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The Hawking temperature and Entropy of Reissner-Nordstrom (RN) black hole can be derived from energy quantization of the test particle moving around different circular orbits which is analog to the Bohr’s atomic model. Energy transitions (recall the Rydberg formula) can lead to radiations that can be experimentally detected in the future. Following gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM) it is possible to split the upper bound of energy without the quantization effects on energy level splitting in atoms and molecules due to the hypothetical nature of the gravitipole. Here we have mentioned the entropy and other thermodynamic properties of RN black holes within string theory going well beyond the thermodynamic limit.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the major cereal crop in the Southeast Asian region, and its yield variations are highly sensitive to climate change. Climate change will not only threaten regional food security but also affect the global economy. Considering the fact, this study intends to assess the spatiotemporal variations of rice yield and to evaluate the effectiveness of agro-adaptive measures under future climate change in the five rice-growing regions of Bangladesh. We simulated rice yield of the 21st century by driving the rice crop model (ORYZA2000) with downscaling climate data from the outputs of two General Circulation Models (GCMs) using the A1B scenario. The simulation results indicated the substantial rice yield reduction in the two future periods ignoring the carbon dioxide (CO2) effect, while the CO2 fertilization effect was considered, it could mitigate but still not fully compensate for the rice yield reduction. The significant reductions in yields were spatially greater in the northwest region than the southeast region but marginally from central to northeast regions of Bangladesh. Four global agro-adaptation strategies, e.g., shifting transplanting dates, introducing supplemental irrigation, transplanting date delaying, and extra irrigation would decrease rice yield losses significantly by the future periods of various extents. Based on the findings, it is found that a combination of transplanting dates delaying and supplementary irrigation has proved a more effective strategy for increasing rice yield than other adaptive measures. These agro-adaptation measures can be beneficial for sustainable future rice production in Bangladesh and other parts of the world.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has recently declared its vision of turning carbon neutral by 2060. This declaration has motivated policymakers in this Arab nation to design policies that can green economic activities in Saudi Arabia so that environmentally sustainable growth can be ensured. Against this backdrop, this study models the independent and joint effects of financial development, globalization, and energy efficiency rates on green growth of the Saudi Arabian economy. In this regard, green growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is proxied by the difference between the nation's annual per capita growth rates of gross domestic product and carbon dioxide emission. Utilizing data from 1972 to 2018 and controlling for structural break-induced problems found in the data, the findings from the regression and causality analyses confirm the green growth-inhibiting impacts of financial development and trade globalization. In contrast, greater financial globalization is evidenced to drive green growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, more efficient uses of energy resources are found to not only directly boost green growth but also partially neutralize the long-run green growth-dampening impacts associated with the development of the financial sector. In addition, financial development and trade globalization are observed to jointly inhibit green growth attainment both in the short and long run. In line with these important findings, it is recommended that the government of Saudi Arabia conceptualizes new green growth policies so that the nation's annual per capita economic growth rate outpaces its annual per capita growth rate of carbon dioxide emissions.

