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Background and Aim: Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) is one of the effective bacteria in the formation of caries and periodontal diseases which are caused by dental plaque. Currently, the use of natural honey (NH) is considered as a method of reducing S. sanguinis and S. mutans in saliva, which results in reducing the dental plaque. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of NH on the growth of S. sanguinis and to compare its effects with that of Ciprofloxacin and Penicillin antibiotics in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the effect of NH against S. sanguinis was investigated according to the growth inhibition zone in the disk diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zone around the disks which were dipped in the case and control groups. The agar well diffusion method was used as well. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In case of the presence of a significant difference, post-hoc Scheffe test was used as a supplementary test. Results: In the disk diffusion method, the average inhibition zone was 21 mm for Ciprofloxacin, 10.35 mm for Penicillin, and 17.77 mm for NH (P

Background: Grapevine is an important perennial crop worldwide, consumed as fresh or dried (raisins) fruit. Grapevines are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses during their growth. Water shortage is one of the primary stressors and severely restricts the development of the grape industry. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a kind of beneficial soil microorganism, can create a symbiotic association with plant roots forming arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), which play a role in the regulation of plant growth. Methods: This research was accomplished in order to investigate the effect of 4 species mycorrhizal fungi on grapevine ‘Asgari’ cultivar under water stress conditions. We use of 3 irrigation regime that consist: 100% (as control), 70 and 40 % of field capacity. As well as, mycorrhizal treatments include: non-use of mycorrhizal (NM) and use of mycorrhiza (M) (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, G. etunicatum and G. verciform). Result: The results indicated that shoot and root dry weight, pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids), relative water content (RWC), P, Mg2+ and Ca2+ under water limitation decreased but electrolyte leakage (EL), proline and total soluble sugars (TSS) increased chlorophyll content, RWC and nutrient (P, K+ and Ca2+) in M plants was higher than NM plants. Generally, the use of mycorrhiza fungi in this experiment reduced the harmful effects of water stress. Our results shown that G. verciform and G. etunicatum were better for symbiosis with “Asgari” grapevine under water limitation.

In Mediterranean semi-arid regions major constraints impinging on agricultural development are deficiency of water and nutrient depleted soils. The problem of enhancing crop yield in these areas is widely distinguished as a challenge. In order to evaluate the integrated application of urea fertilizer (0, 160, and 320 kg ha−1) and nano-metal oxide (Fe2O3, ZnO, and CuO) on safflower growth performance, a field experiment was carried out in the Baneh district, a semi-arid region in Western Iran. Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%), seeds number per head (19%), and total seed yield (38%). However, the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%), harvest index (2.62%), and thousand seed weight (2.67%). Also, nano-metal oxides significantly affected morphological traits and yield components. Mean comparison revealed that the best performance was obtained by the integrated application of 320 kg urea fertilizer and nano-Fe or nano-Zn. Overall, the present research highlighted the necessity of balanced and integrated application of macronutrients and micronutrient fertilizers for sustainable safflower production in semi-arid regions of Western Iran.

A novel Keggin-type heteropolyacid-based ionic liquid [Simp]3PW12O40 was developed via the reaction of the as synthesized ionic liquid 3-sulfonic acid 1-imidazolopyridinium hydrogen sulfate [Simp]HSO4 with an aqueous solution of H3PW12O40. Then, the formulated [Simp]3PW12O40 was changed to the nano-form via solvothermal processing in tetralin at 220 °C. After that, the provided powdered solid nanomaterial was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM, EDX and TGA analyses. Then, the focused nanomaterial was handled as a productive and encouraging nanocatalyst for the establishment of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione attendants through one-pot, multi-component contraction of aldehydes, phthalhydrazide, and dimedone under solventless status and the generality and practical tolerance of this useful and environmentally benign method are illustrated. The simple work-up, smooth reaction conditions, good to excellent yields, and reasonably short reaction times are the particular benefits of this protocol. Besides, the new nano-powdered ionic liquid was a successful and modest catalyst that could definitely be recycled and reused several times without apparent decrease in its catalytic activity.

