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Many road traffic injuries in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are to bus passengers. We sought to determine the availability, functionality, and observed vs. self-reported use of seatbelts in large intercity buses in Ghana. We observed seatbelt use for 1,184 passengers in 35 large intercity buses. We interviewed a separate group of 633 bus passengers. All buses observed had seatbelts and most (92.6%) were functional. A little over a fifth (21.6%) of passengers were observed to wear seatbelts. However, 34.5% of passengers in the self-reported survey indicated always wearing seatbelts when riding in buses. Passengers on 5 buses out of the 35 observed where the driver verbally prompted them to wear seatbelts were more likely (57.8%) to wear seatbelts than on the other buses (15.3%, p = 0.001). Comparing the self-reported survey with observations, passengers tended to overinflate seatbelt use by a factor of 1.6. This study provides useful information for efforts to increase and monitor seatbelt use among large intercity bus passengers in LMICs. Supplemental data for this article is available online at

The physiological and behavioural characteristics associated with adolescence increase the risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections which may have devastating effects on their sexual and reproductive health. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of sexually transmitted infections of school going adolescents in the Sunyani West District of Ghana. A cross-sectional study design was used in gathering appropriate survey data from 316 senior high school students. Descriptive and univariate analyses were conducted using STATA version 14.0 software. The age group 16 - 18 years were the majority of respondents. More male than female adolescents knew about all four areas of knowledge as regards sexually transmitted infections. The study showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.001) between level of knowledge of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents and their class/form. Adolescents had good knowledge about sexually transmitted infections despite some misconceptions that could affect their sexual behaviour. Educational levels of students have to be considered in the design of sex education curriculum.

The findings of a study of maintenance management at hazardous plant are used to illustrate the inter-relationships between management elements. The significance of these complicated interactions for incorporating managerial and organisational factors into Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA) is considered and potential problems highlighted. The potential for risk analysis to play a more active role in ongoing safety management is also explored; it is suggested that the adoption of a hierarchy of robust, safety related, Performance Indicators matched to the hierarchy of managerial responsibility and identified via risk analysis might allow plant managers to exercise more pro-active control of plant safety.

A prospective longitudinal study was carried out on 39 outdoor breeding pig farms in England in 2003 and 2004 to investigate the risks associated with mortality in liveborn preweaning piglets. Researchers visited each farm and completed a questionnaire with the farmer and made observations of the paddocks, huts and pigs. The farmer recorded the number of piglets born alive and stillborn, fostered on and off and the number of piglets that died before weaning for 20 litters born after the visit. Data were analysed from a cohort of 9424 liveborn piglets from 855 litters. Overall 1274 liveborn piglets (13.5%) died before weaning. A mixed effect binomial model was used to investigate the associations between preweaning mortality and farm and litter level factors, controlling for litter size and number of piglets stillborn and fostered. Increased risk of mortality was associated with fostering piglets over 24h of age, organic certification or membership of an assurance scheme with higher welfare standards, farmer's perception that there was a problem with pest birds, use of medication to treat coccidiosis and presence of lame sows on the farm. Reduced mortality was associated with insulated farrowing huts and door flaps, women working on the farm and the farmer reporting a problem with foxes.

Relativistic neutrons were observed by the neutron monitors at Mt. Chacaltaya and Mexico City and by the solar neutron telescopes at Chacaltaya and Mt. Sierra Negra in association with an X17.0 flare on 2005 September 7. The neutron signal continued for more than 20 min with high statistical significance. Intense emissions of γ -rays were also registered by INTEGRAL , and during the decay phase by RHESSI . We analyzed these data using the solar-flare magnetic-loop transport and interaction model of Hua et al. [Hua, X.-M., Kozlovsky, B., Lingenfelter, R.E. et al. Angular and energy-dependent neutron emission from solar flare magnetic loops, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 140, 563–579, 2002], and found that the model could successfully fit the data with intermediate values of loop magnetic convergence and pitch-angle scattering parameters. These results indicate that solar neutrons were produced at the same time as the γ -ray line emission and that ions were continuously accelerated at the emission site.

