Search

This study aims to determine the development of Maharoh-based Arabic language curriculum (competence) in Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools. The rapid development of today's times makes people want that even though a student is in a pesantren, his Arabic language skills must also develop, namely being able to speak Arabic passively and actively. Based on this, the reform of the Arabic learning system and curriculum in Islamic boarding schools is an urgent need, so that Islamic boarding schools can keep pace with the rapid development of science, technology, and information. This research uses a qualitative approach in the form of a case study. With a qualitative approach in the form of a case study, the important findings in this study are the results of curriculum development in curriculum components consisting of; The components of the objectives and development are contained in the objectives of learning Arabic which include the abilities that must be possessed by students in Arabic language skills, namely maharoh (competence) istima, maharoh (competence) kalam, maharoh (competence) qiroah and maharoh (competence) kitabah. The development of content/material components is found in materials related to daily activities. At the same time, the development of process components is found in the use of various strategies and methods by adapting to the material being studied. Developing an evaluation component involves conducting varied evaluations and adjusting the character of the material being taught.

This work examines the behavior of Bingham fluids in porous media under magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) conditions, addressing a significant issue in fluid dynamics and heat transport. The authors study mixed convection in a porous square chamber with twisted cylinders using COMSOL Multiphysics and finite element techniques. Compared to other research, this one offers a more complicated and realistic model since it integrates Bingham fluid flow and MHD effects in a porous chamber with wavy cylinders. Plotting of streamlines, isotherms, and Nusselt numbers is done for several parameters: Numbers Reynolds (1, 5, 10, 50), Hartmann (0, 25, 50, 100), Bingham (0, 1, 5, 10), Darcy (10−4, 10−3, 10−2, 10−1), and Grashof (102,103,104,105) are among those assigned numbers. According to findings, larger Bn values promote thermal stratification and decrease flow mobility, which results in dominating conductive heat transmission. The nusselt number falls with Ha and Bn but rises with Re, Da, and Gr. The study aims to provide useful insights into several industrial disciplines, such as nuclear power plant architecture and petroleum engineering, by enhancing heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluids under magnetic fields. It also boosts the efficiency of chemical reactors and filters. Based on our findings, for lower Re = 1, the lowest value of Numean is 2.602, while at Re = 50, its values rise to 6.425.

Low Earth orbit satellites face challenges from Earth's magnetic field, causing attitude disturbances. Attaining a magnetic-dipole-free satellite is crucial. Layout optimization and in-orbit dipole compensation are common methods, but layout optimization can be impractical. In contrast, in-orbit dipole compensation struggles with rapidly changing magnetic dipoles like those from reaction wheel motors. This research proposes an alternative solution using Mu-metal, known for shielding against magnetic exposure. This shield can be applied to trap the magnetic field generated by the motors. Ground tests evaluated this approach. First, it determined the minimum distance between the magnetometer and the shield for accurate measurements with minimal interference, with the result of 10 cm as the least affected distance, particularly important for small satellite layout design. Second, it assessed the shield's effectiveness in trapping the motor-generated magnetic field. Tests showed a significant reduction in magnetic field magnitude and up to a 95% reduction in field fluctuations when the motor is activated. This research offers a practical solution for small satellite layout design, addressing the challenges posed by their compact dimensions. Mu-metal shielding proves effective for mitigating rapidly changing magnetic dipoles and enhancing magnetic cleanliness in low Earth orbit.

The demands for an educator and educational staff are the demands of professional service users to provide educational services to students at educational institutions. The need for teaching staff and educational staff in providing educational services must meet certain requirements to ensure that the services needed are in line with the desired expectations. This requirement is very important because education providers demand professional expertise that not everyone can meet these requirements. This research uses qualitative analysis, data collection uses interviews and observation. Data sources consist of primary data sources obtained directly and secondary data sources. The results of the research show that: planning and analysis of the needs of Educators and Education Personnel includes: Recruitment, selection, placement, division of work tasks, workload, development, welfare, discipline and assessment, as well as dismissal of Educators and Education Personnel.

The mean ionization potential (I-value) is a primary determinant of the position of the heavy ion Bragg peak. To minimize their impact on beam range errors and quantify their uncertainties, the currently used I-values in Geant4 material database are revisited. The study aims at comparing set of I-values in different Geant4 versions and cross validation with PHITS Monte Carlo (MC) code. The Bragg curves of mono-energetic 290 MeV/u carbon ion beams in a Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) phantom were simulated using Geant4 versions 10.6.2 and 11.2.1. Similar beam energies were replicated using the PHITS code. The Bragg curves showed good agreement between the two versions of Geant4 MC code for an I-value of 74 eV, corresponding to G4_PLEXIGLASS in the material database. When the I-value was lowered to 65 eV and 48 eV, the Bragg curves from Geant4 version 11.2.1 shifted to shallower depths. This research provides insights for evaluating the Geant4 physics model.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining immense popularity in executing automation activities via wireless connectivity in the modern era. The IoT networks are designed using mostly low-power IoT (LP-IoT) devices that are battery-operated and have limited computational power. The wireless communication amongst these LP-IoT devices is affected due to the undesirable factors affecting the wireless channel, such as physical obstructions, the distance between devices, wireless network interference, and power limitations of IoT devices. These factors result in attenuation, distortion and phase-shift of the signals arriving at the receiver device. To encounter the effects of the factors affecting the wireless channel in LP-IoT communication, we estimate the wireless channel at the transmitter device before transmission. An effective channel estimation guarantees reliable transmission, improves the throughput rate, and extends the life of the entire IoT network. This study presents two models relevant to LP-IoT communication in IoT networks. The first model is the LP-IoT communication model, which provides a theoretical representation of the wireless channel for the LP-IoT network. The second model is the channel estimation model, where we apply the Least Squares (LSE) and Maximum Likelihood (MLE) techniques to estimate the LP-IoT wireless channel. We analyse the squared error obtained through the LSE and minimise it to reach a Target Error Threshold (TET), where the estimation results are considered accurate. We developed a novel outlier removal method (OUT-R) to eliminate outliers in LP-IoT wireless channel data to achieve this. After outlier removal, we implement the Kalman Filter (KF) method to further improve the channel estimation accuracy. The observation data needed for this investigation has been obtained from real-time measurements in a controlled Line of Sight (LoS) indoor setting using LP-IoT devices. The findings of this study indicate that the suggested method may meet the specified error threshold TET, yielding accurate channel estimation for LP-IoT communication in IoT networks.

