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The mobile south flank of Kīlauea Volcano hosts two normal fault systems, the Koa'e fault system (KFS) and the Hilina fault system (HFS). In historical time, at least three M>6.5 earthquakes have occurred on the basal detachment of the Kīlauea Volcano's south flank, with the most recent being the 4 May 2018 M6.9 earthquake. Here we analyze kinematic Global Positioning System data collected from 2001 to 2017 and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data before, during, and after the 2018 M6.9 earthquake to determine the crustal motion across the HFS and KFS faults. Our results indicate that the HFS faults did not significantly slip during the interseismic period from 2007 to 2011. Despite its substantial magnitude, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data show that the 2018 M6.9 earthquake triggered subcentimeter level slip along sections of the previously mapped HFS branches. Up to 20 cm of offset occurred on what appears to be a newly formed (or previously unknown) fault near the eastern end of the HFS. During the 3 months following the M6.9 earthquake, up to ~30 cm of slip occurred along the KFS, which helps accommodate rapid large‐scale subsidence of Kīlauea's summit region as large volumes of summit reservoir magma fed the lower East Rift Zone eruption. The HFS appears to activate only in concert with large earthquakes on the basal detachment. The KFS, on the other hand, moves both seismically during small local earthquakes and aseismically in response to nearby earthquakes and caldera subsidence.

Online courses can feel isolating and sometimes lack human connections that can motivate students. We developed a fully online geoscience course to build a ‘Community of Inquiry’ with atten...

Promoting collaboration and discourse in asynchronous online courses is challenging; students need something engaging to talk about, a communications medium in which to fluidly discuss it, and a so...

Continuous Formative Assessment (CFA) is a strategy that employs free and accessible collaborative cloud-based technologies to collect, stream, and archive evidence of student knowledge, reasoning, and understanding during STEM lessons, so that instructors and students can make evidence-based decisions for adjusting lessons to optimize learning. Writing samples, diagrams, equations, drawings, photos, and movies are collected from all students and archived in cloud-based databases so that instructors can assess student understanding during instruction, and monitor learning gains over time. This chapter introduces and explains CFA techniques and provides preliminary research pertaining to the effectiveness of CFA instructional strategies in promoting student accountability, metacognition, and engagement in STEM courses, and suggests avenues for future research.

What teachers believe about their own effectiveness in the classroom influences what and how they teach, so teacher preparation programs should work to cultivate strong self-efficacy beliefs (SEBs)...

Nel novembre 2017, il Gruppo di Studio in Autoimmunologia (GdS-AI) della SIPMeL ha organizzato un convegno nazionale a Santa Margherita Ligure per formulare e discutere alcune proposte per una scelta saggia nell’ambito della diagnostica autoimmune di laboratorio. Delle 19 proposte presentate da 5 gruppi di lavoro e sottoposte alla valutazione e discussione in aula con i partecipanti al Congresso, ne sono state scelte 5, una per ciascuno dei 5 gruppi di patologia che erano stati inseriti nel programma. In questa rassegna vengono presentate le proposte Choosing Wisely relative alla diagnosi immunologica del morbo di Graves, della gastrite autoimmune, delle miositi infiammatorie autoimmuni, del diabete di tipo 2 e della miastenia gravis.

OBJECTIVE Immunoblot (IB) methods are widely used to detect myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs); however, false-positive results are common. In this study, we aimed to determine whether associating the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) IIF pattern may help to improve the specificity of MSA detection by IB in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM). METHODS Serum samples from 104 patients presenting with muscle weakness/myalgia and positive to at least one MSA by IB (MYOS12 Diver and MIOS7 Diver, D-tek) were tested for ANAs on HEp-2000 cells (Immuno Concepts). The chi-square test was used to analyse the concordance of the MSA result and its corresponding pattern by ANA testing between patients with and without IIM. RESULTS Eighty-three of the 104 patients had a diagnosis of definite IIM, while in 21 cases, patients were affected by other autoimmune diseases or various non-systemic diseases. Forty nine of 83 (59%) patients in the IIM group and 4/21 (19%) in the non-IIM group showed a concordance between ANA pattern and MSAs by IB (P < 0.001). MSA monopositivity was significantly associated with IIM (91.6%) compared with 61.9% in the non-IIM group (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Considering both the MSA result and its corresponding pattern by ANA testing may help to improve the specificity of MSA detection by IB and to confirm the diagnosis of MSA-associated IIM. The monopositivity of MSAs is an important additional tool to validate IB results.