Ragged Pluton is a member of the Tungsten Plutonic Suite in the eastern Selwyn Basin. This circular massive 97 Ma granitic pluton is ∼5 km in diameter. It intrudes deformed and metamorphosed clastic strata of the Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian Vampire Formation. Thermal and alternating field step demagnetization data for 216 specimens from 21 plutonic sites isolated a stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) direction at 20 sites of declination D = 325.9°, inclination I = 80.4° (α95 = 2.7°, k = 142). Thermal demagnetization and saturation remanence analysis show that the ChRM is carried by both single-domain pyrrhotite and magnetite. Ragged Pluton’s paleopole at 73.9°N latitude, 191.4°E longitude (dp = 5.0°, dm = 5.2°) is concordant with its co-eval 97 Ma North American reference paleopole, showing at 95% confidence that the pluton has not been significantly rotated or translated relative to North America. This paleomagnetic result favours tectonic models in which the eastern Selwyn Basin is autochthonous, or nearly so, since the mid Cretaceous.

This study was a preliminary investigation of an enzyme immunoassay for measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in a male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) by investigating changes in behavior and cortisol metabolite excretion associated with a putative stressful event. The study collected fecal samples for 10 days prior to, and 10 days after, 24-hr transport and relocation of the elephant to a new herd. The study measured cortisol metabolites using 2 enzyme immunoassays indicating a 389% and 340% increase in cortisol metabolite excretion following relocation. Maximal cortisol metabolite excretion occurred 2 days after relocation and remained elevated during establishment of the new herd. Stereotypic behavior increased approximately 400% after relocation. The relocation disturbed sleep patterns, the elephant spent less time sleeping during the night, and the elephant slept standing up. These results provide preliminary evidence that noninvasive monitoring of fecal cortisol metabolites can be used to investigate adrenal activity in Asian elephants and may be a safe, practical, and accurate welfare indicator.

Use of gestation stalls in pork production remains a controversial topic in animal welfare. Immune status and measures are frequently used to assess stress levels and thus well-being of confined animals. The important welfare issue of close confinement among gestating gilts was tested by quantifying cortisol, acute phase cytokine, and acute phase protein pro-files before and after farrowing of gilts housed in 2 systems. Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred gilts housed in groups of 4 (group, n = 8) in pens (3.9 x 2.4 m with 4 individual feeding spaces, 9.36 m(2) total or 2.34 m(2)/gilt) were compared with gilts housed in standard industry stalls (stall, n = 16; 2.2 x 0.6 m, 1.32 m(2)/gilt). Floors were fully slatted, and a substrate was not provided for either system. Cortisol was determined from saliva on d 105 of gestation, 1 h after moving the gilts into farrowing stalls (d 111), and 24 h and 7 d after farrowing. Cortisol was greater (P = 0.04) for group gilts compared with stall gilts 1 h after moving them into farrowing stalls and 24 h after farrowing. Cortisol concentrations decreased (P = 0.001) over time. Leukocyte mRNA expression of IL-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was determined by quantitative, reverse transcription PCR on d 35, 63, and 91 of gestation and 72 h after farrowing. Cytokine mRNA expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not differ between housing systems for IL-1, its receptor antagonist, or for tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Acute phase proteins, including fibrinogen, haptoglobin, and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein were determined for plasma samples taken at d 35, 63, and 91 of gestation and 72 h and 14 d after farrowing. In contrast to cortisol, plasma fibrinogen concentrations increased (P0.005) over time. Haptoglobin did not differ between treatments (P0.10). Stall gilts tended to have greater (P = 0.07) plasma alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein concentrations than group animals at d 35 of gestation and d 14 after farrowing. These data showed a trend (P0.07) for alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein concentrations to return to baseline more quickly in group-housed gilts, which did not appear to be directly related to increased cortisol just before farrowing. In conclusion, few differences in the acute phase response were detected between housing systems, suggesting that the resting immunological responses are only mildly affected by gestation stalls.