Ransomware attacks are on the rise in terms of both frequency and impact. The shift to remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led more people to work online, prompting companies to adapt quickly. Unfortunately, this increased online activity has provided cybercriminals numerous opportunities to carry out devastating attacks. One recent method employed by malicious actors involves infecting corporate networks with ransomware to extract millions of dollars in profits. Ransomware falls into the category of malware. It works by encrypting sensitive data and demanding payments from victims to receive the encryption keys necessary for decrypting their data. The prevalence of this type of attack has prompted governments and organisations worldwide to intensify their efforts to combat ransomware. In response, the research community has also focused on ransomware detection, leveraging technologies such as machine learning. Despite this increased attention, practical solutions for real-world applications remain scarce in the existing literature. Numerous surveys have explored literature within the domain. Still, there is a notable lack of emphasis on the design of ransomware detection systems and the practical aspects of detection, including real-time and early detection. Against this backdrop, our review delves into the existing literature on ransomware detection, specifically examining the machine-learning techniques, detection approaches, and designs employed. Finally, we highlight the limitations of prior studies and propose future research directions in this crucial area.

This study examined the bending and ductility capacities of reinforced concrete beams produced with the post-tensioning technique used to cross wide spans in structures. For this purpose, six beam specimens were produced. Two of these specimens (NB/1-2) were made of normal reinforced concrete and the other four were created by applying the post-tensioning technique. The steel post-tensioning tendons of two of these specimens (POSTTENST/1-2) were placed straight along the beam, and the other beam specimens (POSTTENP/1-2) were placed parabolically. Four-point bending tests were carried out on beam specimens. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that beams strengthened with straight and parabolic steel tendons could carry approximately 62% more load and behave approximately 65% more ductile than unstrengthened beams. In the study, finite element models of the beam specimens were created and analyzed using the Abaqus program. In the parametric analysis, it was determined that as the ratio of the beam specimen free span to the beam section height decreases, the shear stresses occurring in the beam section having parabolic tendons are lower than those of beams with straight tendons. This finding provides guidance to structural engineers in the preliminary design of structural systems.

Rapid growth in the number of small sensor devices known as the Internet of Things (IoT) has seen the development of lightweight encryption algorithms. Two well-known lightweight algorithms are SIMON and SIMECK which have been specifically designed for use on resource-constrained IoT devices. These lightweight encryption algorithms are based on the efficient Feistel block structure which is known to exhibit vulnerabilities to differential cryptanalysis. Consequently, it is necessary to test these algorithms for resilience against such attacks. While existing state-of-the-art research has demonstrated novel heuristic methods of differential cryptanalysis that improve time efficiency on previous techniques, the large state sizes of these encryption algorithms inhibit cryptanalysis time efficiency. In this paper, we introduce Versatile Investigative Sampling Technique for Advanced Cryptanalysis (VISTA-CRYPT) - a time-efficient enhancement of differential cryptanalysis of lightweight encryption algorithms. The proposed technique introduces a simple framework of quota sampling that produces state-of-the-art results with time reductions of up to 76% over existing techniques. Further, we present a preliminary graph-based analysis of the output differentials for the identification of relationships within the data and future research opportunities to further enhance the performance of differential cryptanalysis. The code designed for this work and associated datasets is available at https://github.com/johncook1979/simon-cryptanalysis.

The objective of this research is to develop a learning model in the Project of Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening (PPSPS). This model is a Treffinger model based on hybrid learning for elementary school students. The development of a Treffinger model based on hybrid learning in this research used a development model adapted from Plomp (1997). The development model by Plomp has five main stages, including (1) preliminary investigation, (2) design, (3) realization/construction, (4) test, evaluation, and revision, and (5) implementation. The subjects of this research were the students in class 4A and 4B of Muhammadiyah Elementary School (MES) 1 Babat. The instruments used were student learning outcomes and student responses to the learning process. The validation instruments in this research were the validation tests of the lesson plans/teaching modules, students worksheets, student books, model books, and assessment instruments. Based on the results of preliminary study, a hybrid-learning-based Treffinger model was designed. The model design in this study included (1) model book design, (2) design of learning components (student books, teaching modules, worksheets), and (3) instrument design to obtain data in the model development process. The development of the Treffinger model based on hybrid learning was tested for the validity, resulting in a percentage of 92%, whereas the effectiveness was tested based on teacher observations resulting in a percentage of 93%. The learning outcomes had a percentage of 83%, and the practicality test based on student responses resulted in a percentage of 97%. Based on these research results, the development of the Treffinger Model based on hybrid learning is considered suitable for use.

This article explores the participation of individuals with special needs/disabilities in the 2019 legislative elections in Medan City. Despite numerous regulations governing the rights and participation of disabled voters in elections, their political rights, particularly the right to vote, are often overlooked in practice. This is evident in their low participation rates in elections, especially in Medan City. The research aims to assess the level of participation and political behavior of disabled individuals in elections and evaluate the efforts of the Medan City Election Commission (KPU) in enhancing their participation. The research method employed is qualitative descriptive, using interviews and in-depth analysis as data collection techniques. The findings indicate inaccurate data regarding disabled individuals in Medan City and low participation rates due to the lack of professionalism among polling station officers in data collection and services. This study recommends recruiting polling station officers based on qualifications and relevant experience to provide maximum and professional services in their duties. The data updating process should also be improved through collaboration between election organizers, the Department of Social Affairs, and the Department of Population and Civil Registration to collect data on disabled individuals in Medan City more effectively. Furthermore, election organizers should engage in outreach efforts,

One of the challenges in deep learning involves discovering the optimal architecture for a specific task. This is effectively tackled through Neural Architecture Search (NAS). Neural Architecture Search encompasses three prominent approaches—reinforcement learning, evolutionary algorithms, and gradient descent—that have demonstrated noteworthy potential in identifying good candidate architectures. However, approaches based on reinforcement learning and evolutionary algorithms often necessitate extensive computational resources, requiring hundreds of GPU days or more. Therefore, we confine this work to a gradient-based approach due to its lower computational resource demands. Our objective encompasses identifying the optimal gradient-based NAS method and pinpointing opportunities for future enhancements. To achieve this, a comprehensive evaluation of the use of four major Gradient descent-based architecture search methods for discovering the best neural architecture for image classification tasks is provided. An overview of these gradient-based methods, i.e., DARTS, PDARTS, Fair DARTS and Att-DARTS, is presented. A theoretical comparison, based on search spaces, continuous relaxation strategy and bi-level optimization, for deriving the best neural architecture is then provided. The strong and weak features of these methods are also listed. Experimental results for comparing the error rate and computational cost of these gradient-based methods are analyzed. These experiments involved using bench marking datasets CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet. The results show that PDARTS is better and faster among the examined methods, making it a potent candidate for automating Neural Architecture Search. By effectively conducting a comparative analysis, our research provides valuable insights and future research directions to address the criticism and gaps in the literature.