Il Gruppo di Studio in Autoimmunologia della SIPMeL ha riveduto e aggiornato le linee guida gia proposte nel 2005 alla luce delle evidenze scientifiche comparse negli ultimi 10 anni per l’inquadramento diagnostico e il monitoraggio del paziente celiaco. L’identificazione della non celiac gluten sensitivity come entita nosologica a se stante ha reso inoltre necessari alcuni chiarimenti su aspetti diagnostici e classificativi. L’attuale versione ripropone sotto forma di raccomandazioni le indicazioni per un appropriato utilizzo dei test sierologici oggi disponibili, dei test genetici in grado di definire l’appartenenza ai gruppi a rischio e dei diversi quadri istologici, definendo gli step diagnostici e interpretativi in maniera diversificata a seconda della motivazione della richiesta (diagnosi, monitoraggio, gruppi a rischio) e dell’eta dei pazienti. Le raccomandazioni sono il risultato delle piu recenti evidenze disponibili in letteratura, del consenso tra i componenti del gruppo di studio e del lavoro interdisciplinare tra patologi clinici, immunologi e anatomo-patologi e ha l’obiettivo di supportare il lavoro del medico nell’approccio quotidiano alla diagnosi delle patologie glutine-associate.

Each year our physical science class for pre-service elementary teachers launches water-powered rockets based on the activity from NASA.1 We analyze the rocket flight using data from frame-by-frame video analysis of the launches. Before developing the methods presented in this paper, we noticed our students were mired in calculation details while losing sight of physical concepts. Sloppy measurements and calculations (even when using spreadsheets with formulas provided) sometimes led to such poor results that physical concepts could not be reliably taught from the data, but students were unmotivated to either notice or correct their errors. We adopted a collaborative, computer supported approach using simple and easily available functions in Google Spreadsheets to pool observations, provide instant feedback, and publicly display results from all teams side-by-side in real time. These instant comparisons promote student accountability and engagement, inspiring them to think more carefully about why answers...

A lively debate has developed regarding the characteristics of the so-called Horologium Augusti, at first known only through a notice in Pliny and subsequently discovered (at least partly) during the course of excavations begun in 1997 (Leonhardt, in: The Horologium of Augustus: debate and context, 2014). The gnomon of the “Horologium” was composed by the obelisk that presently is nearby in “Piazza Montecitorio” in Rome (Fig. 1). A large part of the debate has centred on the very function of the Horologium, in particular whether it was a true functioning solar clock or simply a sundial. The scope of the present essay concentrates rather on the metrical accuracy that such a sundial could have had; in particular, we will hazard a hypothesis as to the accuracy with which the direction of the sundial was laid out and the possibility of measuring the azimuth in its present placement. Such a detailed geodetic-topographic survey of the portion thus far excavated, could provide useful information for the eventual pursuit of excavations yielding, at the same time, further avenues of research; as an example it would also allow for the deduction of two pieces of information still not entirely established: the exact height of the gnomon, and the exact position of the original placement of the axis of the obelisk.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Students who have a strong urban place-identity may perceive the natural world differently from many geoscience instructors. These urban thinkers have less experience in the natural world and are more comfortable in built environments. They may have subtle differences in cognitive and spatial skill development, interest level in the natural environment, comfort with field experiences, and possible fears of outdoor settings. Curriculum is more effective at reaching urban thinkers when it accounts for these differences. Since urban thinkers are more comfortable in the built environment, short excursions on campus or in the schoolyard can be a bridge between settings familiar to urban thinkers and geologic processes important for the study of geosciences. These mini–field experiences provide opportunities for students to ask questions about the world around them, especially if emphasis is placed on the physical processes that shape the urban landscape. Once students are familiar with the observation...

Serum anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are the serological hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), yet up to 15% of PBC sera are AMA negative at routine indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) while being referred to as “probable” cases. The diagnostic role of PBC-specific antinuclear antibodies (ANA) remains to be determined. We will report herein data on the accuracy of new laboratory tools for AMA and PBC-specific ANA in a large series of PBC sera that were AMA-negative at IIF. We will also provide a discussion of the history and current status of AMA detection methods. We included IIF AMA-negative PBC sera (n = 100) and sera from patients with other chronic liver diseases (n = 104) that had been independently tested for IIF AMA and ANA; sera were blindly tested with an ELISA PBC screening test including two ANA (gp210, sp100) and a triple (pMIT3) AMA recombinant antigens. Among IIF AMA-negative sera, 43/100 (43%) manifested reactivity using the PBC screening test. The same test was positive for 6/104 (5.8%) control sera. IIF AMA-negative/PBC screen-positive sera reacted against pMIT3 (11/43), gp210 (8/43), Sp100 (17/43), both pMIT3 and gp210 (1/43), or both pMIT3 and Sp100 (6/43). Concordance rates between the ANA pattern on HEp-2 cells and specific Sp100 and gp210 ELISA results in AMA-negative subjects were 92% for nuclear dots and Sp100 and 99% for nuclear rim and gp210. Our data confirm the hypothesis that a substantial part of IIF AMA-negative (formerly coined “probable”) PBC cases manifest disease-specific autoantibodies when tested using newly available tools and thus overcome the previously suggested diagnostic classification. As suggested by the recent literature, we are convinced that the proportion of AMA-negative PBC cases will be significantly minimized by the use of new laboratory methods and recombinant antigens.

