common in male (male:female = 4:1) patients attributed to increased alcoholism and incidence of pancreatitis. In this case report, we describe a successful coil embolization of GDA pseudoaneurysm.

Traffic has increased significantly over the past few years as a result of an increase in the number of vehicles using the common routes. It has been noted that manually operating signals has grown to be difficult. The difficulties encountered during an accident are the backed-up ambulances during emergencies caused by vehicle congestion and poor weather conditions like fog and haze. Considering this, the study focuses on the outcomes of an intelligent accident detection system using Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC). Automatic identification of crash spots and free flow of ambulances on roadways at peak hours of traffic. VFC has recently gained popularity as a useful tool for assisting vehicles in computing and storing service demands. Using the built-in sensors on a smartphone to monitor vehicular collisions and report them to the closest accessible first responder, as well as providing real-time location monitoring for paramedics and emergency victims would greatly improve the odds of recovery for emergency victims while saving time and money. This computing model guarantees the optimization of traffic congestion and energy consumption in the accident and foggy environment. This method also relies on delivering medical records to the closest hospital before the ambulance arrives, so pre-treatment can begin in the hospital.

Introduction: Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are malformed vessels developed due to arrested development at various stages of embryogenesis. Arterial venous malformations (VMs) are complex primitive networks of arterial and venous channels (a nidus) that bypass the normal capillary bed. The management of CVM remains challenging because of their unpredictable behavior, high recurrence rate, and need for multidisciplinary management. In this study, we report on the incidence and management of CVM in our institution and its outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of CVM patients who were admitted in our institute from January 2010 to June 2023. In this study, 321 patients who presented with CVM are considered. Once a CVM was diagnosed, all underwent angiographic confirmation as a roadmap for treatment. Embolization, sclerotherapy, and surgical procedures were instituted by the multidisciplinary team with periodic follow-up. Results: Out of the 321 patients analyzed, VM predominates with 202 cases (62.9%), out of which 105 (51.9%) were treated with sclerotherapy, 66 (28.21%) were treated with excision, 40 (19.8%) were managed conservatively. Among 108 arteriovenous malformation (33.64%), 33 (30.55%) patients were treated with excision followed by repair and flap cover/split skin graft, 32 (29.62%) were treated with glue Embolization, 7 (6.48%) were treated with embolization followed by excision, one patient presented with life-threatening bleeding was treated by emergency ECA ligation followed by elective excision, 21 (19.44%) were managed conservatively and 13 (12.03%) patients were not willing for surgery. Seven (2.1%) lymphovenous malformation and 4 (1.24%) lymphatic malformations patients were also treated. Conclusion: Diagnosis and management of CVMs by a multidisciplinary approach that integrates surgical therapy with embolization and sclerotherapy appear to improve the results and management.

This paper aims to enable accurate and reliable emergency message broadcast in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). The VANET is the most common topology used in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), where changes in standard topology due to the mobility of nodes create challenges in broadcasting the emergency message and efficient data delivery in both highway and urban scenarios. The main problems in urban scenarios are channel contention, message redundancy and road structure. To obtain information, broadcast protocols for VANET typically use beacon messages, which are distributed among the vehicles. When multiple vehicles transmit messages at the same time, a broadcast storm occurs and vehicles experience message delivery failure. To address this problem, Adaptive Scheduled Partitioning and Broadcasting Technique (ASPBT) for emergency message broadcast and beacon retransmissions for message reliability were proposed. This protocol dynamically modifies several partitions and beacon periodicity to reduce the number of retransmissions. Later, the partition size is determined by estimating the network transmission density of each partition schedule via the Black Widow Optimization (BWO) algorithm is proposed. The simulation is carried out with different network densities at the vehicle speed of 110 km/h, a direct path length of 12 km under a four-way direction path and performance analysis was performed.