We applied chlorophyll a fluorescence as a biomarker to assess the growth response and PSII behavior and performance of three pistachio (Pistacia vera) rootstocks to different salt levels after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and compared it with non-mycorrhizal plants (control). Our results confirmed the depressing effect of salt stress on mycorrhization extent and showed that the effect of salinity on colonization rate is completely under the influence of host plant. In this experiment, mycorrhizal symbiosis could enhance plants total dry mass (TDM), electron transfer on the donor and the acceptor side of PSII, decrease the energy dissipation and increase the comprehensive photosynthesis performance under salt stress as well as under normal conditions. We found that both donor and acceptor sides of PSII are the target sides under high salinity in pistachio rootstocks. We also found that performance index is the parameter that better reflects the responses of the studied rootstocks to progressive salt stress. Bane-baqi was less affected by salinity in terms of TDM followed by Sarakhs and Abareqi.

In this work, attempt is made to development of active non-precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) for the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) based on the heat treatment of poly-aniline/transition metal/carbon precursors. All the materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) small and wide angle, N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover for electrochemical evaluation of samples, Rotating Disk electrode (RDE) technique and Fuel Cell test were employed. The results showed that onset potential for the optimized sample is about 0.1 v less than the commercial catalyst whereas exchange current density of the optimized sample (at 0.2 V vs. Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE)) is about 15 mA cm −2 more than platinum electro-catalyst. Finally, the polarization curves for the fabricated membrane electrode assembly (MEAs) with overall catalyst loading of 2 mg cm −2 demonstrated that the optimized catalyst shows suitable performance compared with E-tek commercial platinum sample.

Waterflooding has been regarded as an efficient method for pressure maintenance of oil reservoirs. x Improved techniques such as Smart Water flooding as a new EOR/IOR process has gained more momentum based on the recent research activities in this field and the reduction of oil price. Despite many efforts on achieving the governing mechanisms of Smart Water flooding in many individual fields, most of data are sparse and more possible mechanisms which explains all the interactions yet to be introduced. This experimental study used a systematic laboratory framework which is based on seawater treatments at fixed ionic strength to eliminate the ionic strength effects, NaCl considered as the adjusting salt, as the injecting water. An oil-wet carbonate asphaltenic and fractured reservoir is the subject of this study. In order to investigate the impact of divalent ions in Smart Water and determining the governing mechanisms, both fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions are carefully studied through contact angle, IFT and pH measurements. The best Smart Water recipes from these experiments are chosen for Amott cell imbibition tests to combine all of the rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions of species during Smart Water injection in fractured rocks. According to the obtained results, sulfate ion has the most impact on IFT reduction for the crude oil and various Smart Water recipes and also causes the most reduction in contact angle tests. The imbibition experiments confirm these results, since the lowest recovery was obtained by removing sulfate in seawater while increasing this ion up to 4 times in seawater causes more than 8% of the ultimate recovery efficiency. The results indicated that sulfate is the most efficient divalent ion in seawater to improve the wettability alteration process for carbonate rocks during Smart Water flooding due to the expansion of electrical double layer mechanism. It is also believed that the acceleration of wettability alteration process would be mostly through rock dissolution mechanism. In addition, in the condition of high concentrations of sulfate ions, increased amount of Ca2 and Mg 2 concentrations and the absence of monovalent ions in the injecting water, result in significant enhancements in wettability alteration which lead to 17.5% increase in ultimate oil recovery efficiency.