Clinical studies have estimated a 10- to 20-fold increased risk for celiac disease (CD) in patients with selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD). For this reason, screening for CD is mandatory in SIgAD patients, but it represents a special challenge since the specific IgA class antibodies against gliadin (AGA), endomysium (EMA), and tissue-transglutaminase (tTG) are not produced in patients with CD. IgG class counterparts of these antibodies may be informative; in particular IgG EMA has been demonstrated to be a valid marker for diagnosing CD in SIgAD cases, but it is not used much in clinical laboratories, because it is cumbersome and involves some technical difficulties. Even if it was widely used in clinical laboratories, the measuring of IgG AGA has shown a less-than-optimum diagnostic accuracy, so that now it tends to be substituted by tests for anti-tTG IgG, for which the few available studies have shown diagnostic performances superior to AGA. Since it is not known whether various available methods for measuring IgG anti-tTG antibodies offer similar diagnostic performances, we have compared the results obtained from nine second-generation commercial methods (D-tek, Phadia, Immco, Orgentec, Radim, Euroimmun, Inova, Aesku, Generic Assays), measuring IgG anti-tTG antibodies in 20 patients with CD and SIgAD and in 113 controls (9 patients with SIgAD without CD, 54 patients with chronic liver disease, and 50 healthy individuals). Diagnostic sensitivity, calculated by means of ROC plot analysis, ranged between 75% and 95%, and specificity ranged from 94% to 100%. In the same population, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of AGA IgG were 40% and 87%, respectively. Even though they perform differently, all IgG anti-tTG methods evaluated are reliable serological assays for the diagnosis of CD in SIgAD patients, with diagnostic accuracy superior to the AGA IgG method. The methods that use a mix of tTG and gliadin peptides as the antigenic preparation have a specificity slightly lower than that of the methods that use only tTG.

Faults several kilometers long near Pear Lake in Sequoia National Park, California nucleated on preexisting dikes weakened by closely-spaced echelon joints. These joints essentially parallel much more widely spaced regional joints. Fault nucleation by dike fracturing can explain how a nearly planar fault can grow to lengths of several kilometers or more. We suggest that opening mode fractures, including dikes, might serve more commonly as nuclei for faults than is generally appreciated. The longest fault in the study area, the Pear Lake fault, has a trace length of ∼7 km and a maximum measured lateral separation of 86–98 m. A sharp decrease in slip occurs near the center of the trace of the Pear Lake fault where another fault branches from it. Mechanical analyses demonstrate that a sharp decrease in slip is expected where a fault branches. All the faults near Pear Lake show non-elliptical slip distributions. Based on our mechanical analyses, we infer that the observed slip distributions reflect a mechanical interaction among the faults. The geometry and distribution of structures that precede faulting (i.e. dikes and joints) control to a large extent the structure of a fault network and hence the ultimate slip distribution on faults in the network.

Field observations of strike slip faults in jointed granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada, California, combined with a mechanical analysis of fault interaction, provide insight into how fault terminations vary with scale. We document here a strike-slip fault system 2–3 km long. Clustered about the west end of the fault system are several dozen faults that parallel the three main fault zones in the system. We interpret this cluster of small faults as a barrier that inhibited growth of fault zones in the fault system. A two-dimensional mechanical analysis shows that a cluster of small faults flanking the tip of a large fault zone will tend to diffuse the stress concentration near the fault zone tip—an analogous effect in engineering is known as crack-tip shielding. Near-tip stress concentrations promote fault growth, and processes that decrease these stress concentrations inhibit fault growth. As faults lengthen and grow, they interact with features at greater distances and over a broader area, so the potential for tip shielding effects will increase as fault length increases. This effect can account for why the mechanisms and character of fault terminations would tend to vary as a function of scale.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three different analytical methods for the detection of antineuronal antibodies and outline how they might be used to diagnose Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) in a more effectively and rationally way. One hundred and four patients with neurological diseases were studied: 38 with paraneoplastic neurological disorder, 44 with other neurological diseases, and 22 with systemic autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders. 20 healthy subjects and 18 subjects with tumour without neurological disorders were also studied. Antineuronal antibodies were tested using three methods: Western blot (WB); Line-blot (LB); and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on primate cerebellum. The diagnostic sensitivity of the IIF, WB and LB methods was 28.9%, 26.3% and 36.8%, respectively, and their specificity was 95.2%, 97.1% and 98.1% respectively. The combined use of the three methods brought the sensitivity to 39.4%. The results of this study show that the methods used in clinical laboratories for the detection of antineuronal antibodies have good specificity. Among the three methods assessed, LB showed the highest diagnostic accuracy and also allowed for recognition of fine antibody specificities. According to these results we can suggest that LB should be used as the method of choice to search for paraneoplastic antibodies.