Introduction: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition characterized by the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing unpleasant symptoms and/or consequences like heartburn and acid regurgitation. GERD in the student stages can hurt their quality of life, college attendance, everyday activities, and overall well-being of the individual. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted among medical students of a tertiary care setting from August 2021 to October 2021 for a three-month duration. A convenient sample of 458 participants from all the years of MBBS was included in this study. Results: A total of 458 medical students were made part of this study of which most of them (58.9%) were females and 41.1% were males. The average age among the study participants was 22 ± 2.3 years (range of 18–27 years). The average BMI of the individuals was 23.48 (range 14.58–32.41), with the majority (54.8%) of them having a normal BMI. Discussion: In our study, we found that the prevalence of GERD in the medical students of a rural Indian tertiary care setting was 24.2%, and was observed that irregular meal timings and consuming coffee and soft drinks are the crucial risk factors for developing GERD in the medical students in comparison to the general population. Conclusion: Medical students should be trained on proper eating habits, maintaining ideal body weight, good sleep hygiene, and avoiding drinking alcohol and smoking to lessen the burden of GERD.

Background: Vascular malformations (VMs) in the region of the head and neck are a complex group of lesions that present with serious challenges in diagnosis and management. We sought to study the efficacy and safety of a therapeutic algorithm emphasizing multimodal management in the treatment of head and neck VMs. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted reviewing all the patient information from the database who were treated for VM of the head and neck at the institution. Patients who presented during the period between January 2012 and December 2022 were included in the study. Conservative care, sclerotherapy, embolization, surgical excision, or a combination of these techniques were among the management options based on the clinical profile of the patient as well as the characteristics of the lesion. Results: 91 VMs in the region of the head and neck included 45 (49%) males and 46 (51%) females, with an age range of between 4 years and 71 years (mean 23.9 ± 14.06 years). There were 53 low-flow vascular malformations (LFVMs), of which 6 (11.9%) were managed conservatively, 26 (49.05%) were treated with sclerotherapy, 20 (37.7%) underwent excision, and 1 (1.8%) was treated with combination therapy. Of the 38 high-flow vascular malformations (HFVMs), 12 (31.5%) were treated with arterial embolization, 13 (34.2%) were primarily resected, 2 (5.2%) with excision and reconstruction, 5 (13.1%) underwent embolization and excision, and 1 (2.6%) underwent emergency external carotid artery ligation. In the LFVM group, response to sclerotherapy led to improvements in 24 (92%) patients, while surgical resection led to improvements in 20 (100%) individuals. In the HFVM group, embolization therapy improved 9 (75%), combination therapy improved 5 (100%), and surgical resection improved 15 (100%) of the patients. Conclusions: In our experience, the implementation of a multimodal management algorithm has had favorable outcomes with an acceptable complication rate in head and neck VMs.

Aims and Objective: To analyze the various ophthalmic presentations among the Corona warriors-front line workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a medical college hospital in the ophthalmology department. All the front-line workers including doctors, postgraduates, interns, staff nurses, Hospital staff, health-care workers (HCWs), Police personal were involved in the study after obtaining informed consent. Twenty-five front-line workers were examined after taking necessary safety precautions. A thorough history was taken regarding ocular symptoms. Best-corrected visual acuity was recorded using Snellen's visual acuity chart. Anterior segment evaluation was done using a slit-lamp examination, fundoscopy done. Medical management was done in 23 patients, and emergency surgeries were performed in two patients who required surgical management. Results: Among 25 front line workers mean age was 34.5 years, males were 15, females were 10. There were 20 HCWs among whom 8 were doctors, 2 postgraduates, 4 interns, 6 nurses. The other 3 were accredited social health activist worker, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike workers, hospital cook, and 2 police personal. Twenty-one workers had varied ocular manifestations which were managed medically. Two workers had retinal pathology and underwent retinal barrage laser. Two policemen had road traffic accidents and underwent emergency surgery. Conclusion: Corona warriors-front line workers are leading the battle against COVID-19 from the front, putting their own lives at risk with selfless determination for the sake of saving lives, they truly are our heroes in these challenging times. During this tough phase, they were working relentlessly and faced spectrum of the ophthalmic issue. It is, therefore important to monitor these front-line workers for any eye problems and ensure that timely treatment is given. Hence their safety is our responsibility. This is a tribute to all the front-line workers working tirelessly during the uncertain pandemic.