Understanding the spatiotemporal variations of thunderstorm (TS) frequency over Bangladesh under the changing climate is of immense importance but remains a challenging task due to the lack of persistent and reliable weather data set. This study demonstrates a statistically significant increasing trend in the occurrence of monthly, seasonal, and annual TS frequencies except for decadal periods across Bangladesh during the past 6 decades. Further, land use influences and seasonal variabilities in convective available potential energy (CAPE) are also explored in various regions to understand the spatial variabilities among different parts in Bangladesh. The results show the highest occurrence of TS in monsoon and the lowest occurrence in the winter season. The results of Ward’s Hierarchical Cluster analysis (WHCA) illustrate four clusters for the whole country, where the higher TS frequency was observed in northeastern and northern regions and the lower in the southern part of Bangladesh due to the variation of CAPE and development of the low-pressure system. The occurrence of TS frequency maxima and lower coefficients of variation are found in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The variation coefficient of the winter season is high, while the pre-monsoon season is low. The results of Mann–Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests reveal the highest increase and decrease trends in M. Court and Tangail stations. The ARIMA model outcomes are consistent with the findings of MK and SR tests. Overall, this study reveals that elevated CAPE and climate warming may be reasoned of increasing the TS frequency over Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is one of the most climatic hazard-prone countries in the world. Rainfall in Bangladesh is highly variable which depends on each season and location. This study aims to investigate spatiotemporal variability of rainfall linked to groundwater level under changing climate in the northwestern region, Bangladesh during the period of 1976-2016 using rainfall and groundwater level data. A number of statistical approaches such as Mann-Kendall (MK) test, linear regression model, Sen’s slope estimator and Spearman’s rho (SK) test, Coefficient of Variation (CV) were employed to reveal trends and variability of rainfall and groundwater level. Additionally, wavelet transform was applied to assess temporal variability of rainfall time series in the northwestern region, Bangladesh. The results show that the annual rainfall variability was the highest in the Ishwardi station (25.39%) and the lowest was found in Rajshahi (20.70%). The MK test results reveal that the trends of annual and seasonal rainfall decreased gradually, where the highest significant decreasing trend of annual rainfall was found in Rajshahi (-2.976 mm/year) and the lowest decreasing trend was found in Syedpur (-1.278 mm/year). Furthermore, monsoon and winter seasons represent the decreasing trends of rainfall for all the stations. The results of wavelet analysis demonstrate that the monthly rainfall variance of average rainfall in the northwestern region was low from the period of 2006 to 2014, indicating the dry years. The annual and seasonal rainfall trends in the northwestern region were decreased, particularly in the recent decade. The relationship between rainfall and groundwater level indicates that rainfall was decreased and the ground water level was also declining at the same time in the study region. Interestingly, it is observed that a significant high decreasing trend of annual rainfall is found in Rangpur but the annual groundwater level depth is less increased in Rangpur at the same time.

Stereotypa forestallningar och negativ behandling av aldre finns dokumenterade sedan antik tid. Numera anvands begreppet alderism, vilket avser fordomar och diskriminering mot aldre. Ibland har begreppet ocksa definierats som nagot som handlar om alder over hela livsloppet. Den har antologin bestar av 15 kapitel dar forskare belyser alderismens varierade uttrycksformer och komplexitet. I antologins kapitel satts problemet i olika perspektiv – teoretiskt saval som empiriskt – och undersoks i relation till flera olika sammanhang.

The canonical formalism of a spherically symmetric spacetime has been decomposition with respect to the radial coordinate r in the context of $$3 + 1$$ split of spacetime. We have set up an effective Lagrangian that plays the role of independent variable couple with metric function. The surface gravity of Schwarzschild–de Sitter black hole has been quantized from the test particle moving around different energy states like Bohr’s atomic model. We have quantized the Hawking temperature and entropy of Schwarzschild–de Sitter black hole from quantization of surface gravity. We also have shown that the change of entropy reduced to zero when the boundary shrinks to very small size.

Ectopia cordis is a complete or partial extrusion of the heart through a ventral defect in the thoracoabdominal wall, either isolated or accompanied by other viscera in instances of pentalogy of Cantrell.

Three species belonging to two genera of the family Euphorbiaceae are beingreported here as new records for Bangladesh, viz., Cleidiocarpon laurinum Airy Shaw, Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss. and Euphorbia repens K. Koch. The genus Cleidiocarpon Airy Shaw is also a new generic record for Bangladesh. One cultivated species, Acalypha wilkesiana Muell.-Arg., is reported as addition to the account of the Euphorbiaceae of Bangladesh. Description and photographs of these species are provided.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(1): 93-99, 2018 (June)

So far, so many works have been done in a different way to find the exact track that can grasp the true solution for the one-dimensional porous media equation (PME). For instance, Monika studied using relaxation [1], Q. Zhang and Z. Wu. have already done the similar work by local degenerate Galarkin (LDG) method [12] and so on. Still, this is a challenge to find an appropriate scheme that can track the true solution when adiabatic exponent increases monotonically. In this paper, we have studied numerical result for where we have used Explicit-Implicit Finite Difference Method (EIFDM). Since so far PME is a degenerate parabolic equation and analytically the existence and uniqueness occur weakly only in the Sobolev sense, it is very hard to track the true solution numerically. Our main objective is to study numerically the PME with mixed boundary conditions and shown the result is helpful to track the Barenblatt's self similar solution and its interface when adiabatic exponent larger than 3 that provides much less error. This paper will show a possibility that Finite Difference Method (FDM) is also helpful rather the Finite Elements Method to track the interface in the simulation with an appropriate initial guess. Also checked L1, L2 and L∞-error for Boussinesq's equation which is a fundamental equation of ground- water flow, hopefully, the simulated results can help when this equation is useful in the practical world. Finally, all studied results are given to show the advantage of the θ-scheme method in the simulation of the PME and its capability to capture accurately sharp interfaces without oscillation.