Introduction: Diverticulitis is a disease caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, lack of dietary fiber intake and a high-fat diet as well as a lack of physical activity are the main triggers for this disease. In diverticulitis sufferers, anxiety problems often arise due to concerns about their health condition in the future and what their health status will be if surgery is performed. Objective: This study aims to determine the description of nursing care and analyze the application of progressive muscle relaxation therapy in diverticulitis patients with anxiety problems. Methods: This research uses a case study method by providing nursing care through a nursing process approach. The research was conducted at Darmo Hospital Surabaya on 23-25 September 2022 by applying progressive muscle relaxation therapy to 1 respondent for 3 days with an intensity of 2x/day with a duration of 15-20 minutes, evaluating the patient using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety instrument (HARS). Results: The results of this case study show a decrease in the level of anxiety felt by the patient after being given progressive muscle relaxation therapy. The level of anxiety decreased from moderate anxiety (score 22) to mild anxiety (score 14), the patient appeared calm and relaxed, and the patient's pulse decreased. This research concludes that the application of progressive muscle relaxation therapy can be an alternative to reduce anxiety in diverticulitis patients. Conclusions: However, the findings should be interpreted with cautiously due to the study's reliance on a single case and the short intervention period. Future research should explore the long-term effects of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on a larger and more diverse patient population.

Traditional retailers must immediately embrace and adapt technology to survive in the competitive retail industry as retail technology rapidly changes consumers’ buying habits and expectations. This study may be the first to apply the Technology-to-Performance Chain (TPC) to traditional retailers' technological adaptation in an emerging market. A developing country's traditional retailers were studied qualitatively. Most of traditional retail's ongoing technologies are the result of adaptation by combining existing technologies to local conditions or technology adoption improvements. Technology adaptation includes using PoS system software with a printer and barcode scanner to substitute modern retail cash registers, a combination of mobile apps and PoS system software to mimic mPoS, and adapted EDC for digital product transactions. This technology adaptation is meant to manage business processes and manage the business growth of traditional retail that has limited resources and unique additional services. Therefore, available technology should be adapted to ensure low complexity, compatibility, and reliance on technologies that are familiar to people in developing countries. Furthermore, the task-technology fit (TTF) component requires the support of traditional retailers’ awareness, effective partnerships with technology providers, and perceived technical competence to increase the utilization of adapted technology and achieve the expected performance which includes inventory data clarity, increased retail revenue, and time savings.

Bacterial leaf blight, one of the most destructive diseases of rice, is prevalent in the major rice-growing regions of the world. Bacterial leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and greatly affects the quantity and quality of the rice crop. We sequenced the whole genome of Xoo isolated from a Basmati rice-growing region of Pakistan using long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. About 637 MB of data was retrieved, corresponding to 133× genome sequencing coverage. The final assembly yields a circular chromosome of 4,930,682 bp. The complete genome of the Xoo isolate from Pakistan will enhance sequence resources for global comparison of Xoo diversity across the region. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Plant growth and development are tightly regulated by cell division, elongation, and differentiation. A visible plant phenotype at the tissue or organ level is coordinated at the cellular level. Among these cellular regulations (cell division, elongation and differentiation), cell division in plants follows the same universal mechanisms across kingdoms of life, and involves conserved cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase and cell cycle inhibitors). Cell division is regulated through distinct cell cycle steps (G1, S, G2 and M), and these individual steps are visualised using transgenic marker lines. As a result, a quantitative cell cycle approach in plants during development and stress conditions relies on the accuracy of cell cycle markers. In this perspective article, we highlight the available cell cycle marker lines in plants, common practices within plant biology communities based on existing literature and provide a road map to a thorough quantitative approach of cell cycle regulation in plants.

We experimentally navigate the Hilbert space of two logical phi-bits supported by an externally driven nonlinear array of coupled acoustic waveguides by parametrically changing the relative phase of the drivers. We observe sharp phase jumps of approximately 180° in the individual phi-bit states as a result of the phase tuning of the drivers. The occurrence of these sharp phase jumps varies from phi-bit to phi-bit. All phi-bit phases also possess a common background dependency on the drivers’ phase. Within the context of multiple time scale perturbation theory, we develop a simple model of the nonlinear array of externally driven coupled acoustic waveguides to shed light on the possible mechanisms for the experimentally observed behavior of the logical phi-bit phase. Finally, we illustrate the ability to experimentally initialize the state of single- and multiple- phi-bit systems by exploiting the drivers’ phase as a tuning parameter. We also show that the nonlinear correlation between phi-bits enables parallelism in the manipulation of two- and multi-phi-bit superpositions of states.

The growth in the use of small sensor devices, commonly known as the Internet of Things (IoT), has resulted in unprecedented amounts of data being generated and captured. With the rapidly growing popularity of personal IoT devices, the collection of personal data through such devices has also increased exponentially. To accommodate the anticipated growth in connected devices, researchers are now investigating futuristic network technologies that are capable of processing large volumes of information at much faster speeds. However, the introduction of innovative network technologies coupled with existing vulnerabilities of personal IoT devices and insufficient device security standards is resulting in new challenges for the security of data collected on these devices. While existing research has focused on the technical aspects of security vulnerabilities and solutions in either network or IoT technologies separately, this paper thoroughly investigates common aspects impacting IoT security on existing and futuristic networks, including human-centric issues and the mechanisms that can lead to loss of confidentiality. By undertaking a comprehensive literature review of existing research, this article has identified five key areas that impact IoT security for futuristic next generation networks. Furthermore, by extensively analysing each area, the article reports on conclusive findings and future research opportunities for IoT privacy and security for the next generation of network technologies.

