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The surgical treatment of osteoporotic fractures is technically demanding. The poor mechanical properties of the bone make it difficult to obtain stable fixation and thus early movement. The implants and methods used to treat this fracture in the young are often ineffective in the elderly. The long-term functional consequences of fracture depend on surgical success, as much in this group of patients as in any other. Surgical results, and therefore subsequent quality of life, are impaired by the inherent difficulties of reconstructing and achieving union of fractures in the osteoporotic bone.

Faba bean seeds (Giza 843) were soaked in tap water and different saline solutions (0.5, 1% baking powder and 0.5, 1% sodium bicarbonate) to accelerate the cooking process and improve their nutritional and quality properties. Soaking and cooking parameters of raw and treated cooked beans were investigated. The samples were also evaluated for their nutritional, physical and sensory characteristics and in-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). The data showed that, water absorption values increased as the soaking time increased (14.39 – 21.99 after 1 hr and 76.96 – 88.17% after 12 hrs). Cooking time decreased as a result of soaking process. It was higher (260 min) for raw bean and lower (40 min) for 1% baking powder. The IVPD improved after soaking and cooking. It was 70.35 for raw bean, 83.47 for control and 87.29% for 1% sodium bicarbonate. Total carbohydrates and phenolic compounds decreased for all cooked samples as compared to the raw one. As a conclusion, soaking for 12 hrs with 1% baking powder, discarding soaking solution and using fresh water for cooking is the best treatment to reduce cooking time and improve the nutritional and quality properties of cooked faba beans.

This work presents details litho-, bio-, and sequence stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental studies on the Upper Cretaceous–lower Paleocene subsurface rocks of Sahl Baraka at Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. Lithostratigraphically, two rock units were recognized: the Wadi Hennis (at the base) and the Khoman (at the top) formations. Ten planktonic foraminiferal zones were identified from the Khoman Formation covering the Campanian–Danian chronostratigraphic interval. Using the R-mode hierarchical cluster analyses, four benthonic foraminiferal biofacies (A, B, C, and D) were recognized. The data indicates that the sediments of the Khoman Formation were deposited in marine environments ranging from deep marine (outer neritic–upper bathyal setting) for the lower and middle parts to shallow marine one (middle–outer neritic setting) for the upper part. The Sahl Baraka area was located in a sedimentary basin subjected to three tectonic events during the Late Cretaceous–early Paleocene time which were related to the Syrian Arc Orogeny. These tectonic events interrupted the eustatic sea-level curve. The integrated data led to define three depositional sequences (sequence-1 to sequence-3) separated by three sequence boundaries (SB1–SB3) throughout the Late Cretaceous–early Paleocene time.

The objective of this research was to study the feasibility of using roselle calyces and cinnamon extracts as enriching bioactive components in ice milk making. Formulations of ice milk containing 2%,4% roselle extract and 10%,15% cinnamon extract was carried out. The chemical analysis of roselle extract indicated higher total phenolic, total flavonoids, tannic acid, total antioxidant and anthocyanin contents, compared with cinnamon extract. The highest overrun were observed in the control sample and ice milk with roselle calyces extract of 2%. The control samples had the lowest flavonoid, anthocyanin and tannic acid contents, while ice milk samples with roselle extracts 2 and 4% additive ratio were of the greatest concentration of flavonoid, anthocyanin and tannic acid. Phenolic content of most ice milk samples showed slight increases during the storage at -18oC for 30 days. The total antioxidant content (TAC) increased in the ice milk by increasing the ratio of roselle calyces extracts and cinnamon extract. The differences in sensory scores of ice milk samples were no statistically significant (P>0.05) in the colour, flavour , taste, mouth feel and texture. The total bacterial count of the ice milk formulations was within the safe levels.

Pesticides have been extensively studied for their toxic hazards. The effect of exposure to pesticides has been studied among occupationally exposed workers. This study aimed to determine the role of occupational exposure to pesticides on male reproductive hormones. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone of 51 pesticide sprayers occupationally exposed to pesticides and 50 controls were estimated. Results revealed a significant increase in FSH concentration among the workers compared to controls. While there was no significant difference in the concentrations of LH and testosterone between the two groups. In conclusion: occupational exposure to pesticides may result in a significant increase of FSH, but not affecting LH and testosterone in the studied pesticide sprayers, and that could be attributed to their use of non-persistent pesticides and the resting durations between the peaks of their occupational exposures.