Oleander is a potent cardiotoxic plant and is a common cause of poisoning in human and animals. There is no affordable and cost-effective treatment for oleander poisoning. Objective. To evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on Nerium oleander (a potent cardiotoxic plant) intoxication in sheep.Eight sheep were intravenously infused with an unsterilized hydro-ethanol extract of garlic (50 mg/kg) before or after receiving a lethal dose of dried leaves (as a powder) of oleander (100 mg/kg, orally). The cardiac rhythm was continuously monitored using biopotential wireless transmitters and telemetry system. For evaluation of therapeutic effects, six sheep received the lethal dose of oleander and were administered with garlic extract after development of cardiac arrhythmias. Subsequently, the survived animals from the therapeutic study (four sheep) were administered with oleander without receiving any medication. Some blood constituents, including total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and troponin I, were compared between treated and untreated animals.Pretreatment with garlic extract reversed the arrhythmia caused by oleander to its previous normal rhythm in seven sheep, but, one sheep died of ventricular fibrillation. On therapeutic treatment, four sheep survived while two died of ventricular fibrillation. Dosing with oleander without receiving garlic extract resulted in death of all sheep due to ventricular fibrillation. Blood constituents did not show any significant changes between treated and untreated sheep, and before and after intoxication.Garlic extract reduced the case fatality from 100% to 12.5% and 33.3% as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent, respectively. Additionally, garlic extract delayed the time of onset of arrhythmias and prolonged the interval between intoxication and death of the animals. Garlic extract could be considered to be a potential and affordable antidote in oleander poisoning. However additional studies with a larger sample size and in other species need to be performed to confirm the results in this study.

This paper reports excess molar enthalpies, H m E , for the binary mixtures of {1-alkanols (2), namely, {methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol} with benzaldehyde (1)} at T = 298.15 K at ambient pressure over a whole range of mole fraction. The sign of H m E for all systems are positive and the magnitude of H m E values with increasing of chain length, increase. The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation was used to correlate H m E . The excess partial molar enthalpies of benzaldehyde, H m, 1 E , excess partial molar enthalpies of 1-alkanols (C1 to C5), H m, 2 E , and excess partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution, H m, i E,0 , are calculated according to experimental excess molar enthalpies and Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The extracted date were used to evaluated the so-called intermolecular interaction functions ∂ H m, i E / ∂ x i and ∂ H m, i E / ∂ x j in terms of enthalpy. The ERAS, Wilson and NRTL models have been applied for describing the H m E .

Introduction: The relationship between population health and income inequality has attracted much attention during the last two decades. But the question on which there is no consensus is that whether fluctuations in economic inequality would lead to changes in population health indices. Methods: In response to this question, life expectancy and mortality rate as health indicators and Gini coefficient of inequality were used. A cross sectional data was used to survey the relationship between income inequality and population health over a period of 12 years (1995-2007) in 125 countries. Results: There was no significant relationship between inequality and population health when panel data method was used and the heterogeneity and unobservable differences among countries in the form of fixed effects were considered, Discussion: An income increase would enhance life expectancy and decrease mortality rate. Contrary to the findings of many studies using time series data, it appears that there is no significant relationship between inequality and health indicators.

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary mixture consist of {2-methyl-2-butanol (1) + tetrahydrofuran (THF) (2) + propylamine (3)} at a temperature of 298.15 K and related binary mixtures were measured at temperatures of (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K at ambient pressure. Data were used to calculate the excess molar volumes and the deviations of the viscosity and refractive index. The Redlich–Kister and the Cibulka equations were used for correlating binary and ternary properties, respectively. The ERAS-model has been applied for describing the binary and ternary excess molar volumes and also Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera (PRSV) equation of state (EOS) has been used to predict the binary and ternary excess molar volumes and viscosities.

In this investigation, relations between the ground's thermal properties and 70 earthquakes with a magnitude >4 Richter in the Alborz region during a period of 12 years (1992 to 2004) were studied. Typical changes of ground temperature, 0.4 °C; thermal diffusivity, 0.028 m2 s−1×10−6 and ground heat flux take place a few hours prior to the earthquakes. The values of thermal diffusivity depend on the ground moisture content, which may change during seismic activities. The analysis of ground heat flux from the epicentre and it's surrounding regions show some anomalous behavior before the earthquakes but with different signs in the areas close to the sea and far away from the sea. The changes of the ground's thermal properties prior to the earthquakes in the Alborz region are attributed to the increase in seismic activities in the epicentre and it's surrounding regions. The anomalous behavior in the ground thermal properties shows great potential in providing early warning of imminent earthquake.