Many historical buildings are covered with vaults or domes. This study investigates the effectiveness of the buttress form on the lateral (out-of-plane) resistance of masonry walls subjected to the inclined vault thrust. For this purpose, a basic calculation model was created from an existing historical masonry building. Calculation models were obtained by adding buttresses which have various forms but equal volumes to this model. In addition to the most commonly rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular buttresses, two-stepped, concave curvilinear, and semi-cylindrical buttresses were also considered. Nonlinear static analyses were performed on the models with Abaqus software. By considering one side (half) of the calculation models, inclined thrust force versus wall top section lateral displacement graphs were obtained, and the effectiveness of the buttress form on the lateral resistance of the building was determined. It has been observed that the structure has the highest out-of-plane resistance (5700 kN and 5431 kN) when supported by triangular and curvilinear concave buttresses, respectively, and the lowest resistance (1549 kN) when supported by semi-cylindrical buttresses. In the study, the effects of three parameters, depth, thickness and height of the buttress, on the lateral resistance of the building were also investigated by considering only the rectangular buttressed model. These parameters were found to have significant effects on the resistance as expected.

Abstract One of the quantum theory concepts on which quantum information processing stands is superposition. Here we provide experimental evidence for the existence of classical analogues to the coherent superposition of energy states, which is made possible by the Hertz-type nonlinearity of the granules together with the external driving field. The granules’ nonlinear vibrations are projected into the linear modes of vibration, which depend on one another through the phase and form a coherent superposition. We show that the amplitudes of the coherent states form the components of a state vector that spans a two-dimensional Hilbert space, and time enables the system to span its Hilbert space parametrically. Thus, the superposition of states can be exploited in two-state quantum-like computations without decoherence and wave function collapse. Finally, we demonstrate the experimental realization of applying a reversible Hadamard gate to a pure base state that brings the state into a superposition.

Abstract The Controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate is the key to unlock the power of quantum computing as it is a fundamental component of a universal set of gates. We demonstrate the operation of a two-bit C-NOT quantum-like gate using classical qubit acoustic analogues, called herein logical phi-bits. The logical phi-bits are supported by an externally driven nonlinear acoustic metamaterial composed of a parallel array of three elastically coupled waveguides. A logical phi-bit has a two-state degree of freedom associated with the two independent relative phases of the acoustic wave in the three waveguides. A simple physical manipulation involving the detuning of the frequency of one of the external drivers is shown to operate on the complex vectors in the Hilbert space of pairs of logical phi-bits. This operation achieves a systematic and predictable C-NOT gate with unambiguously measurable input and output. The possibility of scaling the approach to more phi-bits is promising.

The purpose of this study was to find out the Effect of Flipped Classroom toward Students’ Reading Ability in English Classroom. The sample of this study were the first grade students of Madrasah Aliyah or Islamic High School in Kaur Bengkulu, Indonesia. This study used a Quasi-Experimental design. The sample in this research was 52 students consisting of 26 students in the experimental class and 26 students in the control class taken by purposive sampling. The experimental class has given the treatment using the Flipped classroom strategy, while the control class used the conventional classroom strategy. Pre-test were given in two groups before giving the treatment. The results showed as follows: First, the average of pre-test score showed that the experimental class got 51.23 and the control class was 50,92. After being given treatment, a post-test is given. The post-test results show the average score of the experimental class was 71.85 and the control class was 62.85. The Second, the sample score of the independent T-test shows the significant value (2 tailed) is 0,000

Phase change materials (PCMs) are increasingly gaining prominence in thermal energy storage due to their impressive energy storage capacity per unit volume, especially in applications with low and medium temperatures. Nevertheless, PCMs have significant limitations regarding their ability to conduct and store heat, primarily due to their inadequate thermal conductivity. One potential solution for improving the thermal conductivity of PCMs involves the inclusion of nanoparticles into them. However, a recurring issue arises after several thermal cycles, as most nanoparticles have a tendency to clump together and settle at the container’s base due to their low interfacial strength and poor compatibility. To address this challenge, including surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) has emerged as a prevalent and economically viable approach, demonstrating a substantial impact on the dispersion of carbon nanoparticles within PCMs. The foremost objective is to investigate the improvement of thermal energy storage by utilizing graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), which are dispersed in A70 PCM at various weight percentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0), both with and without the use of surfactants. The findings indicate a remarkable enhancement in thermal conductivity when GNP with surfactants is added to the PCM, showing an impressive increase of 122.26% with a loading of 1.0 wt.% compared to conventional PCM. However, when 1.0 wt.% pure GNP was added, the thermal conductivity only increased by 48.83%. Additionally, the optical transmittance of the composite containing ASG-1.0 was significantly reduced by 84.95% compared to conventional PCM. Furthermore, this newly developed nanocomposite exhibits excellent stability, enduring 1000 thermal cycles and demonstrating superior thermal and chemical stability up to 257.51 °C. Due to its high thermal stability, the composite NePCM is an ideal candidate for preheating in industrial and photovoltaic thermal (PVT) applications, where it can effectively store thermal energy.

Clean water is a vital community need that needs special attention. The government needs to provide it adequately as a form of the mandate of the 1945 Constitution. Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM), as a representation of the government, becomes an institution that takes on a role in meeting the needs of clean water. The increasing demand for clean water with a rising population needs to be balanced with good service. This research uses a case study in PDAM Sumber Pocong Bangkalan. PDAM Sumber Pocong serves various community needs, including registration, checking water bills, to payment. The assessment of service quality at PDAM Sumber Pocong is expected to be an input to improve the company's performance in the context of service. Customer satisfaction is a measure of service quality performance. This study aims to measure service quality and customer satisfaction of PDAM Sumber Pocong Bangkalan clean water and determine the effect of service quality and customer satisfaction. Three indicators of service quality (reliability, assurance, and facilities) and four customer satisfaction indicators (product quality, price or cost, service, and emotion) proved to be appropriate and relevant measures. Meanwhile, from the path analysis test, the service quality variable has a significant effect on the customer satisfaction variable.