Data from 67 pig farms with a variety of farrowing systems were used to identify factors associated with preweaning mortality in British pig herds. The median mortality reported by the farmers was 10.7 per cent (interquartile range 8.5 to 14 per cent). There was a significantly higher mortality when the pigs were weaned when they were older. A multivariable Poisson model was developed into which the types of farrowing system on each farm and the age at weaning were forced. Factors associated with a lower preweaning mortality rate were insulating the farrowing building, providing extra heat at farrowing, giving the piglets iron injections, dipping their navels, using fan ventilation and using artificial lighting systems. Factors associated with a higher mortality rate were a later weaning age, the use of infra-red lamps rather than other forms of supplementary heat, and the use of a creep without any bedding.

This Lithoprobe-funded paleomagnetic study of the Early Proterozoic Wintering Lake granitoid body supports tectonic models that suggest continental accretion of the Trans-Hudson Orogen with the Superior Craton occurred at ~1822 Ma. Thermal demagnetization data for the granitoid specimens suggest that the magnetic remanence carriers are coarse-grained magnetite or titanomagnetite, and saturation isothermal remanence tests suggest that the magnetite is mostly multidomain. Six of seven paleomagnetic contact tests were negative, indicating that the host rocks have been remagnetized and that the granitoid body may have been partially remagnetized near its margins. Acceptable site mean remanence directions for 20 of 21 granitic sites yield a paleopole at 46.8°N, 102.2°W (with semi-axes of the 95% ellipse of confidence about the paleopole of dp = 11° and dm = 11°). The paleopole fits on the extrapolated apparent polar wander path (APWP) for the Superior craton at ~1822 Ma, which is the interpreted emplacement age of the pluton close to the peak of the Trans-Hudson orogeny. This is the first well-constrained paleomagnetic result from the Superior Province that provides direct evidence from concordant paleopoles for the Early Proterozoic accretion of the orogen to the craton. Further, the paleomagnetic results from the pluton's host rocks, along with other recent results from the Superior Boundary Zone, fill in a gap in the APWP for the craton between ~1780 and ~1720 Ma. The Superior path is now shown to form a hairpin as the craton moves from mid to polar paleolatitudes from ~1880 to ~1830 Ma, suffers a stillstand from ~1830 to ~1770 Ma during the peak of the Trans-Hudson orogeny, returns to mid-paleolatitudes from ~1770 to ~1740 Ma, and then moves on to subequatorial paleolatitudes by ~1720 Ma.

The effects of housing gestating gilts in groups of four (G, n = 8) or individual stalls (S, n = 14) on production, health and behavioural time budget were evaluated. Gilts were allocated to a gestation treatment by d 7 after breeding. They were housed in a single room, floors were fully slatted with no bedding, and all conditions except for housing type were identical. Gilts were weighed and their backfat measured at wk 1 (just after moving to gestation housing), 5, 9 and 13 of pregnancy. After farrowing, litter size, sex ratio, piglet weights and mortality percentages were recorded. Skin lesions were scored using a 6-point scale every 2 wk. Gait was scored using a 6-point scale at the end of gestation. Heart rate was assessed at wk 14 to 15 after breeding. Behaviour was videotaped to collect data on body postures and ingestive behaviour for 24 h at wk 4, 6, 9 and 13 of gestation. Apart from at wk 5, when S gilts had higher backfat than G (P < 0.05), G and S gilts did not differ in body weight or backfat during the study. Reproductive performance did not differ. While skin lesion scores did not differ at wk 1, by wk 13 lesion scores for several regions of the head, face, body, feet and legs were higher in G than S animals (P < 0.05). There were no differences in heart rate, but gait scores at the end of pregnancy tended to be poorer in G than S gilts (P < 0.1). As gestation progressed gilts spent less time standing (P < 0.0001) and more time lying (P < 0.05), but behavioural time budgets (percentages of time spent standing, lying, sitting, eating and drinking) of animals housed in G and S did not differ. In conclusion, there were few differences detected between gilts housed for one pregnancy in groups of four or stalls. Stalls in this study were relatively spacious, while group pens were relatively small and barren. Effects of gestation housing on sows' welfare may be cumulative, taking several parities to emerge, and care must be taken in the design and management of group housing systems to ensure that they achieve their objective of improved welfare for all group members.