Chemical analysis of methanol extract of flowers and leaves of Bougainvillea alba led to isolation of four compounds identified as 3’, 4’, 6 - trimethoxy, 5 – hydroxyl 7-prenyl 3-O- (feruloyl (1→2) - rhamnpyranosyl) flavone[1], 3-O β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3”) β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3”’) α-L–xylopyrenoside [2], Lepidolide [3], E feruloyl 3-O- Coumaroyl α-L Rhamnopyranoside [4]. In addition, two oil fractions, the major identified components of oil are Elemene, Lanceol , Nerolidol , Methyl palmitate and Abietatriene. Cytotoxic activity of methanol extract of both leaves and flowers of Bougainvillea alba, isolated compounds and oil fractions were determined using the SRB Assay on human tumor cell line (Hepatocyte generation 2, HepG2). The isolated compounds showed cytotoxic activity at LC50 15.2, 17.2, 15.6 and 2.82 μg/ml for compound 1,2, 3 and 4 respectively, while the two oil fraction showed activity at 2.67 μg/ml.

The new promising durum wheat cultivar Bani Suef 6 was newly released from Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt. Bani Suef6 has been selected from CIMMYT materials grown at Sids Agricultural Research Station. Yield evaluation was performed through 31 experiments conducted at different levels of preliminary and advanced yield trials during the three successive growing seasons from 2004/2005 to 2006/2007. The results revealed that the new durum wheat cultivar Bani Suef6 has high yielding ability compared with commercial durum wheat cultivars. Moreover, stability analysis for grain yield showed that Bani Suef 6 has better stability parameters in the three main regions for durum wheat cultivated in Egypt, i.e., Middle Egypt, Upper Egypt and Out Valley. Also, the results of rust diseases reactions cleared that Bani Suef 6 has high resistance to leaf and stem rust diseases. Studies on yield components of Bani Suef 6 revealed that the new cultivar had significantly surpassed the check durum cultivars in number of spikes/m2, number of kernels/spike and higher 1000-kernel weight confirming the contribution of yield components in improving grain yield of the new durum cultivar Bani Suef 6. Studies on number of days to heading revealed that Bani Suef 6 recorded 98.7 days to heading which was earlier than some durum cultivars and almost equal to the average of all cultivars (99.1 days). Similarity, Bani Suef 6 was the earliest in physiological maturity (147.7 days) while other durum checks ranged from 149.0 to 150.8 with an average of 149.7 days. Bani Suef 6 recorded the lowest plant height (101.0 cm vs. 106.0 cm for the average of other cultivars). Physical and chemical analyses of durum wheat grains showed that the new cultivar Bani Suef 6 had a higher score over the average of the other four durum cultivars in hectoliter (83.1 vs. 82), Semolina (77.0 vs. 76.6%), protein (12.9 vs. 12.3%), wet gluten (29.6 vs. 28.4%) and dry gluten (10.8 vs. 10.0%).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of formulation composition and continuous ultrasound at 1.5 W/Cm² intensity on the permeation of ibuprofen across polymeric and biological barriers. In vitro studies were performed using cellulose membrane and rabbit skin, whereas in vivo studies were performed on rabbits. Overall, higher transport data were obtained with the cellulose membrane. Nonetheless, with both barriers, transport was higher with the gel formulation than oleaginous or emulsion based preparations, which was also dependent on the viscosity of the gel and the concentration of the formulation additives. Transport increased with the increase in alcohol concentration and decreased with the addition of propylene glycol. Ultrasound had a significant effect on ibuprofen transport. For example, an 11-fold increase in drug permeation across cellulose membrane was observed after the application of ultrasound. Similar effect was observed in animal studies. Ibuprofen plasma concentration increased with the concentration of the drug in the gel, which significantly increased after the application of ultrasound. It was concluded that aqueous gel formulations act as ideal coupling agents for topical application of drugs. Nonetheless, in addition to ultrasound, the composition of the gel is expected to have a significant effect on the transdermal delivery of drugs.

The new bread wheat cultivar Sids 13 has been developed by Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt and selected from one of the advanced lines among ICARDA collections grown in wheat breeding program at Sids Agricultural Research Station. The grain yield of the new cultivar Sids 13 was evaluated through 66 experiments at two different levels of yield trials (11 preliminary and 55 advanced yield trials) in the three successive seasons 2004/2005, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, respectively. The obtained results proved the superiority of the new cultivar Sids 13 as compared to the local commercial cultivars, Giza 168, Sakha 93 and Gemmiza 9 in the main five regions of Egypt, i.e. North Delta, South Delta, Middle Egypt, Upper Egypt and Out Valley. Moreover, stability parameters for grain yield cleared that the newly bread wheat cultivar Sids 13 has better stability parameters in both South Delta and Upper Egypt regions and could be recommended for planting in those regions. Also, the results of rust diseases reactions proved that Sids 13 has high resistance to all tested pathotypes of the three rust diseases under local conditions.