Latrophilin-1 is an Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, which mediates the effect of α-latrotoxin, causing massive release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals and endocrine cells. Autoproteolysis cleaves latrophilin-1 into two parts: the extracellular N-terminal fragment (NTF) and the heptahelical C-terminal fragment (CTF). NTF and CTF can exist as independent proteins in the plasma membrane, but α-latrotoxin binding to NTF induces their association and G protein-mediated signaling. We demonstrate here that CTF in synapses is phosphorylated on multiple sites. Phosphorylated CTF has a high affinity for NTF and co-purifies with it on affinity columns and on sucrose density gradients. Dephosphorylated CTF has a lower affinity for NTF and can behave as a separate protein. α-Latrotoxin (and possibly other ligands of latrophilin-1) binds both to the NTF-CTF complex and to receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase σ, bringing them together. This leads to CTF dephosphorylation and facilitates CTF release from the complex. We propose that ligand-dependent phosphorylationdephosphorylation of latrophilin-1 could affect the interaction between its fragments and its functions as a G protein-coupled receptor.

One hundred seventy seven species belonging to 88 genera under 14 natural orders are determined to have been recorded in the third volume of J.D. Hooker’s, the Flora of British India from the area now fall in Bangladesh. These taxa are enumerated with updated nomenclature and current taxonomic status following ICN and Cronquist’s system of plant classification respectively resulting in 169 species under 93 genera and 14 families. Collection locality with collector’s name of each species wherever available, as cited in protologue, is also included.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(2): 143-160, 2016 (December)

The energy of a test particle orbiting a Schwarzschild-de Sitter (SdS) black hole is quantized with the help of the quantization of angular momentum. We have investigated the change of entropy between two nearby states using energy quantization. We have shown that the change of entropy as well as purely thermal emission rate is dependent of quantum number and approach to zero for large quantum number.

The enclave problem is highlighted mainly as a political problem rather the social, economic and human rights related problems of the enclave people in previous researches. The present study tries to find out the present socio-economic condition and status of government services. Another important focus of the study was to understand the perceptions of the people on exchanging the enclaves between the two countries. Questionnaire survey was the main method of data collection. The study finds that the living standard of the enclave people has improved after the full time access through the Indian corridor to the mainland. Government services like education, medical facilities, electricity and other basic facilities are now expanding. Regarding the exchange of enclaves, the people of AngorpotaDohogram are united and they are not interested to be the citizen of India whatever their living standard and sufferings and they expect a permanent solution to end their inhuman condition of statelessness. Key wordsAngorpota-Dohogram, Bangladesh, Enclave, Exchange, Socio-economic

The progress, problems and prospects of biodiversity and plant taxonomic researches conducted in Bangladesh during the last two decades have been analyzed. The inventory of the flora, threatened taxa and family wise itemization in all groups of plants are progressing at a very slow rate. Only 11.6% of the estimated species (c.5000) were inventoried and only 6.2% of the threatened taxa were listed for conservation management. National Conservation Strategies could not be framed and implemented duly for environmental management. Results of the survey of floristic diversity, inventory of threatened taxa for Red Data Book and discovery of new taxa are discussed and up to date data are presented. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10645 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 324-344

The study aimed at inventorying of threatened plant species of Bangladesh to determine their status of occurrence for emphasizing the setting-up of national conservation strategies and sustainable management. Complete inventory of two families, the Apocynaceae and Vitaceae, has been made and recognized 28 threatened species facing environmental threats, and need sustainable conservation management. The study was based on long-term field investigation, survey of relevant floristic literature and examination of herbarium specimens. An enumeration of threatened taxa is prepared with updated field data on conservation status to include into Red Data Book of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9951 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 141-167