MRI scans are increasingly used diagnostically in medicine. Scans of the head and neck region can be distorted by metallic components in the vicinity. This paper discusses the consideration for aesthetic brackets (with no metal components) on all teeth including molars in patients requiring MRI scans and especially if those need to be repeated on a regular basis.

Gestational housing of sows remains a controversial issue that may affect the well-being of both sows and piglets. Therefore, 2 types of gestational housing were used to evaluate the stress imposed on pregnant gilts by each system and the effects on the offspring by comparing production, physiology, and behavioral measures of the piglets. Forty-eight Landrace x Yorkshire gilts were randomly assigned to groups (G) of 4 per pen (n = 8 pens; 3.9 m x 2.4 m) or to individual stalls (S; n = 16 stalls; 2.21 m x 0.61 m). Gilts were moved into individual farrowing crates 5 d before the expected farrowing date. Piglets were weighed at birth, d 14, and d 35. Two barrows from each litter were weaned at d 14 (early weaning) and housed together in pens. Maintenance behaviors (head in feeder, drinking, lying, eating mash) were videotaped and observed for the first 3 d after weaning using a 10-min interval scan sampling. Belly nosing and play/fight interactions were recorded from video observations for 3 d postweaning. An isolation test (30-min duration) was performed on one piglet from each pen of barrows on d 35. Time spent lying, the number of jumps against test box walls, and grunts and squeals were recorded in real time. Salivary cortisol was collected at 30-min intervals from baseline, and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min posttest. Jugular blood was collected from 2 barrows from each litter on d 1, 7, 14, 17, 21, and 28. Plasma TNF-alpha was analyzed by ELISA, and haptoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and immunoglobulin G were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion. More piglets from the S treatment needed to be fed a liquid feed at weaning and drank more frequently on d 2 postweaning (P < 0.05). Additionally, by d 35 piglets from S gilts had a lighter BW (10.3 kg) than G piglets (12.8 kg; P < 0.01). Piglets from S gilts also grunted more during the 30-min isolation test (number of grunts = 356) than G piglets (number of grunts = 138; P < 0.01). Salivary cortisol and immune measures were not different. These data show some behavioral and production differences between piglets from individually stalled gilts and group-housed gilts. Therefore, there may be production advantages to housing first parity gilts in groups.

Lithoprobe Slave – Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) transect support enabled 24 paleomagnetic collections (536 sites, 6547 specimens) to be made in the northern Cordillera. Paleopoles from 16 studies are integrated with other published paleopoles to present a tectonic synthesis for the Intermontane Belt (IMB) and Yukon–Tanana (YT) terranes since 215 Ma. It shows that the YT terrane has been parautochthonous with the North American craton at least since the Early Jurassic. Since 54 Ma the IMB terranes have rotated steadily clockwise at 0.29° ± 0.11°/Ma on top of the YT terrane and craton or by 16° ± 6° clockwise. Between 102 ± 14 and 54 Ma, the IMB terranes rotated another 35° ± 14° clockwise, probably during Paleocene collision with the craton, and were translated 8.3° ± 7.0° (2σ) (915 ± 775 km) northward, probably during the Late Cretaceous on the Kula plate. The 915 km estimate is much less than most paleomagnetic estimates for "Baja BC" but agrees with the geological evidence. These post-Jurassic estimates are used to reconstruct the position of the Late Triassic – Jurassic cratonic apparent polar wander path for the IMB. The resulting IMB path is found to be concordant with the Cache Creek and Quesnellia terrane poles, indicating that these terranes were together and close to the craton in the Early Jurassic. These results place the IMB terranes close to the Pacific coastline of the northern USA and southern Canada but rotated 35° ± 14° counterclockwise, in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.