Purpose: The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of low vision aids in improving visual performance and response in children with low vision. Study Design: Prospective clinical case series. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 patients that met the international criteria for a diagnosis of low vision. Their ages ranged from 5 to 15 years. Assessment of low vision included distance and near visual acuity assessment, color vision and contrast sensitivity function. Low vision aids were prescribed based on initial evaluation and the patient's visual needs. Patients were followed up for 1 year using the tests done at the initial examination and a visual function assessment questionnaire. Results: The duration of visual impairment ranged from 1 to 10 years, with mean duration ± SD being 4.6± 2.3299. The near visual acuities ranged from A10 to A20, with mean near acuity ± SD being A13.632 ± 3.17171. Far visual acuities ranged from 6/60 (0.06) to 6/24 (0.25), with mean far visual acuity ± SD being 0.122 ± 0.1191. All patients had impaired contrast sensitivity function as tested using the vision contrast testing system (VCTS) chart for all spatial frequencies. Distance and near vision aids were prescribed according to the visual acuity and the visual needs of every patient. All patients in the age group 5-7 years could be integrated in mainstream schools. The remaining patients that were already integrated in schools demonstrated greater independency regarding reading books and copying from blackboards. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that low vision aids could play an effective role in minimizing the impact of low vision and improving the visual performance of children with low vision, leading to maximizing their social and educational integration.

Objectives To evaluate the possible role of tamoxifen (selective estrogen receptor modulators, SERM) in treating bleeding irregularities associated with Norplant contraceptive use. Material and Methods Randomized clinical trial including 100 Norplant users complaining of vaginal bleeding irregularities. The trial was conducted in the Family Planning Clinic of Assiut University Hospital. Women were assigned at random to receive tamoxifen tablets (10 mg) twice daily for 10 days or similar placebo. Women were followed-up for 3 months. The end points were percentage of women who stopped bleeding during treatment, bleeding/spotting days during the period of follow-up, effect of treatment on their lifestyle, and side effects and discontinuation of contraception. Results There was good compliance with treatment. At the end of treatment, a significantly higher percentage of tamoxifen users stopped bleeding in comparison to the control group (88% vs. 68%, respectively; p=.016). Women who used tamoxifen had significantly less bleeding and/or spotting days than women who used placebo, during the first and second months. During the third month, there were no significant differences between the two groups. Women who used tamoxifen reported improvement in performing household activities, religious duties and in sexual life, during the first 2 months. In the third month, there were no differences between the two groups. There were no significant differences between tamoxifen and placebo groups in reporting side effects. In the group who used tamoxifen, two women discontinued Norplant use because of bleeding vs. nine women in the placebo group. Conclusion Tamoxifen use at a dose of 10 mg twice daily orally, for 10 days, has a beneficial effect on vaginal bleeding associated with Norplant use. In addition, the bleeding pattern was better in women who used tamoxifen for the following 2 months after treatment. However, these results have to be confirmed in a larger trial before advocating this line of treatment.

Ischemia and reperfusion may be important in the pathogenesis of pressure ulcers. On the basis of this hypothesis, the effects of intermittent pressure and the anti-free radical agents allopurinol and deferoxamine were studied in a pig model in which a pressure of 150 mmHg was applied intermittently to the scapulae. Cutaneous blood flow, transcutaneous oxygen tension, skin and muscle damage, and muscle levels of adenosine triphosphate were quantified. A control group of pigs (n = 6) was untreated, the allopurinol group (n = 6) received oral allopurinol beginning 2 days before the experiment, and the deferoxamine group (n = 6) received an intramuscular injection of deferoxamine 2 hours before the experiment. Pressure (150 mmHg) was applied to the scapulae for 210 minutes, and it was relieved for 30 minutes. This 4-hour cycle was repeated continuously for 48 hours, and it resulted in pressure injuries in all animals. Allopurinol and deferoxamine improved cutaneous blood flow and tissue oxygenation, but only deferoxamine could significantly reduce cutaneous and skeletal muscle necrosis (p < 0.001). This study suggests a future role for anti-free radical agents in the reduction of pressure-induced injury.