We studied several blood coagulation parameters and tumor tissue procoagulant activity (PCA) in nude mice bearing human colorectal carcinomas (HCC). In a control group of 51 tumor-free nude mice, platelet number was 1.2 +/- 0.03 x 10(6)/microliters, thrombotest activity 90% +/- 2.6 and fibrinogen 172 +/- 11 mg/dl. The same parameters were studied in nude mice (n = 71) bearing 7 different HCC lines subcutaneously (s.c.). The results did not significantly differ from those in control mice but there was broad variability among groups of mice injected with different HCC lines, ranging from 0.36 to 2.55 x 10(6)/microliters for platelets, from 100 to 28% for thrombotest activity and from 42 to 460 mg/dl for fibrinogen. The results were significantly (p less than 0.05) different from those in the tumor-free group when each group of HCC-bearing animals was analyzed individually. A malignant HCC line that grew in the liver of nude mice (n = 24) significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced thrombotest activity (58% +/- 5.9). The PCA of tissue extracts from tumors grown s.c. in nude mice was assayed. All the HCC xenografts expressed PCA which differed significantly for the various tumor lines (from 25.5 +/- 1.9 to 2.8 +/- 0.6 unit/mg in tumor tissue). Cancer procoagulant (CP), a cysteine proteinase with a direct factor-X-activating effect, was present in different amounts (84.7 +/- 4.3 to 59.5 +/- 9.0%) in the tumors. Our results indicates that the nude mouse is a suitable model for evaluating the hemostatic changes induced by human tumors and may represent a tool for investigating the underlying biochemical mechanisms.

In this study we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) of new fully automated immunoassays for anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (anti-beta2-GPI) auto-antibody detection (EliA-Phadia), and compared the results with those obtained with Orgentec and Inova ELISA methods. Sixty-two APS patients and 123 controls (20 syphilis, 33 Lyme disease, 30 HCV infection and cryoglobulinemia, 40 healthy subjects) were studied. Using the 99(th) percentile cutoff, the sensitivity and specificity of EliA aCL IgG, aCL IgM, anti-beta2-GPI IgG, and anti-beta2-GPI IgM were 69.4% and 81.9%, 64.5% and 86.7%, 64.5% and 98.8%, and 53.2% and 92.8%, respectively. Using the Sydney criteria cutoff (>40 GPL/MPL units), sensitivity and specificity of EliA aCL IgG and aCL IgM were 45.2% and 98.8%, and 35.5% and 97.5%, respectively. The best diagnostic efficiency was obtained combining the aCL tests (>40 GPL/MPL units) with the anti-beta2-GPI tests (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 90.4%). The area under the ROC curves for EliA, Orgentec, and Inova methods were 0.870, 0.940, and 0.850 for aCL IgG; 0.820, 0.820, and 0.820 for aCL IgM; 0.910, 0.960, and 0.920 for anti-beta2-GPI IgG; 0.840, 0.840, and 0.820 for anti-beta2-GPI IgM, respectively. Finally, the overall agreement between EliA assays and the other two ELISA methods ranged from moderate (anti-beta2-GPI IgG EliA versus Orgentec: Cohen's k = 0.426) to good (anti-beta2-GPI IgM EliA vs. Inova: k = 0.841). In conclusion, newly developed EliA methods for antiphospholipid antibody detection perform similarly to other ELISA assays and represent a useful tool for APS laboratory diagnosis in daily practice.

International audience; Abstract Available from http://www.agu.org

[1] We use GPS data to measure the aseismic slip along the central San Andreas fault (CSAF) and the deformation across adjacent faults. Comparison of EDM and GPS data sets implies that, except for small-scale transients, the fault motion has been steady over the last 40 years. We add 42 new GPS velocities along the CSAF to constrain the regional strain distribution. Shear strain rates are less than 0.083 ± 0.010 μstrain/yr adjacent to the creeping SAF, with 1–4.5 mm/yr of contraction across the Coast Ranges. Dislocation modeling of the data gives a deep, long-term slip rate of 31–35 mm/yr and a shallow (0–12 km) creep rate of 28 mm/yr along the central portion of the CSAF, consistent with surface creep measurements. The lower shallow slip rate may be due to the effect of partial locking along the CSAF or reflect reduced creep rates late in the earthquake cycle of the adjoining SAF rupture zones.