Five species of the family Rubiaceae belonging to five genera are reported here as new records for Bangladesh. These species are Catunaregam longispina (Link) Tirveng, Galium pusillosetosum Hara, Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight, Spermacoce exilis (Williams) Adams ex Burger et Taylor and Tarenna stellulata (Hook.f.) Ridl. In Bangladesh, occurrence of the genus Galium L. is also a new record. Each species is presented with updated nomenclature, commonly known synonyms, taxonomic description, ecology, geographical distribution, places of occurrence in Bangladesh, citation of examined specimens and supplementary notes. Illustrations with field photographs of these new records are also provided. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18027 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42 (2): 257-264, 2013 (December)

Following the Parikh and Wilczek semiclassical tunneling method of massless particle, hawking radiation of Schwarzschild-de Sitter (SdS) black hole have been computed using null geodesic method. Purely thermal and quantum gravity corrections have been made and have shown that both the corrections give the same results and all the tunneling rates are related to change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of SdS black hole. The results obtained for SdS black hole are also in accordance with Parikh and Wilczek’s opinion and gives a correction to the Hawking radiation of SdS black hole.

In Refs. (M. Atiqur Rahman, M. Ilias Hossain (2012) Phys. Lett. B {\bf 712} 1), we have developed Hamilton-Jacobi method for dynamical spacetime and discussed Hawking radiation of Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole by massive particle tunneling method. In this letter, we have investigated the hawking purely thermal and nonthermal radiations of Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter (RNdS) black hole. We have considered energy and angular momentum as conserved and shown that the tunneling rate is related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the derived emission spectrum deviates from the pure thermal spectrum. The results we have obtained for RNdS black hole is also in accordance with Parikh and Wilczek\rq s opinion and recovered the new result for Hawking radiation of RNdS black hole.

Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and geostatistical modeling are applied to assess the trace elements of groundwater and their spatial distribution at the Rangpur district of Bangladesh. A total number of 47 water samples have been collected from wells at depth ranging from 10 to 53 m. The descriptive statistics results show that the mean concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and barium (Ba) have exceeded the permissible limits and those concentrations are alarming to human health and their surrounding environments. Furthermore, Mn, Zn, Al, and Ba concentrations reveal the highly positive skewed and are considered to be extreme. The statistical results demonstrate that groundwater trace element quality is mainly related to natural/geogenic sources followed by anthropogenic sources in the study area even though they show significant correlations among them. The multiple regression models are developed for prediction of each trace element of groundwater samples. The spatial analysis of groundwater trace elements is performed by geostatistical modeling. The cross validation results reveal that kriging models are produced to show the most accurate spatial distribution maps for all trace elements except Ba concentration. The semivariogram models have demonstrated that most of the elements have shown moderate to strong spatial dependence suggesting less agronomic/residential area influences. The findings of the multiple regression model and the correlation matrix are also consistent with the spatial analysis results. It is anticipated that outcomes of this study will provide insights for decision makers taking adaptive measures for groundwater trace element monitoring in Rangpur district, Bangladesh.

The massive particles tunneling method has been used to investigate the Hawking non-thermal and purely thermal radiations of Schwarzschild Anti-de Sitter (SAdS) black hole. Considering the spacetime background to be dynamical, incorporate the self-gravitation effect of the emitted particles the imaginary part of the action has been derived from Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Using the conservation laws of energy and angular momentum we have showed that the non-thermal and purely thermal tunneling rates are related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the derived emission spectrum deviates from the pure thermal spectrum. The result obtained for SAdS black hole is also in accordance with Parikh and Wilczek\rq s opinion and gives a correction to the Hawking radiation of SAdS black hole., Comment: 6 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:hep-th/0512351

Linear Programming problem (LPP)s with upper bounded variables can be solved using the Bounded Simplex method (BSM),without the explicit consideration of the upper bounded constraints. The upper bounded constraints are considered implicitly in this method which reduced the size of the basis matrix significantly. In this paper, we have developed MATHEMATICA codes for solving such problems. A complete algorithm of the program with the help of a numerical example has been provided. Finally a comparison with the built-in code has been made for showing the efficiency of the developed code.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11487 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 163-168, 2012 (July)