Objective: The main objective of this study was to review the clinical presentations, surgical management, and outcome of surgical procedures for arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Methodology: This is a retrospective analysis of arterial TOS patients admitted in our department (Institute of Vascular Surgery, Madras Medical College, Chennai) from August 2012 to July 2022. Results: This study enrolled 81 patients, with mean age of 41.13 (12-65 years) and 50.61% male (41) and 49.39% female (40), associated with distal arterial lesions - 63 (77.77%), among which 50.61% - occlusion in the brachial artery (33), 24.69% in forearm arteries (15), and 24.69% in the axillary artery (15). About 95.06% of patients had cervical rib (77), 2.46% - first rib abnormality (2), 2.46% - soft-tissue compression (2), 59.25% was SCHER Stage III (48), 33.33% SCHER stage I (27), and 7.40% SCHER stage II (6). All patients had undergone a supraclavicular approach. The most common arterial lesions were subclavian artery (SCA) thrombus in 53.08% (43), occlusion in 17.28% (14), and dilatation in 29.62% (24) cases. The cervical rib excision with anterior scalenectomy in 95.06% (77), and 1st rib excision with anterior scalenectomy 2.46% (2) and soft tissue resection with anterior scalenectomy 2.46% (2) of patients. SCA intervention/reconstruction was done in 88.88% (72) of cases. Two patients had underwent above elbow amputation (2.46%) and no mortality and SCA patency was 100%. Conclusion: Cervical rib excision with anterior scalenectomy with or without thrombectomy is an effective procedure for arterial TOS cases.

Background: In the traditional undergraduate curriculum, majority of the hours is dedicated to passive lectures where students are mere listener. Emphasis on self-learning is restricted to reading some of the topics from the book and Internet. With reference to this, storytorial was introduced as an innovative learning method mainly concentrating on self-learning, communication skills, and retrieval of concept. A story was illustrated and enacted to a topic in physiology during tutorial hour, hence the name storytorial. Methods: This method of learning was introduced to the I MBBS 2018–2019 batch, comprising 200 students. They were divided into small groups; topics and list of students to perform storytorial were displayed in the notice board 15 days before the session. On the day of session, the selected 10 students performed a story that illustrated the physiology topic assigned to them. Time allotted for the presentation was 20–30 min. The students enacted the story, and one of them narrated how the story is linked to the topic. Later, a case study related to the topic was given, and the students solved the case in the presence of an in-charge teacher for that batch. The session lasted for 1 h. Likewise, all the students were involved in the performance with a different topic in separate sessions according to the time table. At the end of all the sessions, subjective feedback of storytorial from the students was taken using 5-point Likert scale and computed. Results: The analysis of feedback on 5-point Likert scale with point 5 as strongly agree and 1 as strongly disagree was as follows: increased confidence and learning – 4.468, better understanding of concept – 4.058, better memory retention and retrieval – 4.28, and enjoyed and liked the sessions – 4.37. 90% of the students recommended storytorial for the next batch. Conclusion: This innovative method is an extended role-play where the concepts are illustrated in the form of story which helps the students to understand and remember the medical concepts by self-learning approach.