SummaryBlast cell extracts from patients with acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL) express cancer procoagulant (cp). Thii factor X (FX) activator is distinct from tissue factor (TF) in that it does not require factor VII (FVII) to trigger blood coagulation, it acts as a cysteine proteinase and is not present in normal mononuclear cells. Tb assess whether there is any relationship between the presence of CP and the status of the disease, ANLL patients have been studied at diagnosis, during remission, at relapse. The procoagulant activity in either the presence or absence of F VII and sensitivity to cysteine proteinaie inhibitors were tested on cell extracts. Immunoreactivity was explored with an anti-cP polyclonal antibody. Data obtained in gL newlydiagnosed ANLL patients (subtypes M1 to M5, EAB classification) confirmed the presence of cp in M1- to M4 groups (mean + sE Fvll-independent activity: M1 = 2.1 ± 0.7 unit/mg; M2 = 5.7 ± 1.7 unit/mg; M3 = 31.5 ± 8 unit/mg M4 = 1.6 ± 1.2 unit/mg; CP was absent in the M5 type. In eight patients analy zedin a subsequent phase of partial remission, specific activity had dropped from 26.9 ± 7.8 to 10.5 ± 4.0 unit/mg. Activiiy was virtually absent (0−0.05 unit/mg) in the bone marrow of 37 patients studied at complete remission. Bone marrow samples from six subjects tested at different intervals after complete remission were repeatedly negative for CP but became positive 2 to 5 months before relapse. Upon relapse, the FVII indbpendent activity rose to 24.2 ± 8.2 unit/mg.These results suggest that CP activity may be closely associated with the presence of myeloid malignant cells in the bone marrow, a finding of potential relevance not only to the coagulation disorders of acute leukemia, but also to the early deteition of blast cells in ANLL.

[1] A suite of new techniques in thermochronometry allow analysis of the thermal history of a sample over a broad range of temperature sensitivities. New analysis tools must be developed that fully and formally integrate these techniques, allowing a single geologic interpretation of the rate and timing of exhumation and burial events consistent with all data. We integrate a thermal model of burial and exhumation, (U-Th)/He age modeling, and fission track age and length modeling. We then use a genetic algorithm to efficiently explore possible time-exhumation histories of a vertical sample profile (such as a borehole), simultaneously solving for exhumation and burial rates as well as changes in background heat flow. We formally combine all data in a rigorous statistical fashion. By parameterizing the model in terms of exhumation rather than time-temperature paths (as traditionally done in fission track modeling), we can ensure that exhumation histories result in a sedimentary basin whose thickness is consistent with the observed basin, a physically based constraint that eliminates otherwise acceptable thermal histories. We apply the technique to heat flow and thermochronometry data from the 2.1-km-deep San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth pilot hole near the San Andreas fault, California. We find that the site experienced

Previous studies have demonstrated that serum anti-actin antibodies are a reliable marker of intestinal damage severity in coeliac disease.To validate in a multicentre study the clinical usefulness of serum IgA anti-actin antibody ELISA and its possible use in monitoring intestinal mucosa lesions during gluten-free diet.Four centres recruited 205 newly diagnosed coeliac disease patients with villous atrophy, 80 healthy controls and 81 "disease" controls. Twelve coeliac disease patients on gluten-free diet but with persistent symptoms underwent serum IgA anti-actin antibody assay and intestinal histology evaluation. IgA anti-actin antibody ELISA was performed with a commercial kit. All coeliac disease patients underwent intestinal histology study.IgA anti-actin antibodies showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 85% in the diagnosis of coeliac disease patients with villous atrophy. The area under the receiving operator curve for anti-actin antibodies was 0.873 [95% C.I. 0.805-0.899]. Serum anti-actin antibodies values were significantly higher in coeliac disease patients than in healthy or "disease" controls (P0.0001). Serum anti-actin antibodies were positive in 41 of the 60 coeliac disease patients with mild intestinal histology lesions (69%) and in 123 of the 145 with severe lesions (85.3%) (P0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between anti-actin antibody values and the villi/crypts ratio (r=-0.423; P0.0001). In the 12 coeliac disease patients on gluten-free diet who underwent re-evaluation as they were persistently symptomatic, intestinal histology showed three cases with persistent villous atrophy: all of these were positive for serum anti-actin antibodies ELISA, whereas both serum anti-tTG and EmAs were negative. The other nine patients showed normal intestinal villi and were negative for serum anti-actin antibodies.Anti-actin antibodies are a reliable marker of severe intestinal mucosa damage in coeliac disease patients and a simple ELISA technique offers an accurate method for their determination. These antibodies seem to be a very reliable marker of persistent intestinal damage in coeliac disease patients.

[1] Heat flow measurements along much of the San Andreas fault (SAF) constrain the apparent coefficient of friction (μapp) of the fault to 0.2 should be detectable even with the sparse existing observations, implying that μapp for the creeping section is as low as the surrounding SAF. Because the creeping section does not slip in large earthquakes, the mechanism controlling its weakness is not related to dynamic processes resulting from high slip rate earthquake ruptures.

Perforation of the uterus is one of the most serious complications associated with insertion of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD). According to recent studies, this lesion occurs in 0.87 per 1000 cases, but statistics generally fluctuate between 0.05 and 13 per 1000 insertions. "Primary" perforations occur at the time of IUD insertion, and "secondary," or delayed, perforations are usually assumed to be caused by reactive uterine contractions. We report an unusual case of uterine perforation, which occurred 9 days after the insertion of a Multiload-Cu 375 IUD. The criteria for differential diagnosis between primary and secondary complications are discussed, particularly from the perspective of medical malpractice cases.