The occurrence of five species namely, Mussaenda keenani Hook. f., Mycetia listeri Deb, Ophiorrhiza fasciculata D. Don, Psychotria stipulacea Mail. and Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson, of the family Rubiaceae in the flora of Bangladesh is reported for the first time. The Psydrax Gaertn. is also a new generic record for Bangladesh. These species are described along with their ecology, geographical distribution and places of occurrence in Bangladesh. Illustrations and photographs of these new records are also provided. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i1.11078 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41 (1): 21-28, 2012 (June)

Three new species of the Section Masantha Horan. of the genus Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae), viz., C. roxburghii Rahman et Yusuf, C. wallichii Rahman et Yusuf and C. wilcockii Rahman et Yusuf from Bangladesh are described and illustrated. These species were collected from the forests of Rangamati, Moulvi Bazar, Sylhet and Tangail districts. Diagnostic morphological characters from closely related taxa are discussed. A key to the Bangladesh species of Section Masantha Horan. is presented. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v19i1.10944 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 19 (1): 79-84, 2012 (June)

The transverse electromagnetic waves propagating in a relativistic two-fluid plasma influenced by the gravitational field of the Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m-de Sitter black hole has been investigated exploiting 3+1 split of spacetime. Reformulating the two-fluid equations, the set of simultaneous linear equations for the perturbations have been derived. Using a local approximation, the one-dimensional radial propagation of Alfv\'{e}n and high frequency electromagnetic waves are investigated. The dispersion relation for these waves is obtained and solved numerically for the wave number., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures

We investigate transverse electromagnetic waves propagating in a plasma influenced by the gravitational field of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole. Applying 3+1 spacetime split we derive the relativistic two-fluid equations to take account of gravitational effects due to the event horizon and describe the set of simultaneous linear equations for the perturbations. We use a local approximation to investigate the one-dimensional radial propagation of Alfv\'en and high frequency electromagnetic waves. We derive the dispersion relation for these waves and solve it for the wave number $k$ numerically., Comment: Accepted for publication in IJTP; (20 pages, 6 figures)

We investigate transverse electromagnetic waves propagating in a plasma influenced by the gravitational field of the Reissner–Nordstrom black hole. Applying 3+1 spacetime split we reformulate the relativistic two-fluid equations to take account of gravitational effects due to the event horizon and describe the set of simultaneous linear equations for the perturbations. Using a local approximation we investigate the one-dimensional radial propagation of Alfven and high frequency electromagnetic waves. We derive the dispersion relation for these waves and solve it for the wave number k numerically.

The photocatalysed degradation of two selected pesticide derivatives such as dichlorvos (1) and phosphamidon (2) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide. The degradation of 1 and 2 was monitored by the change in substrate concentration employing UV spectroscopic analysis as a function of irradiation time. The degradation kinetics was studied under different conditions such as pH, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration, different types of TiO2 and in the presence of electron acceptor such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) besides molecular oxygen. The degradation rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The photocatalyst Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient as compared with other TiO2 powders. The pesticide derivative dichlorvos (1) was found to degrade faster as compared to phosphamidon (2). An attempt has also been made to identify the intermediate products of dichlorvos (1) formed during the photo-oxidation process through GC/MS analysis technique and probable pathway for the decomposition of dichlorovos (1) has been proposed.

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of three-selected herbicide derivatives: (1) picloram (4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid, (2) dicamba (2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid, and (3) floumeturon (N,N-Dimethyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-urea) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide under a variety of conditions. The degradation was studied by monitoring the change in substrate concentration employing UV spectroscopic technique and decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time under a variety of conditions. The degradation of the herbicide was studied under different conditions such as pH, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration, different types of TiO2, and in the presence of electron acceptors such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium bromate (KBrO3), and ammonium persulphate (NH4)2S2O8 besides molecular oxygen. The degradation rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The photocatalyst Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient as compared with other photocatalysts in the case of dicamba (2) and floumeturon (3), whereas Hombikat UV100 was found to be better for the degradation of picloram (1). The herbicide picloram (1) was found to degrade faster as compared to dicamba (2) and floumeturon (3). The degradation products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique, and plausible mechanisms for the formation of products have been proposed.