This research was conducted in Pasir Putih, Situbondo district, East Java with the aim of mapping coral reef ecosystems and analyzing the condition of coral diversity to support learning Geography in remote sensing courses. Coral reef maps were extracted from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery by applying a water column correction algorithm. Mapping of coral reef areas resulted in 3 categories, namely live coral with an area of 32,860 Ha, dead coral 31,690 Ha, and sand 42,670 Ha with a level of 72.2 percent which is included in the good category. Testing the accuracy of the extracted map using the confusion matrix method based on 90 field survey data. The accuracy of the resulting map met the accuracy standard specified in SNI No. 7716:2011 for Mapping of Habitats in Shallow Sea Waters. Furthermore, coral reefs were observed in 20 locations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The results showed that 13 of the 20 transect areas were found to be in poor condition with less than 25 percent live coral cover. The most common types of coral life forms found at the study site were Coral Massive, Acropora Branching, and Acropora Tabulate. Coral life forms that are very rarely encountered are Acropora Submassive and Coral Mushroom. This research is very relevant in remote sensing courses for learning Geography. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pasir Putih kabupaten Situbondo, Jawa Timur dengan tujuan untuk memetakan ekosistem terumbu karang dan menganalisis kondisi keanekaragaman karang guna mendukung pembelajaran Geografi pada matakuliah penginderaan jauh. Peta terumbu karang di ekstraksi dari Citra satelit Sentinel-2 dengan menerapkan algoritma koreksi kolom air. Pemetaan area terumbu karang menghasilkan 3 kategori yaitu karang hidup dengan luas 32.860 Ha, karang mati 31.690 Ha, dan pasir 42.670 Ha dengan tingkat sebesar 72,2 persen yang termasuk dalam kategori baik. Pengujian akurasi peta hasil ekstraksi ini menggunakan metode confusion matrix berdasarkan 90 data survei lapangan. Akurasi peta yang dihasilkan ini telah memenuhi standar ketelitian seperti yang disyaratkan dalam SNI No. 7716:2011 tentang Pemetaan Habitat Perairan Laut Dangkal. Selain itu, pengamatan juga dilakukan pada terumbu karang di 20 lokasi dengan menggunakan metode Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 13 dari 20 area transek ditemukan dalam kondisi rusak buruk dengan tutupan karang hidup kurang dari 25 persen. Bentuk pertumbuhan karang yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian dari yang terbanyak berturut turut adalah Coral Massive, Acropora Branching dan Acropora Tabulate. Bentuk pertumbuhan karang yang sangat jarang ditemui yaitu jenis Acropora Submassive dan Coral Mushroom. Penelitian ini sangat relevan dalam pembelajaran Geografi pada matakuliah penginderaan jauh.

There has been an enormous increase in information flow and communication data due to the rapid rise in the number of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as the rollout of the Sixth Generation (6G) network. The rising and inevitable off-loading requirements of IoE devices have resulted in an unprecedented increase in the reliance on edge and cloud paradigms. However, such a reliance on far-end technologies to access already scarce resources can often result in increased latency and unstable connection issues due to limited bandwidth. In this paper, we investigate the solution for such a stringent network design by presenting a conceptual cloud architecture based on key components such as resource allocation, scheduling and task off-loading for IoE devices. The IoE devices utilise a scheduler to access resources from nearby higher resourced IoE devices for their task computation, where the scheduler allocates incoming requests according to the availability of resources within a cluster of devices or to other devices in nearby clusters. Motivated by these design characteristics, we propose a design of a novel Main Task Off-loading Scheduling Algorithm (MTOSA) for efficient task allocation and dissemination. We present a theoretical analysis of five different scheduling policies namely Round Robin (RR), Strongest Channel (SC), Max Rate (MR), Proportional Fair (PF) and Priority Base (PB) scheduling to find an optimal technique for task off-loading in futuristic networks. Furthermore, we compare the performance of these five scheduling policies with the two existing scheduling policies from the literature. It is shown through various experiments that the proposed MTOSA algorithm performs better when compared with the existing schemes for different performance parameters.

Abstract The possibility of achieving and controlling scalable classically entangled, i.e., inseparable, multipartite states, would fundamentally challenge the advantages of quantum systems in harnessing the power of complexity in information science. Here, we investigate experimentally the extent of classical entanglement in a $$16$$ 16 acoustic qubit-analogue platform. The acoustic qubit-analogue, a.k.a., logical phi-bit, results from the spectral partitioning of the nonlinear acoustic field of externally driven coupled waveguides. Each logical phi-bit is a two-level subsystem characterized by two independently measurable phases. The phi-bits are co-located within the same physical space enabling distance independent interactions. We chose a vector state representation of the $$16$$ 16 -phi-bit system which lies in a $${2}^{16}$$ 2 16 -dimensional Hilbert space. The calculation of the entropy of entanglement demonstrates the possibility of achieving inseparability of the vector state and of navigating the corresponding Hilbert space. This work suggests a new direction in harnessing the complexity of classical inseparability in information science.

The research aimed to discover what strategies learners employed in using dictionaries and examine the EFL learners’ perspectives in using dictionaries to learn English. Dictionaries were considered meaningful by EFL learners as they were central devices that assisted learning second-language vocabulary. However, not many researchers have investigated the use of these three dictionary strategies in the English for Foreign Language (EFL) context, especially in Indonesia. The data were collected using dictionary strategy questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. One hundred forty-eight students from an Indonesian higher education institution completed a questionnaire survey voluntarily, and then they were selected as samples regarding purposive sampling that typically represented the population. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first asked for participants’ personal information and provided several statements from Gu and Johnson about dictionary strategies. The second solicited their opinion about using a dictionary, translated in the Indonesian language. The results show that Indonesian students are aware of how to use dictionaries for comprehension, extended, looking-up strategies, and exploring their beliefs about applying dictionary strategies. These results can help language teachers have a deeper perspective on students’ dictionary strategies in learning so that educators can use those three main dictionary strategies. One such strategy is that teachers can introduce the approaches to their students either implicitly or explicitly by designing meaningful assignments and providing relevant activities and tasks for the students. Therefore, deciding to use a dictionary to overcome the issue is one of the best ways to deal with vocabulary acquisition as it offers more benefits.