Background. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) during pregnancy represents a major public health problem in developing countries. Anemia is a common consequence of VAD. We aimed to measure serum retinol concentrations of a sample of poor Egyptian mothers and correlate it with their Hb% and cord Hb%. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 200 healthy mothers and their healthy full term newborns. Maternal and cord blood samples were collected for CBC and measurement of serum retinol concentrations. Results. Forty-seven mothers (23.5%) had VAD and 50% were anemic. Mothers with VAD had a significantly lower mean Hb% and a significantly higher frequency of anemia (95.7%) compared to mothers without VAD (35.9%). The relative risk for anemia among mothers with VAD was 2.7 (CI = 2.12–3.3). Newborns of mothers with VAD had a significantly lower mean cord Hb% compared to newborns of mothers without VAD. Maternal serum retinol concentrations were positively correlated with maternal Hb% and cord Hb%. Conclusion. Maternal VAD during pregnancy among poor mothers is associated with maternal anemia and lower Hb% of newborns at birth. Vitamin A supplementation is highly recommended for this vulnerable group.

Different ratios of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and each of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and B-cyclodextrin (B-CD) solid dispersions were prepared by melting and solvent method respectively. The solid dispersions were subjected to X-ray diffraction, I.R. spectroscopy, DSC and Dissolution from constant surface tablets. The drug was in the amorphous form when the ratios of the drug/PEG were less than 1:3. It formed hydrogen bond with both polymers. The dissolution of the drug from drug/PEG and drug/B-CD solid dispersions increased with the increase in the weight fraction of the polymers, reaching a maximum and then decreased with further increase of the latters.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intensity, mode, and duration of ultrasound application on the transport of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) across cellulose membrane and rabbit-skin. Ibuprofen, piroxicam and diclofenac sodium were used as the model drugs. Studies were performed in vitro using a modified Franz diffusion assembly adapted to a therapeutic ultrasound transducer. Ultrasound had a significant and positive effect on the transport of the model NSAIDs across cellulose and rabbit skin membranes. Increasing ultrasound intensity from 0.5 to 3.0 W/cm2 led to a proportional increase in drug transport. Continuous ultrasound mode was more effective in enhancing drug transport than the pulsed mode. Diclofenac sodium had the least flux and permeability coefficient. This was attributed to its comparatively lower pKa value that renders the drug more ionizable in the buffer solution, consequently reducing its selective penetration through the membranes. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of ultrasound in transdermal delivery of NSAIDs and the synergistic effect of temperature and ultrasound operational parameters on drug transport.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2 new semen quality (SQ) scores could predict pregnancy in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI) for male-factor infertility and whether an overall score could help in counseling these couples with assisted reproductive technique (ART) options. Ninety-three couples with male-factor infertility were examined for semen analysis. Samples were prepared by density gradient separation (47% and 90%), and IUI was performed. On the basis of the 2 semen scores (SQ and relative quality [RQ]), the IUI-semen pregnancy score (IUI-SPS) was calculated. Of the 192 IUI cycles, 14% (27 of 192) resulted in pregnancy. Both prewash SQ and RQ scores were significantly related to pregnancy (P =.02 and P

Chemical analysis of methanol extract of flowers and leaves of Bougainvillea alba led to isolation of four compounds identified as 3’, 4’, 6 - trimethoxy, 5 – hydroxyl 7-prenyl 3-O- (feruloyl (1→2) - rhamnpyranosyl) flavone[1], 3-O β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3”) β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3”’) α-L–xylopyrenoside [2], Lepidolide [3], E feruloyl 3-O- Coumaroyl α-L Rhamnopyranoside [4]. In addition, two oil fractions, the major identified components of oil are Elemene, Lanceol , Nerolidol , Methyl palmitate and Abietatriene. Cytotoxic activity of methanol extract of both leaves and flowers of Bougainvillea alba, isolated compounds and oil fractions were determined using the SRB Assay on human tumor cell line (Hepatocyte generation 2, HepG2). The isolated compounds showed cytotoxic activity at LC50 15.2, 17.2, 15.6 and 2.82 μg/ml for compound 1,2, 3 and 4 respectively, while the two oil fraction showed activity at 2.67 μg/ml.