Received 26 October 2004; revised 11 February 2005; accepted 10 March 2005; published 16 June 2005. [i] Observations of surface deformation allow us to determine the kinematics of faults in the San Francisco Bay Area. We present the Bay Area velocity unification (BAVU, bay view), a compilation of over 200 horizontal surface velocities computed from campaign-style and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from 1993 to 2003. We interpret this interseismic velocity field using a three-dimensional block model to determine the relative contributions of block motion, elastic strain accumulation, and shallow aseismic creep. The total relative motion between the Pacific plate and the rigid Sierra Nevada/Great Valley (SNGV) microplate is 37.9 ± 0.6 mm yr -1 directed toward N30.4°W ± 0.8° at San Francisco (±2σ). Fault slip rates from our preferred model are typically within the error bounds of geologic estimates but provide a better fit to geodetic data (notable right-lateral slip rates in mm yr -1 : San Gregorio fault, 2.4 ± 1.0; West Napa fault, 4.0 ± 3.0; zone of faulting along the eastern margin of the Coast Range, 5.4 ± 1.0; and Mount Diablo thrust, 3.9 ± 1.0 of reverse slip and 4.0 ± 0.2 of right-lateral strike slip). Slip on the northern Calaveras is partitioned between both the West Napa and Concord/Green Valley fault systems. The total convergence across the Bay Area is negligible. Poles of rotation for Bay Area blocks progress systematically from the North America-Pacific to North America-SNGV poles. The resulting present-day relative motion cannot explain the strike of most Bay Area faults, but fault strike does loosely correlate with inferred plate motions at the time each fault initiated.

[1] We solve for the slip rate distribution on the Hayward fault by performing a least squares inversion of geodetic and seismic data sets. Our analysis focuses on the northern 60 km of the fault. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 13 independent ERS interferograms are stacked to obtain range change rates from 1992 to 2000. Horizontal surface displacement rates at 141 bench marks are measured using GPS from 1994 to 2003. Surface creep observations and estimates of deep slip rates determined from characteristic repeating earthquake sequences are also incorporated in the inversion. The fault is discretized into 283 triangular dislocation elements that approximate the nonplanar attributes of the fault surface. South of the city of Hayward, a steeply, east dipping fault geometry accommodates the divergence of the surface trace and the microseismicity at depth. The inferred slip rate distribution is consistent with a fault that creeps aseismically at a rate of ∼5 mm/yr to a depth of 4–6 km. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data require an aseismic slip rate that approaches the geologic slip rate on the northernmost fault segment beneath Point Pinole, although the InSAR data might be complicated by a small dip-slip component at this location. A low slip rate patch of

[1] The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) pilot hole traverses the upper 2 km of a site 1.8 km west of the San Andreas fault (SAF) near Parkfield, California. In order to evaluate the burial and exhumation history of the site and its relationship to the kinematics and mechanics of the SAF, we use 15 apatite fission-track (FT) and 5 (U-Th)/He analyses from pilot hole samples to document their thermal history. Sample ages decrease with depth: FT and (U-Th)/He ages range from ∼60 and ∼31 Ma, respectively, in the upper 800 m of the hole to ∼3 and 1 Ma at the base of the hole (2.2 km depth, 93°C).Thermal modeling of the distribution of FT lengths indicates three events in the last 80 Ma: 1) cooling and exhumation of >60°C that culminated at ∼30 Ma; 2) reheating of ∼50°C from ∼30 to 8–4 Ma, probably as the result of basin subsidence and burial by 1–1.5 km of sediments; and 3) cooling of ∼30°C and estimated Coast Range exhumation of ∼1 km since 8–4 Ma.

The Hayward fault slips in large earthquakes and by aseismic creep observed along its surface trace. Dislocation models of the surface deformation adjacent to the Hayward fault measured with the global positioning system and interferometric synthetic aperture radar favor creep at approximately 7 millimeters per year to the bottom of the seismogenic zone along a approximately 20-kilometer-long northern fault segment. Microearthquakes with the same waveform repeatedly occur at 4- to 10-kilometer depths and indicate deep creep at 5 to 7 millimeters per year. The difference between current creep rates and the long-term slip rate of approximately 10 millimeters per year can be reconciled in a mechanical model of a freely slipping northern Hayward fault adjacent to the locked 1868 earthquake rupture, which broke the southern 40 to 50 kilometers of the fault. The potential for a major independent earthquake of the northern Hayward fault might be less than previously thought.

The spectrum of fungal infections associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has greatly contributed to our understanding of the complex interactions between host defences and fungal organisms. The mycoses strictly related to the depletion of the T-helper lymphocytes are mucocutaneous candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and the infections caused by dimorphic fungi such as blastomycosis, coccidoidiodomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, penicilliosis, and sporotrichosis.