Innovative work behavior shown by employee activities that generate ideas, promote ideas, and implement ideas is very useful for organizational sustainability. This research seeks to improve innovative work behavior by analyzing the contribution of self-efficacy and organizational climate to ionovative work behavior. The research was conducted on non-permanent instructors at PT PLN (Persero) Pusdiklat with samples 149. Hypothesis testing uses parametric statistical analysis and RCA (Root Cause Analysis) method. The findings of this research: (1) If self-efficacy increases, innovative work behavior will increase; (2) if the organizational climate increases, innovative work behavior will increase; (3) If self-efficacy and organizational climate increase together, innovative work behavior will increase. Based on the RCA (Root Cause Analysis) method, several priority indicators were found to improve innovative work behavior, namely: forming an innovation team, assigning internships / benchmarks, budgeting for awards, K3L training, creating Knowledge Capturing books, recruiting K3L HR, and book review.

This study aims to gain a general understanding of the state of educational infrastructure and learning facilities for creative and entrepreneurial products, as well as a general understanding of the degree of standard compliance and the appropriateness of the curriculum requirements for Vocational High School Modeling Design and Building Information Expertise Competency. This study employed a descriptive and methodology. An analysis of the infrastructure and learning environments for innovative and entrepreneurial products provides information on the degree of standard compliance,An overview of the condition of learning facilities and infrastructure for creative and entrepreneurial products obtains an illustration that the requirements for facilities and infrastructure for creative and entrepreneurial product learning (PKK) in DPIB expertise competence are in the form of computer graphics, A3 printers, projectors, computer desks, student work chairs, and Split AC. Computer graphics have a quantity proportion of 83.3% and a quality proportion of 33.3%, meaning that in terms of quantity it is sufficient but in terms of quality it needs to be improved. This causes the computer's ability to run software or applications, such as SketchUp and AutoCad, to be limited. Computer capabilities in the laboratory 1 & 2 can only install old software or output, such as AutoCad 2016 and SketchUp 2016, and unable installing rendering software. which will affect the level of suitability and the level of adequacy of the needs of the DPIB curriculum where the demand for vocational expertise competencies, especially DPIB expertise competencies which are closely related to graphics to realize superior global competitiveness.

Aim: To investigate the reliability of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk and its correlation with CVD risk factors. Methodology: It is a sub-study of the second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016–2017, an epidemiological survey including both genders with >20 years of age in all four provinces of Pakistan. Out of 213 clusters, twenty-seven clusters were selected and households were identified from each cluster. Selected members of every 10th household were counseled for a visit to the campsite after observing an overnight fast. Standardized techniques were used for measuring height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Biochemical parameters including oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, and various lipid-derived parameter/ratios were also analyzed via standardized methods. Results: A total of 7351 individuals were selected for this sub-analysis after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Mean AIP score was calculated as 0.38 ± 0.31 with statistically significant difference among all groups (p

The paper is aimed to analyze the penal proportionality in Indonesia’s environmental legislation. Primary data were collected from statutes in Indonesia’s environmental legislation. The result showed that penal proportionality relies on the idea that the severity of criminal sanction needs to be proportionate to both the crime seriousness and culpability of the actor. The more serious the offense, the heavier the punishment. The environmental legislation failed to meet penal proportionality due to its inability to reckon the crime seriousness in determining the scale/weight of criminal sanction. To set penal proportionality, offenses in environmental legislation need to be organized based on their seriousness which requires a corollary of rank-ordering, where less serious offenses do not need to be sentenced with greater severity than the more serious ones. The models of criminalization-based environmental damage meet this principle, hence spacing of criminal sanction among the offenses rank need to be formulated to ensure the application of penal proportionality.

Abstract Objective MPDB 2.0 is built to be the continuation of MPDB 1.0, to serve as a more comprehensive data repertoire for Bangladeshi medicinal plants, and to provide a user-friendly interface for researchers, health practitioners, drug developers, and students who wish to study the various medicinal & nutritive plants scattered around Bangladesh and the underlying phytochemicals contributing to their efficacy in Bangladeshi folk medicine. Results MPDB 2.0 database ( https://www.medicinalplantbd.com/ ) comprises a collection of more than five hundred Bangladeshi medicinal plants, alongside a record of their corresponding scientific, family, and local names together with their utilized parts, information regarding ailments, active compounds, and PubMed ID of related publications. While medicinal plants are not limited to the borders of any country, Bangladesh and its Southeast Asian neighbors do boast a huge collection of potent medicinal plants with considerable folk-medicinal history compared to most other countries in the world. Development of MPDB 2.0 has been highly focused upon human diseases, albeit many of the plants indexed here can serve in developing biofuel (e.g.: Jatropha curcas used in biofuel) or bioremediation technologies (e.g.: Amaranthus cruentus helps to reduce cadmium level in soil) or nutritive diets (Terminalia chebula can be used in nutritive diets) or cosmetics (Aloe vera used in cosmetics), etc.

The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the origins, causes and impacts of the emergence of dynastic politics in Mangaledang Lama Village, Portibi District, Padang Lawas Utara Regency. The form of this research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis, to describe and explain in depth the origins, causes and impacts of the dynastic politics. The result of the research states that starting from Daman Huri Siregar who was elected as village head from 2001 - 2011 (two periods), after that there was a desire to rule by passing his power to his own younger brother through the election of the village head. The contributing factor is the ownership of economic capital that is financially stable, has social capital such as a strong network among the community, has symbolic capital, namely the siregar clan which is known as the dominant ruling clan so that when compared to other clans, it is far less in number than the siregar clan. The impact is that power only circulates in the family itself, so that opportunities / opportunities for other people to get rights in the political and governmental sphere are not obtained. Therefore dynastic politics will be very detrimental to others and have an impact on a good system of government and a democratic system because opportunities for people who are capable and capable do not get opportunities in the political process.

The purpose of this research is to know and analyze the recruitment process, the impact of the recruitment pattern of the election organizers at the level of the Voting Organizing Group in Medan Selayang District, Medan City on the Integrity of the 2019 Concurrent General Elections. The form of this research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis, to describe and explains in depth the recruitment pattern of election organizers for the Voting Organizing Group (KPPS) which is the spearhead of the implementation of voting and counting of votes in the 2019 Election. The impact of the recruitment pattern of general election organizers at the KPPS level in Medan Selayang District, Medan City on the Integrity of the General Election Concurrent Years 2019, linked by scrutiny, has had a positive impact. Supervision from Bawaslu that has been getting better, the rules and implementing regulations set by the KPU are detailed. Bawaslu already has a very good system. This supervision plays an important role in its implementation to maintain the code of ethics of the organizers, one of which is integrity. The positive impact is evident from the fact that KPPS Medan Selayang is able to carry out its duties properly, following established procedures and regulations, there are no reports of complaints, either from Bawaslu, witnesses from parties / pairs of candidates, or the public. The election activities were carried out in an orderly and conducive manner, according to schedule, and the counting of votes was transparent. KPPS is wise. The public can exercise their voting rights in an orderly and comfortable manner. TPS locations are well prepared. Good approach and communication with local residents.