Lithoprobe's sponsorship has led to the acquisition of paleomagnetic data from ~20 units throughout the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO) of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, essentially the first such data for the region. Discussed summarily in this paper, they provide an initial framework for the THO's tectonic evolution. They show that the Archean Hearne and Superior cratons were at subtropical and subpolar paleolatitudes, respectively, at ~1875 Ma, with the Lynn Lake – LaRonge arc midway between them in the Manikewan Ocean. By ~1855 Ma, this ocean was still ~5500 ± 700 km wide, and its seafloor was subducting northwestward under the Hearne craton and pericratonic Peter Lake domain margin with the coeval development of an Andean-type continental magmatic arc, the Wathaman–Chipewyan batholith. Between ~1855 and ~1810 Ma, coalescing apparent polar wander path (APWP) segments record closing of the ocean at a rate of ~12 cm/a, trapping and accreting the several separate intervening terranes (Flin Flon, Hanson Lake, Lynn Lake – LaRonge, Rottenstone, and presumably also other THO terranes). From ~1815 to ~1775 Ma, the assembled terranes drifted as a coherent craton, yielding a stillstand and hairpin in the APWP.

We have developed MGGPOD, a suite of Monte Carlo codes built around the widely used GEANT (Version 3.21) package, to simulate ab initio the physical processes relevant for the production of instrumental backgrounds. These include the build-up and delayed decay of radioactive isotopes as well as the prompt de-excitation of excited nuclei, both of which give rise to a plethora of instrumental γ-ray background lines in addition to continuum background. We demonstrate the capabilities of the MGGPOD suite by modelling high resolution γ-ray spectra recorded by the Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) on board Wind and the SPI spectrometer on board the recently launched INTEGRAL observatory.

Piglet-directed aggression at farrowing was investigated on seven large, new pig units. Gilts were subject to a light (continuous or diurnal light) and/or sound (newborn piglet vocalisations or no vocalisations) treatment around the time of farrowing. Behaviour records were collected for the first farrowing of 6625 crossbred gilts. The incidence of savaging, number of piglets affected by it and factors associated with piglet-directed aggressive behaviour were recorded. Piglet-directed aggression was scored as 0 (none), 1 (moderate) or 2 (severe). Effects of the light and sound treatments, situation of the farrowing crate within the farrowing room and time (from first to fourth fill of the farrowing rooms) were examined. Three hundred and thirty-one gilts (5.3%) displayed some degree of aggression towards their piglets (scoring either 1 or 2), while 201 (2.9%) killed piglets.

The Middle Jurassic Fourth of July Batholith and cross-cutting mafic dikes have been studied geochronologically, geobarometrically and paleomagnetically to estimate subsequent tectonic motion of the Cache Creek Terrane (CCT) in the northern Canadian Cordillera. 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages from a granodiorite phase are similar to U–Pb zircon ages and indicate rapid cooling of the batholith upon intrusion, suggesting that the magnetization age is coincident with the 173-Ma crystallization age. Argon ages of biotite from the granodiorite and two mafic dikes have similar ages of ∼165 Ma, which dates cooling through ∼280 °C. Aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometry indicates differential uplift of the batholith across a north–south fault zone along Atlin Lake with >6 km more uplift on its eastern side. Also, the eastern side has been tilted downward to the south–southwest by ∼9°. Combined paleomagnetic data from 20 granitoid and 11 mafic dike sites yield an in situ paleopole at 55°W, 63°N (dp=5°, dm=5°) and a tilt-corrected paleopole at 81°W, 55°N (dp=5°, dm=6°). Compared to the 173-Ma reference pole for the North American craton, the tilt-corrected pole suggests a significant southward translation of 16.1±3.7° and a significant clockwise rotation of 107±7°. The translation estimate is similar to the Jurassic Teslin Crossing pluton in the Stikine Terrane, however, the rotation estimate is very different. This could indicate that the Cache Creek Terrane was at a similar latitude of the Stikine Terrane, but the two were not yet amalgamated.