Blast cell extracts from patients with acute non lymphoid leukemia (ANLL) express cancer procoagulant (CP). This factor X (FX) activator is distinct from tissue factor (TF) in that it does not require factor VII (FVII) to trigger blood coagulation, it acts as a cysteine proteinase and is not present in normal mononuclear cells. To assess whether there is any relationship between the presence of CP and the status of the disease, ANLL patients have been studied at diagnosis, during remission, at relapse. The procoagulant activity in either the presence or absence of F VII and sensitivity to cysteine proteinase inhibitors were tested on cell extracts. Immunoreactivity was explored with an anti-CP polyclonal antibody. Data obtained in 91 newly-diagnosed ANLL patients (subtypes M1 to M5, FAB classification) confirmed the presence of CP in M1 to M4 groups (mean +/- SE FVII-independent activity: M1 = 2.1 +/- 0.7 unit/mg; M2 = 5.7 +/- 1.7 unit/mg; M3 = 31.5 +/- 8 unit/mg; M4 = 1.6 +/- 1.2 unit/mg); CP was absent in the M5 type. In eight patients analyzed in a subsequent phase of partial remission, specific activity had dropped from 26.9 +/- 7.8 to 10.5 +/- 4.0 unit/mg. Activity was virtually absent (0-0.05 unit/mg) in the bone marrow of 37 patients studied at complete remission. Bone marrow samples from six subjects tested at different intervals after complete remission were repeatedly negative for CP but became positive 2 to 5 months before relapse. Upon relapse, the FVII independent activity rose to 24.2 +/- 8.2 unit/mg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In a previous study we characterized cancer procoagulant (CP), a 68 kd cysteine proteinase which directly activates coagulation factor X in various subtypes (from M1 to M5) of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). The aim of this study was to determine whether CP is also expressed by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Blasts from 25 ALL patients were extracted and tested for their procoagulant properties. 16 samples (64%) shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, and 9 (36%) did not. 8 of the 16 active samples showed properties compatible with CP, i.e. independence from factor VII in triggering blood coagulation and sensitivity to cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Selected samples also cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody raised against purified CP. The specific activity of CP in ALL extracts was significantly lower than in most ANLL types previously studied (all but M4). These finding indicate that CP can be a property of the lymphoid phenotype although its expression may be lower than in the myeloid phenotype.

Al empezar el trabajo de traducción al italiano del libro de cuentos “Historias Mágicas del Mayab”, descubrí la existencia de la cosmogonía Maya, una sabia concepción del mundo y de la vida diametralmente opuesta a la pseudo filosofía occidental que supone la inevitabilidad de una globalización con tintes extremadamente nefastos. Los cuentos nos llevan a otra visión de la realidad, fundada sobre la búsqueda del equilibrio y de la armonía con lo que nos rodea, descrita con impactante sencillez. El autor me ayudó mucho al explicarme unos tratos característicos de los Mayas, mientras que las notas al pié de página en el texto original aclarecieron el significado de palabras y términos absolutamente desconocidos. La estructura de los textos, con oraciones breves, me llevó a utilizar estrategias de traducción directa, sin tener que recurrir muy a menudo a transformaciones o modulaciones. Sin embargo, en el caso de una reedición de la obra, una revisión de la versión en italiano resultaría aconsejable y enriquecedora.

Large earthquakes generate frictional heat, and the magnitude of heating is related to the slip magnitude, the applied effective normal stress, and the frictional strength of the fault. We looked for evidence of this heating in apatite fission-track age and track-length distributions of samples from adjacent to and within the San Gabriel fault zone in southern California. The fault is thought to be an abandoned major trace of the San Andreas fault system active from 13 to 4 Ma and has since been exhumed from depths of 2-5 km. At our sample locality, as much as 40 km of total slip is thought to have accumulated along a localized ultracataclasite layer just 1-8 cm thick. We see no evidence of a localized thermal anomaly in either fission-track ages or track lengths-even in samples within just 2 cm of the ultracataclasite. Because of the absence of any measurable impact on fission tracks, we have been able to use forward modeling of heat generation, heat transport, and fission-track annealing to constrain the frictional properties of the fault. We find that either there has never been an earthquake with >4 m of slip at this locality, or the average apparent coefficient of friction must have been

Natural convection and radiation from an air-cooled, highly populated pin-fin array were studied experimentally. the effects of pin density, pin length, and the angle of the pin to the horizontal were measured. Previous work by Sparrow and Vemuri treated the case of a vertical base plate with horizontal fins. recently, Sparrow and Vemuri (1986) extended their study to include results for vertical fins with a horizontal down-facing base plate, as well as vertical fins with a horizontal up-facing base plate. In this study, the base plate is maintained in a vertical position and the angle of the pins is varied from the horizontal. The main intent of this study was to compare the performance of inclined pin fins with straight pin fins. In all cases studied, the straight, horizontal fins were superior to the inclined fins. It was possible to obtain a single general correlation of the test data. While this correlation is recommended within the range of parameters that were tested here, one significant parameter, the size of the base plate, was not varied.