Wireless communication systems play a very crucial role in modern society for entertainment, business, commercial, health and safety applications. These systems keep evolving from one generation to next generation and currently we are seeing deployment of fifth generation (5G) wireless systems around the world. Academics and industries are already discussing beyond 5G wireless systems which will be sixth generation (6G) of the evolution. One of the main and key components of 6G systems will be the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for such wireless networks. Every component and building block of a wireless system that we currently are familiar with from our knowledge of wireless technologies up to 5G, such as physical, network and application layers, will involve one or another AI/ML techniques. This overview paper, presents an up-to-date review of future wireless system concepts such as 6G and role of ML techniques in these future wireless systems. In particular, we present a conceptual model for 6G and show the use and role of ML techniques in each layer of the model. We review some classical and contemporary ML techniques such as supervised and un-supervised learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL), Deep Learning (DL) and Federated Learning (FL) in the context of wireless communication systems. We conclude the paper with some future applications and research challenges in the area of ML and AI for 6G networks.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of probiotics (Protexin) and prebiotics (active MOS, mannan oligosaccharides) on growth performance, carcasses, and antibody titer in broilers. A total number of 360-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly divided into 9 groups in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Nine broiler starter (0–21 d) and finisher (21–35 d) diets were formulated by using 3 levels of probiotics (0, 1, and 2 g/kg of feed) and 3 levels of MOS (0, 1, and 1.5 g/kg of feed) and were randomly allotted to 9 groups. Feed intake was not affected by interaction of treatments during all phases (P > 0.05). Feed intake was improved due to the main effect of probiotic (P = 0.0001) or MOS (P = 0.005). No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed for weight gain in the starter, finisher, and overall phases. While, during the starter and finisher phases, weight gain was increased by probiotics (P = 0.028 or 0.04, respectively). Dietary supplementation of MOS improved weight gain (P = 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.03) during the overall period, but during starter and finisher periods, weight gain and FCR were not affected by prebiotics. Apart from dressing percentage, no interaction or individual effect of probiotics and prebiotics was observed for carcass, breast, thigh, heart, liver, and gizzard weight. Antibody titer for infectious bursal disease (IBD) was improved (P = 0.026) by the interaction effect between probiotics and prebiotics, when compared with the control group. Antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) was not affected by probiotics or prebiotics or their interactions (P > 0.05). It could be concluded that supplementation of prebiotics or probiotics can improve the growth performance of broilers. It may also be helpful in improving the antibody titer against IBD in broilers fed antibiotic-free diets.

The aim of this study is to find out whether or not there was a significant difference between students who were taught using picture and picture strategy and that of those who were not in writing recount text. The study employed a quasi-experimental study. The population in this study were the second grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Bengkulu city, Indonesia with a total number are 89 students. Out of this population, 60 students were taken as the sample. They are divided into two groups; experiement and control group, which consisted of 30 students for each group. The data were collected by using writing test. The data obtained were analyzed by using t- test formula. The data were found that the result of t-count post-test (6.34) was higher than t- table (2.00) with α = 5 % and df= 58. The finding of this research shows that there is a significant difference between students in Madrasah Tsanawiyah who are taught using picture and picture strategy and that of those who are not. Based on the result on the study, picture and picture strategy can improve students’ writing achievement in writing recount text evidently

Neisseria meningitidis is carried by nearly a billion humans, causing developmental impairment and over 100 000 deaths a year. A quinol-dependent nitric oxide reductase (qNOR) plays a critical role in the survival of the bacterium in the human host. X-ray crystallographic analyses of qNOR, including that from N. meningitidis (NmqNOR) reported here at 3.15 Å resolution, show monomeric assemblies, despite the more active dimeric sample being used for crystallization. Cryo-electron microscopic analysis of the same chromatographic fraction of NmqNOR, however, revealed a dimeric assembly at 3.06 Å resolution. It is shown that zinc (which is used in crystallization) binding near the dimer-stabilizing TMII region contributes to the disruption of the dimer. A similar destabilization is observed in the monomeric (∼85 kDa) cryo-EM structure of a mutant (Glu494Ala) qNOR from the opportunistic pathogen Alcaligenes (Achromobacter) xylosoxidans, which primarily migrates as a monomer. The monomer–dimer transition of qNORs seen in the cryo-EM and crystallographic structures has wider implications for structural studies of multimeric membrane proteins. X-ray crystallographic and cryo-EM structural analyses have been performed on the same chromatographic fraction of NmqNOR to high resolution. This represents one of the first examples in which the two approaches have been used to reveal a monomeric assembly in crystallo and a dimeric assembly in vitrified cryo-EM grids. A number of factors have been identified that may trigger the destabilization of helices that are necessary to preserve the integrity of the dimer. These include zinc binding near the entry of the putative proton-transfer channel and the preservation of the conformational integrity of the active site. The mutation near the active site results in disruption of the active site, causing an additional destabilization of helices (TMIX and TMX) that flank the proton-transfer channel helices, creating an inert monomeric enzyme.

This study aims to answer the question of how and the implementation of vygotsky constructivism learning theory in PAI subjects at the Qur`an High School. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method, the instruments used by researchers in this study, are the researchers themselves and notebooks. Furthermore, the results of research on the implementation of constructivist learning theory in general can be said to be going well and in accordance with the steps of its application. In implementing constructivist learning models in general, PAI subjects in the Qur'an Science High School can run well and cannot be separated from several supporting factors such as the accuracy of teaching materials, methods, principals, teachers, and adequate infrastructure. In addition to supporting factors there are also several inhibiting factors in the constructivist learning model in general, namely the insufficient allocation of time and the lack of self-confidence of students at the beginning of the application of constructivist learning models. Efforts that can be made to overcome the inhibiting factors of constructivist learning models in general are teachers trying to form positive attitudes in students such as self-confidence and mutual respect besides sending teachers to attend training, work shops.