Heptahelical, or G-protein-coupled, receptors control many cellular functions and normally consist of one polypeptide chain. In contrast, heptahelical receptors that belong to the long N-terminus, group B (LNB) family are cleaved constitutively into two fragments. The N-terminal fragments (NTFs) resemble cell-adhesion proteins and the C-terminal fragments (CTFs) are typical G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with seven transmembrane regions. However, the functional roles of this cleavage and of any subsequent NTF-CTF interactions remain to be identified. Using latrophilin, a well-studied member of the LNB family, we now demonstrate that cleavage is critical for delivery of this receptor to the cell surface. On the plasma membrane, NTF and CTF behave as separate membrane proteins involved, respectively, in cell-surface reception and signalling. The two fragments can also internalise independently. However, separated NTF and CTF can re-associate on solubilisation. Agonist binding to NTF on the cell surface also induces re-association of fragments and provokes signal transduction via CTF. These findings define a novel principle of structural and functional organisation of the cleaved, two-subunit GPCRs.

The photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT, 1) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by monitoring the depletion of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time under a variety of conditions. The degradation kinetics were studied using different parameters such as pH, substrate and photocatalyst concentration, a different kind of titanium dioxide and the presence of electron acceptors such as H2O2, KBrO3 and (NH4)2S2O8 in addition to molecular oxygen. The photocatalytic activity was better for Degussa P25 as compared to the other photocatalysts. From the obtained kinetic data a detailed account of the influence of various parameters on the degradation rate for the mineralization of the compound is given. The degradation products were analyzed using the GC/MS technique and probable pathways for the formation of different products have been proposed.

Mallophaga (Amblycera) Infesting Birds in Panjab (India)

Mallophaga (Ischnocera) Infesting Birds in the Punjab (India)

Objectives: To observe the impact of predictors [age and body mass index (BMI) of mother, family history of diabetes, parity, use of insulin in pregnancy, gestational age and glycemic status at diagnosis) on persistence of abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) in GDM at 6-12 week post-partum and its relationship with cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods: This study encompassed 108 GDM subjects [age (year, 29.4 ± 5.3); BMI (Kg/m2, 26.4 ± 4.97) mean ± SD] diagnosed by standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during index pregnancy. At 6-12 week post-partum, 75 g - 2 hr-OGTT was done to know their glycemic status. Data for predictors and cardio-metabolic risk factors were obtained from history, clinical examination and personal records. Plasma glucose was measured by glucose-oxidase method on the same day of sampling. Results: Age (yr, 31.3 ± 5.8 vs. 28.1 ± 4.5, p

Extramarital affairs have become a common occurrence in modern society. Many studies have pointed to the lack of variety in a relationship as a contributing factor related to divorce and extramarital affairs. This study wants to explore the reasons behind developing the extramarital affair in married adults. The study is based upon the information gathered through scanning newspapers, journals, books, and browsing the Internet and all related papers which were published from 1980 to 2016. However, there is a limited data on the specific topic. After reviewing literatures, we found some common factors that might be responsible for extramarital affairs. Based on that we have made some recommendations for lowering this devastating situation. From this study, we expect that the stakeholders and policy makers can develop some new thoughts and strategies to let down this overwhelming condition.

We consider the motion of a test particle orbiting around Reissner–Nordström (RN) black hole spacetime. The complete set of equations for radial motion and effective potential is derived. We also derive the radius of the different stable circular orbits of this particle corresponding to different label indexes like the Bohr atomic model. We also quantized the energy of this particle from the quantization of angular momentum and calculated the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of RN black hole. We also investigate the change of entropy between two nearby states approaches to zero for large quantum numbers.

We investigate the Hawking radiation of Schwarzschild-de Sitter (SdS) black hole by massive particles tunneling method. We consider the spacetime background to be dynamical, incorporate the self-gravitation effect of the emitted particles and show that the tunneling rate is related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the derived emission spectrum deviates from the pure thermal spectrum when energy and angular momentum are conserved. Our result is also in accordance with Parikh and Wilczek\rq s opinion and gives a correction to the Hawking radiation of SdS black hole., Comment: 9 page. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1205.1390