This descriptive prospective study explored the use of rectal misoprostol in the treatment of severe cases of atonic postpartum hemorrhage not responding to oxytocin or methergine. A total of 18 cases of atonic postpartum hemorrhage at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Assiut University Hospital Assiut Egypt were studied between May and December 1999. It is noted that only 5 women were delivered by cesarean section while 13 were delivered vaginally. Among the 18 cases of severe atonic postpartum hemorrhage not responding to oxytocin methylergometrine and enzaprost 16 cases responded promptly to misoprostol (88.2%). The response to misoprostol appeared within 30 seconds to 3 minutes (mean = 1.4 minutes). This finding indicates that rectal misoprostol is an effective line of treatment in cases of atonic hemorrhage refractory to other drugs. Further study on the pharmacokinetics of rectal misoprostol and a properly designed randomized trial are recommended.

A longitudinal study of twenty-six breast-feeding and twelve non-breast-feeding postpartum women was conducted in Assiut, Egypt in order to determine the time that ovulation resumed after childbirth, and the effect of breast-feeding frequency on the period of lactational anovulation. Breast-feeding women experienced the onset of follicular development, vaginal bleeding, ovulation and pregnancy significantly later than women who did not breast-feed. Ovulatory and non-ovulatory breast-feeders reported similar frequencies of breast-feeding episodes. The introduction of dietary supplements commonly preceded ovulation. An algorithm using three simple variables observable to the breast-feeding mother was found to predict up to 100% of the first ovulations. All breast-feeding women who did not give supplements and did not have a vaginal bleeding episode by 6 months postpartum were anovular by strict criteria for ovulation. Ovulation did not precede bleeding or supplementation in the women who experienced these events before 6 months, yielding a highly effective formula for preventing unplanned pregnancy by the informed use of breast-feeding.A longitudinal study of 26 breastfeeding and 12 non-breastfeeding postpartum women was conducted in Assiut, Egypt in order to determine the time that ovulation resumed after childbirth, and the effect of breastfeeding frequency on the period of lactational anovulation. The breastfeeding group consisted of women ages 18-40 who had successfully breastfed at least 1 child. Breastfeeding women experienced the onset of follicular development, vaginal bleeding, ovulation and pregnancy significantly later than women who did not breastfeed. Ovulatory and non-ovulatory breastfeeders report similar frequencies of breastfeeding episodes (9-10 times in 24 hours). The introduction of dietary supplements commonly preceded ovulation. An algorithm using 3 simple variables observable to the breastfeeding mother was found to predict up to 100% of the 1st ovulations. All breastfeeding women who did not give supplements and did not have a vaginal bleeding episode by 6 months postpartum were anovular by strict criteria for ovulation. Ovulation did not precede bleeding or supplementation in the women who experienced these events before 6 months, yielding a highly effective formula for preventing unplanned pregnancy by the informed use of breastfeeding.

Compactrol as a newly introduced direct compressible vehicle was used for the preparation of Diazepam and phenobarbitone sodium tablets. Spray dried lactose and wet granulation technique were also employed to prepare these tablets for comparison. The effect of storage at 75% RH, at two temperature levels (25° and 45°) on the physical properties of these tablets was studied for 6 weeks. It was found that, there were an increase in tablet weight, thickness and friability per cent, while a significant decrease in hardness was observed. Tablets prepared with compactrol showed no significant changes in both disintegration and dissolution times, while tablets prepared with spray dried lactose showed a marked decrease in disintegration and dissolution times. On the other hand, tablets prepared by wet granulation showed a pronounced in crease in both disintegration and dissolution times.

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride tablets were prepared at different packing fractions using the newly introduced direct compressible vehicle "compactrol". Tablets were also prepared with avicel and wet granulation technique for comparison. The physical standards and dissolution rate of the produced tablets were investigated. Also the In-Vivo study for tablets having the highest mechanical strength was carried out. The results revealed that increasing the packing fraction was followed by an increase in tablet hardness and a decrease in friability percent. Also the disintegration time for tablets prepared by wet granulation technique was increased. However, the dissolution rate of all the produced tablets was slightly affected by the increase in the packing fraction. Compactrol produced the hardest tablets (6 Kg), of the shortest disintegration time (0.17 min.). As regards the bioavailability, avicel produced tablets with the highest bioavailability. On the other hand, the bioavailability of tablets prepared with compactrol and wet granulation was similar. Thus, phenazopyridine tablets can be prepared by direct compression technique to ensure highest mechanical strength and highest bioavailability.

Some new amides of substituted oxamic acid which embody different moieties of the anti-inflammatory drugs were prepared through two routes of synthesis. The physico-chemical properties as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds were determined. Preliminary pharmacological testing revealed the superiority of most of the screened compounds as anti-inflammatory agents with relatively low toxicity as compared with acetylsalicylic acid. Correlation between structure and biological activity was suggested.