In the present work, an analytical expression has been obtained for the direct correlation function (DCF). Derivation of this relation was based on the well known statistical mechanical relation between bulk modulus and DCF. Analytical expression of the bulk modulus has been derived using Ihm-Song-Mason (ISM) equation of state (EoS), and we have used the hyper netted chain (HNC) approximation for the DCF in terms of the density expansion. Applying the obtained DCF makes possible to have structure factor (SF) at any given thermodynamic state. We have calculated the SF in this way for liquid argon and compared the results of our calculations with the experimental data at different temperatures and densities and at almost entire range of the attractive and repulsive of inter atomic distances. The agreement between the calculated SF and the experimental data are qualitatively reasonable.

Replacement of KNO 3 by KCl, with or without MgCl 2 via use of various N sources in Hoagland and Arnon (1950) base nutrient solution has been studied on nutrient concentration on (Fragaria ananassa, Selva). The nutrient solution has shown an inconstant pattern in plants' nutrient concentration at different physiological stages. It seems that Cl and Mg have an important role in nutrient partitioning among the various organs.

L’etude de la decontamination surfacique des colis de dechets radioactifs est un projet important pour EDF, dans le cadre du demantelement. Cette etude a deux objectifs : tout d’abord de reduire la dosimetrie due au controle de la non-contamination surfacique des colis de dechets radioactifs et ensuite garantir la non contamination surfacique des colis jusqu’a sa destination finale (site de traitement et/ou entreposage) en evitant la mise en suspension et le depot d’activite labile lors du transport des colis qui pourrait entrainer localement le depassement du seuil de contamination surfacique reglementaire. Pour cela, une etude bibliographique des methodes de decontamination proposees dans la litterature a ete effectuee. Cette etude a permis de voir si des techniques pouvaient repondre aux criteres choisis. Les techniques susceptibles de repondre aux exigences ont ete testees afin d’evaluer leur efficacite. L’etude bibliographique et les essais de qualification ont montre qu’une methode semblait plus adaptee que les autres a notre problematique.

Variable-temperature 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy are used to investigate barrier of C–N rotation in series of amides, such as N-benzoyl pyrrolidine, N-(4-chlorobenzoyl) pyrrolidine, N-(4-methoxybenzoyl) pyrrolidine, N-(4-chlorobenzoyl) piperidine, and N-(4-methoxybenzoyl) piperidine. Δ G 298 ≠ of 65.2, 60.6, 58.8, 60.1, and 57.1 kJ mol−1are found for the above compounds, respectively. Theoretical studies were done for these compounds and the results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Theoretical and experimental results showed that substituted methoxy group on the para position of benzene ring decreases the rotational barrier. Increasing steric effect and therefore unstabilizing the ground state (GS) in piperidine compare to pyrrolidine ring also decreases the rotational barrier. It was found out that the rotational barrier in the polar solvent is higher than non-polar solvent.