The Wind spacecraft, which carries the Transient Gamma Ray Spectrometer (TGRS), moves in an extremely elliptical orbit that largely avoids Earth's trapped radiation belts and albedo γ-radiation. The TGRS therefore enjoys a relatively low level of background, which is also extremely stable. We show how this stability enables modeling of the time variability of background lines, which in turn enables a novel technique of background subtraction for use in the detection of transient astrophysical lines. We apply a simple version of this method to the line at 478 keV that is expected to arise from nucleosynthesis of 7Be in nearby novae. This search covers the entire southern ecliptic hemisphere during 1995-1997, including five known individual events and possible undiscovered individual events. The TGRS design also uses Wind's 3 s rotation period to modulate signals from the Galactic center. We use this feature of the instrument to search for a quasi-constant level of 478 keV emission from the accumulation of 7Be from several novae that are expected to occur in the direction of the Galactic center during that isotope's 53 day half-life. We derive upper limits on the transient (single nova) emission that improve on previous limits by about an order of magnitude and limits on the steady (many nova) emission that represent a factor of 2 improvement. Only weak limits can be placed on the key parameters in the nucleosynthesis and ejection of 7Be, however.

The farming of ‘alternative’ species such as wild boar is becoming increasingly common in western agriculture. Relatively little has been published about the behaviour of wild boar in captivity, and data about parturition and maternal behaviour are particularly scarce. Twenty-four primiparous farmed wild boar females of three genetic lines (SD, San Diego; PK, Peter Kalden; S, Scandinavian) were videotaped before and during parturition, and production data were recorded. Sows were housed in individual, well-strawed pens measuring 3.05 m ×1.52 m. The duration of parturition, duration of inter-birth intervals (IBIs), frequency of posture changes before and during parturition and nature of parturient behaviour were recorded. Offspring-directed aggression displayed by the sows was scored as 0 (none), 1 (moderate) or 2 (severe). A score of 2 indicated that a sow killed one or more of her young and/or human intervention was required to control her aggression. Mean±S.D. litter size was 5.4±1.5 young. Mean±S.D. duration of parturition was 81.4±79.2 min. Litter size and duration of parturition did not vary with genetic line. Eight sows (33.3%) showed some offspring-directed aggression; of these, two killed one or more of their young. Aggression score varied with sows’ genetic line: SD sows (62.5% of which scored 1 or 2) were more aggressive than either PK (22.2%) or S (14.3%; P n =4) than those scoring either 0 (56.0±13.7 min; n =16) or 1 (52.8±27.3 min; n =4; P P P

Two bimodal mafic-silicic suites of igneous rocks, the Sharbot Lake volcanic rocks and the Lavant Igneous Complex, are identified geochemically in the Sharbot Lake domain of the Central Metasedimentary Belt in Ontario, and their genesis and thermotectonic environment are evaluated. The Sharbot Lake volcanic rocks comprise a series of basalts characterized by light rare-earth element (LREE) depletion and relatively high concentrations of Σ Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, V, and Y, together with rhyolites and silicic pyroclastic rocks. They are intruded by rocks of the Lavant Igneous Complex, which comprises tholeiitic gabbros characterized by LREE enrichment and low concentrations of Σ Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, V, and Y, and granitoid rocks. The trace element signatures of the mafic rocks of the Sharbot Lake volcanic sequences are most like those of back-arc tholeiitic basalts, and those of the Lavant Igneous Complex are comparable to those of low-K tholeiitic basalt suites. The trace element signatures of the silicic rocks associated with both suites are typical of those formed by crustal melting. Volcanic sequences with trace-element signatures very similar to those of the Sharbot Lake suites have been previously described in the Belmont and Grimsthorpe domains of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, suggesting that the three domains all belong to the Bancroft – Elzevir – Mazinaw – Sharbot Lake superterrane. The lithological, structural, and igneous characteristics of this superterrane suggest that it represents part of a complex back-arc basin underlain by areas of rifted and attenuated continental crust and oceanic crust.

