Search

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de las principales comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad mórbida y evaluar el efecto del bypass gástrico sobre el estado ponderal, riesgo cardiovascular y calidad de vida en estos pacientes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con medidas del cambio intrasujeto (antes-después) en una muestra de 162 pacientes de los resultados del bypass gástrico sobre la evolución ponderal, comorbilidades asociadas, riesgo cardiovascular a 10 años (estimado mediante las tablas de Framingham) y calidad de vida mediante el test BAROS (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System). Resultados: El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se reduce de 51,12 ± 7,22 kg/m² a 29,94 ± 4,86 kg/m² (72,85% de sobrepeso perdido) y se resuelven la hipertensión arterial (HTA), la dislipemia y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) en el 71,93%, 91,38% y 82,93% respectivamente (p < 0,001). El riesgo cardiovascular mayor del 10% se reduce del 25,91% al 4,32% (p < 0,001). Según la escala BAROS, el resultado de la cirugía fue favorable en el 95% de los casos. Conclusiones: La cirugía bariátrica mediante bypass gástrico demuestra ser muy efectiva para la reducción ponderal y comorbilidades asociadas, mejorando notablemente la calidad de vida.

Binge drinking (BD) is a high-risk pattern of alcohol consumption that is remarkably prevalent among teenagers and emerging adults. This pattern is thought to alter social networks, affecting access to social support (SS), which is considered essential for adjustment during transitional periods and may in turn play a proactive role against risk behaviors. In this review, we aim to synthesize the available data on the relationship between BD and SS in teenagers and emerging adults. Therefore, a search on three electronic databases was conducted (Web of Science, PsycInfo and PubMed). Articles were screened using eligibility criteria in line with the investigation question and the methodological quality of the studies were reported. Data were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggested that SS is associated with the onset, frequency, and intensity of BD; this relation varies with age, gender, and source of support (family or peers). From developmental and socio-cognitive points of view, the following conclusions were reached: (a) effects beyond the detrimental consequences of BD must be considered in order to interpret the data, and (b) social support should be taken into consideration in intervention strategies.

Resumen: Introducción: La comunicación de malas noticias (CMN) es un aspecto importante en la práctica clínica. Dado que existen diversos estudios que indican que la comunicación de una mala noticia de forma inadecuada provoca secuelas que pueden ser devastadoras y de larga duración, la presente investigación se plantea como objetivo conocer la valoración que hacen los estudiantes del Grado en Medicina sobre su formación en CMN. Método: Este estudio tiene un diseño descriptivo. Mediante cuestionario online, elaborado ad hoc, se evaluó la opinión del alumnado del Grado en Medicina sobre diferentes aspectos relacionados con la CMN. Resultados: Participaron en la investigación 120 estudiantes de sexto curso del Grado en Medicina que cursaban sus estudios en diferentes universidades españolas. Pese a que la CMN es una realidad que casi todos han experimentado (90,8%), tan solo la mitad considera que se le ha preparado suficientemente en el Grado para afrontar este tipo de situaciones. Se ha observado, además, que los estudiantes de universidades privadas se sienten significativamente mejor formados en este aspecto (CMN). Conclusión: Se hace necesario ampliar la formación de los futuros médicos, proporcionándoles acceso a seminarios específicos impartidos por profesionales expertos en CMN. Abstract: Introduction: Communication of bad news (CBN) is an important aspect in clinical practice. Since there are several studies than indicate that the CBN, inappropriately, causes aftermath that can be devastating and long-lasting, this research is proposed with the main objective of knowing the assessment that students of the Degree in Medicine make about their training in CBN. Method: This study has a descriptive design. Through an online questionnaire, prepared ad hoc, the opinion of the students of the Degree in Medicine was evaluated on different aspects related to the CBN. Results: 120 sixth-year students of the Bachelor of Medicine participated in the research, who were studying at different Spanish universities. Although CBN is a reality that almost all have experienced (90.8%), only half believe that it has been sufficiently prepared in the degree to deal with such situations. It has also been observed that students from private universities feel significantly better trained in this area (CBN). Conclusion: It is necessary to expand the training of future doctors, providing them with access to specific seminars taught by CBN experts.

To continue previous research, this research is proposed in order to know the ideas and attitudes of students of the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) towards their peers with functional diversity (disability). The method selected for collecting information has been the survey, using a questionnaire as a tool for data collection. A total of 400 non-disabled students from the USC participated, studying in the different areas of knowledge. The results indicate that USC students express positive ideas and attitudes, of acceptance towards the integration into the university of their peers with functional diversity. Unlike other research, the age, gender and academic year in which they are enrolled did not introduce statistically significant differences in the ideas and attitudes expressed.

The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) has been identified as a regulator during different stages of Arabidopsis development, including the control of leaf size. However, the mechanism via which it performs this function has not been elucidated. To better understand the role of SPT during leaf development, we used a transcriptomic approach to identify putative target genes. We found putative SPT target genes related to leaf development, and to stomata and trichome formation. Furthermore, genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this work, we demonstrate that SPT is a negative regulator of stomata number and a positive regulator of trichome number. In addition, SPT is required for sucrose-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Chili pepper is a vegetable of worldwide economic and gastronomic importance. The psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is an economically important pest in this crop, causing considerable losses in its production. Currently, the application of insecticides is the main way to control B. cockerelli. However, the use of varieties resistant to this insect is a viable alternative for its control and management. In this work, the oviposition rate, development, and survival of B. cockerelli in two native varieties of chili were evaluated. Choice and non-choice trials showed that the B. cockerelli oviposition was reduced on CJ-2018 by 92.17 and 80.18%, respectively, compared to the control. In CM-334, the insect showed a behavior similar to the control in the non-choice test, while in the choice test it laid more eggs on CM-334 compared to the control. The development and survival assay showed that only 1.33% of the eggs managed to reach the adult stage on CJ-2018. In contrast, on CM-334 the survival of B. cockerelli was similar to the control. These results suggest that CJ-2018 presented a resistance based on antixenosis and antibiosis against B. cockerelli.