Modal analysis of a FGM plate containing the ceramic phase of Al2O3 and metal phase of stainless steel 304 was performed using ABAQUS, with the assumptions that the material has an elastic mechanical behavior and its Young modulus and density are varying in thickness direction. For this purpose, a subroutine was written in FOTRAN and linked with ABAQUS. First, a simulation was performed in accordance to other researcher’s model, and then after comparing the obtained results, the accuracy of the present study was verified. The obtained results for natural frequency and mode shapes indicate good performance of user-written subroutine as well as FEM model used in present study. After verification of obtained results, the effect of clamping condition and the material type (i.e. the parameter n) was investigated. In this respect, finite element analysis was carried out in fully clamped condition for different values of n. The results indicate that the natural frequency decreases with increase of n, since with increase of n, the amount of ceramic phase in FGM plate decreases, while the amount of metal phase increases, leading to decrease of the plate stiffness and hence, natural frequency, as the Young modulus of Al2O3 is equal to 380 GPa and the Young modulus of stainless steel 304 is equal to 207 GPa., {"references":["Huishen S, 2009. Functionally graded materials: nonlinear analysis of plates and shells. CRC press. (1): 107-124.","Koizmi M, 1993. The concept of FGM. Ceram Trans Func Grad. 34:3-10.","Salehi HR, Salami S, 2013. Make and investigation of properties of carbon / phenolic nano-composite by polymer pyrolysis methods and reinforcing it with metal oxide nanoparticles. Advanced Materials in Engineering. 32(1).","Arab S, Mirhabibi A, 2012. Study of the microstructural and mechanical properties of the heart resistant multi-layer coating of zirconia / alumina composite and zirconia bilayer coating applied by plasma spraying. Iranian Journal of ceramic. 31: 50-56.","Ramu I, Mohanty SC, 2014. Modal analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plates using Finite Element Method. Procedia Materials Science. 6: 460-467.","Talha M, Singh BN, 2010. Static response and free vibration analysis of FGM plates using higher order shear deformation theory. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 34: 3991-4011.","Bahar U, Metin A, 2007. Three-Dimensional Vibration Analyses of Functionally Graded Plates under Various Boundary Conditions. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 26(18).","Kadoli R, Akhtar K, Ganesan N, 2008. Static Analysis of Functionally Graded Beam, Using High Order Shear Deformation Theory. App. Math. Modeling. 32(3): 2509-2525.","Zenkour AM, 2005. A Comprehensive Analysis of Functionally Graded Sandwich Plates: part I: Deflection and Stresses. Int. J. Solids and Structures. 42:5224-5242. \n[10]\tNg TY, Lam KY, Liew KM, 2000. Effects of FGM materials on the parametric resonance of plate structures. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 190:953-962."]}

Kinetic studies were made of the reactions between triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of a NH-acid such as pyrazole. To determine the kinetic parameters of the reactions, the reaction progress was monitored by UV spectrophotometry. The second-order fits were automatically drawn and the values of the second-order rate constant (k 2) were automatically calculated using standard equations. In the temperature range studied, the dependence of ln k 2 on the reciprocal temperature was consistent with the Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, useful information was obtained from studies of the effect of solvent, structure of the reactants (different alkyl groups within the dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates), and also the concentration of reactants on the rate of reaction. The mechanism was confirmed to involve a steady-state condition with the first step of the reaction being the rate-determining step.