A National Examination is commonly known as a standardised test held by a country, such as Indonesia, to gauge the students’ competence and the quality of their schools. Many people argue that the national examination implementation is likely to have positive and negative effects, not only on students but also on schools. This study aims to investigate the positive and negative effects of the National Examination of English subject in Indonesian junior high schools concerning English teachers’ classroom teaching and students’ learning. This study used a narrative literature review study, which reviews critiques and summarizes the literature body and draws conclusions regarding the topic question. By examining literature available and the authors’ experiences in doing the national examination as the participant and preparing students to face the examination, this paper showed that the National Examination of English emerges to have more negative impacts than positive ones. The result of this paper presents the authors’ recommendation to be used by key stakeholders in Indonesia that they should re-design the national examination to measure the students’ border competence effectively and objectively in English subject.

This study aims to investigate types of cohesive devices frequently used in writing argumentative essays by high-achieving college students in Indonesia and to analyse their awareness of usage of these. Participants were asked to write an essay on a pre-determined topic; analysis was then conducted to investigate the most frequent cohesive devices used. Data on the second study question, understanding of the usage of cohesive devices, were gathered though semi-structured interviews. The data indicate that students effectively used various types of grammatical cohesive devices, particularly reference devices. However, some claimed not to know that they were using other cohesive devices. They believed that conjunctions were the only type that functions to connect ideas across sentences and paragraphs, and did not realise that this, that, the, and other reference devices are cohesive devices. In terms of the use of lexical cohesive devices, participants used synonyms more than other sub-types of lexical cohesive devices. The most frequently used device was the, which functions both as a cohesive device and an article. All participants agreed that though links or cohesive devices are necessary to achieve coherence, two claimed that these are not determining factors in producing good writing quality. They argued that high-quality writing needs to contain linguistic features related to sophisticated language and text difficulty. The first suggestion is that focused programs should be adopted to teach the writing of argumentative essays to help lower-achieving students attain the same writing level as high-achieving students. Second, a teaching programme integrating the use of sophisticated grammar, lexical diversity and cohesive devices should be a curriculum priority.

Aim:Nutritional screening tools are mainly used to identify patients at risk of malnutrition. We aimed to compare commonly used nutritional tools in assessing the nutritional status of patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer.Methods:Consecutive patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer between January 2017 and May 2019 were retrospectively evaluated from the comprehensive database. Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, Subjective Global Assessment, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), Malnutrition Screening Tool, and Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire scores were calculated for all patients. The assessment capabilities of these tools were compared using the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) diagnostic criteria for malnutrition as the reference standard. The distinctive abilities of the tool risk groups were also evaluated using parameters reflecting nutritional status, including albumin, lymphocyte count, and fat-free mass index.Results:One hundred forty patients with the mean age of 64.2±11.8 years were analyzed, and 29 (20.71%) of whom were diagnosed as malnourished based on the ESPEN criteria. The strongest association (phi=0.62, large effect) and the highest agreement (kappa=0.59, moderate agreement) between tools and malnutrition were found for MNA-SF. This exhibited the highest specificity (0.84, 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.90), positive predictive value (0.58, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.73), accuracy (0.84, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.90), area under curve (0.850, 95% CI: 0.777 to 0.923), and diagnostic odds ratio (32.29, 95% CI: 10.02 to 104.04). Statistically significant decreases in all three parameters were observed only for the NRS risk groups. Additionally, MNA-SF exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the fat-free mass index (-1.60, 95% CI: -2.49 to -0.71) between low- and high-risk groups.Conclusion:Although all the tools analyzed were effective to a certain extent, MNA-SF, designed as a screening and assessment tool, was the most effective tool for assessing nutritional status based on the ESPEN malnutrition criteria in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer.

Abstract Plant growth regulators and improved planting density are the innovative techniques in the establishment of more productive cotton crop. A field study was planned to assess the role of growth regulators in the resource utilization efficiency of cotton cultivars under different row spacing at Agronomic Research Area, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan and Usmania Agricultural Farm, Shujaabad during Kharif 2012. The study was comprised of cotton cultivars viz. CIM-573 and CIM-598, cultivated under conventional (75 cm), medium (50 cm) and improved ultra-narrow row spacing (25 cm) and foliar spray of growth regulators viz. moringa leaf extract (MLE) and mepiquat chloride (MC), either alone or in combination, distilled water as a control. The application of MLE alone and in combination (MLE + MC) showed the promoting effect on crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, leaf area duration, sympodial branches and number of bolls leading to higher seed cotton yield of both cotton cultivars grown under conventional row spacing. While application of MC averts the plant growth without considerably improving the productivity. MLE being rich source of growth promoting hormone and nutrients showed its potential to a far greater extent under conventional row spacing in efficient utilization of available resources compared to MC and distilled water.

The learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic requires many adjustments, sometimes creating new problems that face immediately. The case arises, so educators make various innovations to support the implementation of the teaching process. This study uses a qualitative approach to understand how the blended learning model at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Islamiyah Nganjuk. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation with data sources from the head of the madrasa, fathers and teachers, students and parents of students. The results explain blended learning effectively because of the availability of internet support facilities, computer laboratories, and ICT lessons taught since 2020. Students and parents also respond positively to the application of limited face-to-face learning by combining online through blended learning. Then teacher help because they can carry out direct interactions with their students even though the limit.

English is widely used in the working environment globally. In Malaysia, many employers have English courses which relate to their job requirements. This is to help employees to become more competent, fluent, and confident in communicating in English while working. Besides academic qualifications, employers pay great attention to employees' English communication skills. This paper explores to what extent the Oral Communication Skill (OCS) Module for a training program can help improve Malaysian working adults' confidence levels in terms of fluency. It proposes that the activities in the OCS module are needed so that employees can speak fluently and, as a result, build their level of confidence. Three working adults were selected to use the module for 12 weeks. Their performances, interview responses, and reflective journal entries were recorded and analysed. The findings reported a growth in the participants' confidence as a result of increased fluency, the awareness of the need to reflect on their speaking performances and to have appropriate English preparation as a key element before delivering oral presentations.