The ∼190±5 Ma Big Creek hornblende-syenite and monzogabbro batholith has an outcrop area of ∼400 km2 within the Yukon–Tanana Terrane (YTT) in the west-central part of the Yukon Territory of Canada. Paleomagnetic analysis of 245 specimens from 21 sites isolates a characteristic remanent magnetization residing principally in magnetite and subordinately in hematite. The unit mean direction for the batholith from 16 normal polarity and two reverse polarity sites is D=305.6°, I=72.1° (α95=3.9°). Al-in-hornblende geothermobarometry at six locations yields emplacement depths of ∼16±2 km. Three arguments suggest that the characteristic remanent magnetization was acquired on exhumation at ∼180 Ma. More significantly, the pole position indicates no northward translation but counterclockwise rotation, implying that the YTT formed close to its present position on the Jurassic margin of the North American craton. This implies, in turn, that the allochthonous terranes of the Intermontane and Coast belts of the western Cordillera impacted onto, and overrode, the YTT upon accretion during Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene time.

The White Pass mafic dikes are located in the Coast Belt, inboard of the Coast Shear Zone–Denali Fault System, east of Skagway, Alaska, astride the Alaska–British Columbia border. The dikes intrude Eocene felsic plutons in the Coast Plutonic Complex. Three K–Ar analyses date the dikes at 51.9±0.8 Ma (biotite), 50.1±1.0 Ma and 45.0±0.8 Ma (both whole rock). Structural analysis on these vertical dikes indicates that the study area has not been tilted significantly since dike emplacement. Conventional alternating field and thermal step-demagnetization and saturation-remanence paleomagnetic methods were used to analyse 407 specimens from 27 dike and five host rock sites. Three contact tests show that the specimens retain a primary thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) carried in pseudosingle to multidomain magnetite, although some magnetization in a few dikes is carried by pyrrhotite. The dual-polarity TRM is mostly reversed and the 24 accepted dike sites give a pole position of 245.7° E, 76.3° N (dp=4.2°, dm=4.4°), indicating a paleolatitude discordance of 8±4° south and a clockwise rotation of 40±9° with respect to the North American craton. These data, along with other paleomagnetic data on Eocene rocks, indicate that the allochthonous eastern Coast and Intermontane Belt terranes had halted their northward translation by about 51 Ma but continued to be rotated clockwise by an average of 24±10° thereafter, probably on underlying sole faults.

The Sherman-type Zn-Pb-Ag dolomite deposits in central Colorado are hosted in dolostones of the Early Mississippian Leadville Formation. Paleomagnetic analysis, using progressive alternating field and thermal demagnetization and isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition methods, was performed on specimens from samples at 37 sites in the Sherman-type Continental Chief, Peerless, Ruby, Sacramento, and Sherman deposits, in their host rocks, in the 72 Ma Pando Porphyry sill(s) and in the ~40 Ma Leadville-type Black Cloud massive sulfide deposit. Paleomagnetic fold, contact, and breccia tests were performed to test for the antiquity of the magnetizations. The results are interpreted to indicate that the Leadville carbonates were regionally dolomitized at ~308 ± 6 (1 σ ) Ma in the Early Pennsylvanian and that the Sherman-type deposits were emplaced at ~272 ± 18 (1 σ ) Ma during the Early Permian after northeast-trending block faulting, karstification, and ~4 ± 1 km of sedimentary burial, possibly as the result of subsurface gravity-driven fluid flow related to the Ouachita-Marathon orogen. Following late Ouachita-Marathon or earliest Laramide (Late Cretaceous) folding, the remanence in the Sherman-type deposits and the Leadville dolostone rocks within the contact alteration zone of the 72 Ma Pando Porphyry sill(s) was reset to acquire a Late Cretaceous normal characteristic remanent magnetization. Thereafter the Black Cloud Leadville-type massive sulfide deposit was magnetized in the Eocene to acquire a reversed polarity characteristic remanent magnetization that was not found in the Sherman-type deposits.