We have investigated concomitantly the pro-aggregating and pro-coagulant activities of 11 breast and 2 colon human carcinomas. Tumor tissues, obtained at surgery, were immediately processed to prepare tumor-cell suspensions for the study of aggregating activity and tissue extracts for the study of procoagulant capacity. Nine carcinomas (8 breast and 1 colon) possessed a high, dose-dependent platelet-aggregating activity, which was present in the cell-free supernatant and was inhibited by HgCl2 and iodoacetic acid, specific cysteine proteinase inhibitors, while apyrase and hirudin had no significant effect; in contrast, the other tumors did not aggregate platelets. All the tumor extracts tested from 12 carcinomas (11 breast and 1 colon) were able to activate blood coagulation in both the presence and the absence of F VII. The activity was inhibited by HgCl2 and iodoacetamide, while Con A was less effective. Therefore, these tumors do not aggregate platelets through the production of ADP or thrombin, nor promote blood coagulation through the production and release of tissue factor; a tumor-associated cysteine proteinase plays a major role in both pro-aggregating and pro-coagulant activities.

To verify whether cancer procoagulant (CP), a cysteine proteinase procoagulant distinct from tissue factor (TF), is associated with leukemic cells, we assayed the procoagulant activity of blast cell extracts from 26 patients with different cytological subtypes of acute nonlymphoid leukemia (ANLL) according to the French-American-British classification. All the samples except two shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, the effect being significantly greater in the M3 subgroup. The two criteria used to distinguish between CP and TF, independence from factor VII in initiating blood coagulation and sensitivity to cysteine-proteinase inhibitors, were positive in 19 samples from M1, M2, M3, and M4 cytological subtypes. None of the M5 samples fulfilled these criteria. In addition, M1, M2, M3, and M4 samples immunoreacted with an anti-CP goat polyclonal antibody on an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion plate. This study provides the first evidence for a procoagulant other than TF that is associated with leukemic cells.

The motoneurons of the oculomotor complex responsible for controlling accommodation and pupil size of the marmoset were identified by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the ciliary ganglion. The anatomical organization of accommodation and pupil constrictor motoneurons was determined using electrical stimulation techniques. HRP-labelled cells were found through the whole length of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) and also just ventral to this nucleus in caudal sections. A projection from the antero-median nucleus to the ciliary ganglion could not be demonstrated. Electrical stimulation data showed that currents of less than 1 microampere applied inside the EW evoked accommodation responses. Pupil constriction responses, on the other hand, were evoked with weak currents at sites ventral to those in the EW generating accommodation at caudal and central levels. It was concluded that the EW was responsible for accommodation and areas containing HRP-labelled cells ventral to the caudal part of the EW were responsible for pupil constriction.

To verify whether cancer procoagulant (CP), a cysteine proteinase procoagulant distinct from tissue factor (TF), is associated with leukemic cells, we assayed the procoagulant activity of blast cell extracts from 26 patients with different cytological subtypes of acute nonlymphoid leukemia (ANLL) according to the French-American-British classification. All the samples except two shortened the recalcification time of normal human plasma, the effect being significantly greater in the M3 subgroup. The two criteria used to distinguish between CP and TF, independence from factor VII in initiating blood coagulation and sensitivity to cysteine-proteinase inhibitors, were positive in 19 samples from M1, M2, M3, and M4 cytological subtypes. None of the M5 samples fulfilled these criteria. In addition, M1, M2, M3, and M4 samples immunoreacted with an anti-CP goat polyclonal antibody on an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion plate. This study provides the first evidence for a procoagulant other than TF that is associated with leukemic cells.

International audience; Toutes les contributions réunies dans le dossier édité par C. Panella et M. Bonifay font appel, sans réellement la nommer, à une notion reine de notre société de consommation, la traçabilité, donnant la «possibilité d’identifier l’origine et de reconstituer le parcours d’un produit, depuis sa production jusqu’à sa diffusion»1. Depuis une dizaine d’années, les archéologues ont modifié leur approche de la céramique de l’Afrique romaine par un examen plus précis de sa typologie et un intérêt accru porté aux pâtes, avec l’utilisation fréquente de méthodes archéométriques (géochimie et surtout pétrographie). Cette nouvelle attitude des céramologues face à la céramique dite «africaine», qui ne peut plus désormais être considérée comme un tout, a amené des progrès considérables – dont témoigne ce dossier – dans trois domaines: a) les territoires et leur production, b) la diffusion à Rome et en Méditerranée, c) le statut commercial des céramiques africaines. Cette conclusion (bilingue italien/français) se compose de trois parties :- 1. Centres de production de la céramique africaine: un nouveau rapport d’étape (M. B.)- 2. La distribuzione: verso nuovi modelli? 2.1. Roma/Portus/Napoli (C. P.) 2.2. La Méditerranée (M. B.)- 3. La difficile approche du statut de ces échanges (M. B.)