Over the last few years, Trichoderma has attained immense practical value as an important input in crop production due to its multifunctional beneficial functions. Our objective was to identify the best-performing native isolate of Trichoderma which can adapt quickly to the introduced area and have a beneficial effect on the crop. This research was the first report on the use of biological input in improving the growth of the Geographical Indication (GI) tagged fragrant Shankarpura jasmine crop. From the representative rhizosphere soils of Shankarpura jasmine plants, six representative Trichoderma isolates were isolated using a Trichoderma-specific medium. Their ability to enhance the germination percentage of green gram seeds was evaluated under in vitro conditions. Trichoderma isolates WT 15 and WT 14 showed 99.55±0.41 and 96.57±0.91 percent germination, respectively 17 hours after treatment application. The isolate WT15 synthesized maximum IAA and isolate WT 14 produced maximum GA content compared to other isolates which were tested. These isolates also exhibited antagonism against Fusarium solani. These isolates also improved the growth of jasmine plants under pot culture condition. The isolate WT -14 was subjected to ITS 1 and 4 sequencing and based on those results it was identified as Trichoderma lixii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of soil belonging to six firkas covering three blocks of Dharmapuri district. A total of 125 samples were collected by means of Global Positioning System (GPS). The processed soil samples were analyzed for pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), soil separates, Bulk density (BD), Water holding capacity (WHC), organic carbon (OC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), available nitrogen (AVN), available phosphorus (AVP), and available potassium (AVK). Extreme value in the data set was removed by outlier removal algorithm. Spatial variability maps were prepared using the kriging method using ArcGIS 10.4 . The best fitted semi variance model for pH, EC, AVK and CaCO3 was spherical; BD, sand, silt, and OC was circular; a Gaussian model was best fitted for WHC and AVN, while clay and AVP were exponential. The data presented in this study will help farmers, land managers, and policymakers to mitigate land degradation, and other environmental issues, thereby helping to increase land productivity.

Abstract We report the structural engineering of ZnO nanostructures by a consistent solution method using distinct solvents such as ethylene glycol, 1-butanol, acetic acid and water. The growth kinetics are found to depend strongly on the physicochemical properties of the solvent and zeta potential of the colloidal solution. Furthermore, the resulting nanostructures as a photoanode material, displayed a prominent structure dependent property in determining the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The fabricated solar cell with ZnO nanostructures based photoanode exhibited improved conversion efficiency. Moreover, the nanoflower based DSSCs showed a higher conversion efficiency of 4.1% compared to the other structures. The excellent performance of ZnO nanoflower is attributed to its better light-harvesting ability and increased resistance to charge-recombination. Therefore ZnO nanostructures can be a promising alternative for TiO2 in DSSCs. These findings provide new insight into the simple, low cost and consistent synthetic strategies for ZnO nanostructures and its outstanding performance as a photoanode material in DSSCs.

A recent global pandemic has resulted from the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. One of the key clinical features of this infection is the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus. The port of entry for COVID-19 is the lung and if the infection worsens, it progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As the pandemic continue to surge, findings from studies and case reports suggest that the ARDS caused by COVID-19 might have different characteristics than what we refer to as non-COVID-19 (Typical) ARDS. By applying the differences in clinical features between COVID-19-related ARDS and typical ARDS, clinicians may develop appropriate therapeutic protocols to treat these patients effectively. Our review article intends to elucidate these differences in clinical features based on time of onset, radiological specifications, lung mechanics, phenotypical characters, inflammatory mediator response, and nature of coagulation abnormality.

A social media is rapidly expanding, and its anonymity feature completely supports free speech. Hate speech directed at anyone or any group because of their ethnicity, clan, religion, national or cultural their heritage, sex, disability, gender orientation, or other characteristics is a violation of their authority. Seriously encourages violence or hate crimes and causes social unrest by undermining peace, trustworthiness, and human rights, among other things. Identifying toxic remarks in social media conversation is a critical but difficult job. There are several difficulties in detecting toxic text remarks using a suitable and particular social media dataset and its high-performance, selected classifier. People nowadays share messages not only in person, but also in online settings such as social networking sites and online groups. As a result, all social media sites and apps, as well as all current communities in the digital world, require an identification and prevention system. Finding toxic social media remarks has proven critical for content screening. The identifying blocker in such a system would need to notice any bad online behavior and alert the prophylactic blocker to take appropriate action. The purpose of this research was to assess each text and find various kinds of toxicities such as profanity, threats, name-calling, and identity-based hatred. Jigsaw's designed Wikipedia remark collection is used for this.