Fruits and seeds are the major food source on earth. Both derive from the gynoecium and, therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that guide the development of this organ of angiosperm species. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is composed of two congenitally fused carpels, where two domains: medial and lateral, can be distinguished. The medial domain includes the carpel margin meristem (CMM) that is key for the production of the internal tissues involved in fertilization, such as septum, ovules, and transmitting tract. Interestingly, the medial domain shows a high cytokinin signaling output, in contrast to the lateral domain, where it is hardly detected. While it is known that cytokinin provides meristematic properties, understanding on the mechanisms that underlie the cytokinin signaling pattern in the young gynoecium is lacking. Moreover, in other tissues, the cytokinin pathway is often connected to the auxin pathway, but we also lack knowledge about these connections in the young gynoecium. Our results reveal that cytokinin signaling, that can provide meristematic properties required for CMM activity and growth, is enabled by the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) in the medial domain. Meanwhile, cytokinin signaling is confined to the medial domain by the cytokinin response repressor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE 6 (AHP6), and perhaps by ARR16 (a type-A ARR) as well, both present in the lateral domains (presumptive valves) of the developing gynoecia. Moreover, SPT and cytokinin, probably together, promote the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and the gene encoding the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3), likely creating auxin drainage important for gynoecium growth. This study provides novel insights in the spatiotemporal determination of the cytokinin signaling pattern and its connection to the auxin pathway in the young gynoecium.

Se determina el porcentaje de grasa, de diversos alimentos servidos en establecimientos de los denominados genéricamente de comida rápida ("fast food") o "hamburgueserías". Dicho porcentaje es muy variable, con un promedio del 35,83 ± 10,68% en hamburguesas de vacuno, 35,84 ± 8,66% en patatas fritas, el 23,02 ± 5,07% en hamburguesas de pollo y el 34,02 ± 13,49% en los denominados "perritos calientes". La composición lipídica está formada en su mayoría por ácidos grasos saturados (28 a 52% relativo al total de grasa y monoinsaturados (46-48%), mientras que la proporción de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados tiene valores más dispares, oscilando desde el 6,9% en hamburguesas de vacuno al 25,1% en las patatas fritas. Cuando se tratan los resultados de los porcentajes relativos de los ácidos grasos contenidos en las distintas muestras mediante técnicas estadísticas apropiadas, se comprueba que se generan una serie de agrupaciones en función del tipo de alimento de que se trate y en algunos casos por lugar de origen, lo que puede ser interesante en caso de problemas relacionados con la salud. En algún caso se han detectado porcentajes ligeramente altos de ácidos grasos trans, respecto a lo recomendado. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad urgente de que la legislación obligue a especificar el tipo de grasa exacta utilizada en la elaboración de estos alimentos, así como un mayor control por parte de las administraciones.The percentage of fat of a variety of foods served in fast food establishments has been determined. This percentage is very variable, with mean contents of total fat of 35.83 ± 10.68% in beef hamburgers, 35.84 ± 8.66% in chips, 23.02 ± 5.07% in chicken hamburgers and 34.02 ± 13.49% in "hot dogs". The lipidic composition is mainly formed by saturated fatty acids (28-52% of total fat) and monounsaturated (46-48%), whereas the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids showed more variable values, ranging from 6.9% in beef hamburgers to 25.1% in chips. Statistical treatment of the results of relative percentage of fatty acids by multivariate methods revealed clusters of samples grouped as a function of the type of food and in some instances of its source, which can be interesting in case of healthy problems. Percentages of trans fatty acids slightly higher than the maximum recommended values have been detected in some cases. These results show the urgent need of modifying the laws to force fast food establishments to specify the type and amounts of fat used in the processing of these foods, as well as a greater control from the local administrations.

The apical-basal axis of the Arabidopsis gynoecium is established early during development and is divided into four elements from the bottom to the top: the gynophore, the ovary, the style, and the stigma. Currently, it is proposed that the hormone auxin plays a critical role in the correct apical-basal patterning through a concentration gradient from the apical to the basal part of the gynoecium, as chemical inhibition of polar auxin transport through NPA application, severely affects the apical-basal patterning of the gynoecium. In this work, we show that the apical-basal patterning of gynoecia is also sensitive to exogenous cytokinin (BAP) application in a similar way as to NPA. BAP and NPA treatments were performed in different mutant backgrounds where either cytokinin perception or auxin transport and perception were affected. We observed that cytokinin and auxin signaling mutants are hypersensitive to NPA treatment, and auxin transport and signaling mutants are hypersensitive to BAP treatment. BAP effects in apical-basal gynoecium patterning are very similar to the effects of NPA, therefore, it is possible that BAP affects auxin transport in the gynoecium. Indeed, not only the cytokinin-response TCS::GFP marker, but also the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 (PIN1::PIN1:GFP) were both affected in BAP-induced valveless gynoecia, suggesting that the BAP treatment producing the morphological changes has an impact on both in the response pattern to cytokinin and on auxin transport.In summary, we show that cytokinin affects proper apical-basal gynoecium patterning in Arabidopsis in a similar way to the inhibition of polar auxin transport, and that auxin and cytokinin mutants and markers suggest a relation between both hormones in this process.