In the present study we have investigated axial buckling characteristics of nanocomposite beams reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Various types of beam theories including Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Timoshenko beam theory and Reddy beam theory were used to analyze the buckling behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beams. Generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method was utilized to discretize the governing differential equations along with four commonly used boundary conditions. The material properties of the nanocomposite beams were obtained using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation corresponding to both short-(10,10) SWCNT and long- (10,10) SWCNT composites which were embedded by amorphous polyethylene matrix. Then the results obtained directly from MD simulations were matched with those calculated by the mixture rule to extract appropriate values of carbon nanotube efficiency parameters accounting for the scale-dependent material properties. The selected numerical results were presented to indicate the influences of nanotube volume fractions and end supports on the critical axial buckling loads of nanocomposite beams relevant to long- and short-nanotube composites., {"references":["S. Iijima, 1991, Helical Microtubes of Graphite Carbon, Nature 354, pp.\n56-58.","K. Liao and S. Li, 2001, Interfacial Characteristics of a Carbon\nNanotube-Polystyrene Composite System, Applied Physics Letters 79,\npp. 4225-4227.","C. Wei, K. Cho, and D. Srivastava, 2001, Chemical Bonding of Polymer\non Carbon Nanotube, MRS 2001 Meeting proceeding.","K. Lau, 2003, Interfacial Bonding Characteristics of Nanotube/Polymer\nComposites, Chemical Physics Letters 370, pp. 399-405.","E. Hammel, X. Tang, M. Trampert, T. Schmitt, K. Mauthner, and A.\nEder, 2004, Carbon Nanofibers for Composite Applications, Carbon 42,\npp. 1153-1158.","Y. Han and J. Elliott, 2007, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the\nElastic Properties of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites,\nComputational Materials Science 39, pp. 315-323.","A. Labuschange, N.F.J. Van Rensburg, and A.J. Van der Merwe, 2009,\nComparison of Linear Beam Theories, Mathematical and Computer\nModelling 49, pp. 20-30.","H.S. Shen, 2009, Nonlinear Bending of Functionally Graded Carbon\nNanotube-Reinforced Composite Plates in Thermal Environments,\nComposite Structures 91, pp. 9-19.","H. Haftchenari, M. Darvizeh, A. Darvizeh, R. Ansari, and C.B. Sharma,\n2007, Dynamic Analysis of Composite Cylindrical Shells using\nDifferential Quadrature Method (DQM), Composite Structures 78(2),\npp. 292-298.\n[10] P. Malekzadeh and A.R. Fiouz, 2007, Large Deformation Analysis of\nOrthotropic Skew Plates with Nonlinear Rotationally Restrained Edges\nusing DQM, Composite Structures 80(2), pp. 196-206.\n[11] M.A. De Rosa, N.M. Auciello, and M. Lippiello, 2008, Dynamic\nStability Analysis and DQM for Beams with Variable Cross-Section,\nMechanics Research Communications 35(3), pp. 187-192.\n[12] Y.J. Hu, Y.Y. Zhu, and C.J. Cheng, 2009, DQM for Dynamic Response\nof Fluid-Saturated Visco-Elastic Porous Media, International Journal of\nSolids and Structures 46(7-8), pp. 1667-1675.\n[13] O. Sepahi, M.R. Forouzan, and P. Malekzadeh, 2010, Large Deflection\nAnalysis of Thermo-Mechanical Loaded Annular FGM Plates on\nNonlinear Elastic Foundation via DQM, Composite Structures 92(10),\npp. 2369-2378.\n[14] S.C. Pradhan and T. Murmu, 2010, Application of Nonlocal Elasticity\nand DQM in the Flapwise Bending Vibration of a Rotating\nNanocantilever, Physica E 42(7), pp. 1944-1949.\n[15] I. Hanasaki, A. Nakatani, and H. Kitagawa, 2004, Molecular Dynamics\nStudy of Ar Flow and He Flow Inside Carbon Nanotube Junction as a\nMolecular Nozzle and Diffuser, Science and Technology of Advanced\nMaterials 5, pp. 107-113.\n[16] K. Bi, Y. Chen, J. Yang, Y. Wang, and M. Chen, 2006, Molecular\nDynamics Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Single-Wall Carbon\nNanotubes, Physics Letters A 350, pp. 150-153.\n[17] Nanorex Inc., 2005, NanoHive-1 v.1.2.0-b1, www.nanoengineer-1.com\n[18] S.J. Stuart, A.B. Tutein, and J.A. Harrison, 2000, A Reactive Potential\nfor Hydrocarbons with Intermolecular Interactions, Journal of Chemical\nPhysics 112, pp. 6472-6486\n[19] C.F. Cornwell and L.T. Wille, 1997, Elastic Properties of Single-Walled\nCarbon Nanotubes in Comparison, Solid State Communications 101, pp.\n555-558.\n[20] V.N. Popov, V.E. Van Doren, and M. Balkanski, 2000, Elastic\nProperties of Crystals of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Solid State\nCommunications 114, pp. 395-399."]}

Aflatoxin contamination of pistachio nuts was investigated during production, processing, storage, transportation, and exposition stages. The aim of the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) project is contamination elimination by detection and evaluation of critical control points (CCP). Accurate harvesting method, quick transfer to terminal by suitable vehicle, rapid peeling, short depot, sanitary and sufficient water usage for washing, correct drying by favorite dryer, sampling and checking during different steps and isolation of unclean fruits are critical points of aflatoxin contamination. This project is performed at Taft and Mehriz regions on 2003 and 2004 in two sites as pilots by the Agriculture Organization of Yazd province and the Pistachio Office of the Agriculture ministry. Aflatoxin contamination is reduced to acceptable standard level of Europe (2 ppb), based on previous research results of the HACCP project, CCP detection and their control in orchard, processing terminal and store and performing of good agriculture practice (GAP), good hygienic practice (GHP), good manufacturing practice (GMP) and good storage practice (GSP). After the pilot project performance, a work group on healthy pistachio production was constituted that consisted of agriculture, sanitary and standard office experts. They formed sub-committees in counties and accomplished in a widespread scale among Yazd province with training of all production agents such as experts, gardeners and exporters, publishing technical and primitive leaflets and manuals. One of the main activities was converting of a conventional to a modern processing system. More than 220 modern processing terminals were established during 2002-2010 moreover, pistachio export reached 53 million dollars to Japan and European countries in the year 2010.

Absorbance measurements find the yield of the oxidation of U(IV) to be (8.75 +/- 0.05) x 10(-7) mol J(-1) in the (60)Co gamma radiolysis of aqueous solutions containing 4.4 x 10(-3) mol L(-1) U(IV) in the presence of O(2) saturated 2 mol L(-1) Cl(-) at pH = 0. This high value of oxidation yield suggests that all primary radicals formed by water decomposition are scavenged in these solutions. Simulations using a nonhomogeneous stochastic kinetic track model agree with the experimental results and are used to explain the mechanism for scavenging radicals and oxidation of U(IV).

This paper extends two models for stochastic multi‐commodity facility location problem. The problem is formulated as two‐stage stochastic programming. As a main point of this study, a new algorithm is applied to efficiently generate scenarios for uncertain correlated customers’ demands. This algorithm uses Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and a scenario reduction approach. The relation between customer satisfaction level and cost are considered in model I. The risk measure using Conditional Value‐at‐Risk (CVaR) is embedded into the optimization model II. Here, the structure of the network contains three facility layers including plants, distribution centers, and retailers. The first stage decisions are the number, locations, and the capacity of distribution centers. In the second stage, the decisions are the amount of productions, the volume of transportation between plants and customers.

European construction raises at the great day, the theoretical faults of the traditional design of contemporary public sphere. In the light of investigation empirical, this text tries a conceptual definition of the three features characteristic of public space.

Nous etudions les modifications induites par le rayonnement ionisant sur l'argile Fo-Ca 7 et les eaux argileuses provenant du contact entre la roche et l'eau. L'irradiation provoque plusieurs changements dans le comportement du solide vis-a-vis de l'eau (solubilite des cations, pH d'equilibre, pouvoir reducteur). L'eau argileuse contient des capteurs de radicaux OH. En consequence, le rendement de formation de l'eau oxygenee est plus eleve. Un schema cinetique permettant de reproduire l'evolution de solutions d'eau oxygenee dans l'eau argileuse est propose

The mechanism of the radiolytic formation and disappearance of hydrogen peroxide in aerated clay water was studied. The yield of H2O2 formation in clay water in an air atmosphere is equal to 0.25 μmol J-1. When initially present in the solution, hydrogen peroxide disappears with a yield dependent upon the concentration and the dose rate. In both cases a steady state is reached dependent on the dose rate. In order to define more precisely the role of OH free radicals in this process, the reaction of these free radicals in clay water was studied by pulse radiolysis. As expected, OH is scavenged by different solutes, therefore, it cannot react with hydrogen peroxide. A kinetic scheme based upon these results is proposed. Using a minimal equation set (nine equations), it is possible to simulate the [H2O2] evolution with a very good accuracy, for doses going up to 20,000 Gy. It is also demonstrated that the reaction of H2 with OH does not occur in such conditions, which is consistent with the accumulation of dihydrogen during the radiolysis of ground water.