Project SEE (Satellite Energy Exchange) is an international effort to develop a space-based mission for precise measurements of gravitation. Gravity is the missing link in unification theory. Because of the unique paucity of knowledge about this, the weakest of all known forces, and because gravity must have a key role in any unification theory, many aspects of gravity need to be understood in greater depth. A SEE mission would extend our knowledge of a number of gravitational parameters and effects, which are needed to test unification theories and various modern theories of gravity. SEE is a comprehensive gravitation experiment. A SEE mission would test for violations of the equivalence principle (EP), both by inverse-square-law (ISL) violations and by composition dependence (CD), both at ranges of the order of metres and at ranges on the order of RE. A SEE mission would also determine the gravitational constant G, test for time variation of G, and possibly test for post-Einsteinian orbital resonances. The potential finding of a non-zero time variation of G is perhaps the most important aspect of SEE. A SEE mission will also involve a search for new particles with very low masses, since any evidence of violations of the EP would be analysed in terms of a putative new Yukawa-like particle. Thus, SEE does not merely test for violations of general relativity (GR); SEE is a next-generation gravity mission.

Objective: The authors assessed the presence and severity of depressive symptoms, as well as their associations with other clinical measures, in a group of mid- to late-life patients with schizophrenia who were not in a major depressive episode or diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. Method: Sixty outpatients with schizophrenia between the ages of 45 and 79 years and 60 normal comparison subjects without major neuropsychiatric disorders, proportionally matched for age and gender, were studied. Depressive symptoms were rated primarily with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Standardized instruments were also used to measure global psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms, abnormalities of movement, and global cognitive status. Results: Depressive symptoms were more frequent and more severe in schizophrenic patients than in normal comparison subjects; 20% of the women with schizophrenia had a Hamilton depression scale score of 17 or more. Severity of depressive symptoms correlated with that of positive symptoms but not with age, gender, negative symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms, or neuroleptic dose. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are common in older patients with schizophrenia. They may be an independent, core component of the disorder or, alternatively, may be a by-product of severe psychotic symptoms. (Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1736‐1743) Some studies have found that depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia may be secondary to negative symptoms (1), medications (2), or neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (2), whereas others have reported that in patients with chronic schizophrenia (3‐7) and even first-episode schizophrenia (8), depressive symptoms may be a core component of various stages of this illness. Estimates of the frequency of depressive episodes in patients with schizophrenia range from 20% to 80% (9, 10). Differences in cohort status, illness chronicity, and assessment methods all contribute to the variability of these estimates. Depression during the acute phase of schizophrenia may be associated with a favorable course and outcome (11), but several studies have suggested that depression during the chronic phase of schizophrenia is associated with a greater risk of suicide (12‐15) and relapse (15). While most of these investigations have focused on depression in younger adults with schizophrenia, one study reported that among schizophrenic patients aged 55 and older, high scores on a depression rating scale were associated with positive symptoms, physical limitations interfering with activities, diminished social networks, and lower income (13). Unfortunately, this otherwise interesting study did not include nonschizophrenic control subjects or large enough samples to evaluate the contributions of age and gender. In the present investigation, our primary aim was to

The Transient Gamma Ray Spectrometer (TGRS) on board the WIND spacecraft has spent most of the interval 1995-1997 in a high-altitude orbit where gamma-ray backgrounds are low. Its high-resolution Ge spectrometer is thus able to detect weak lines which are slightly offset from stronger background features. One such line is predicted from nucleosynthesis in classical novae, where beta-decays on a time-scale of a few hours in an expanding envelope produce positrons that annihilate to generate a line which is blueshifted by a few keV away from the background annihilation line at 511 keV. The broad TGRS field of view contained five known Galactic novae during 1995 January - 1997 June, and we have searched the spectra taken around the times of these events for the blueshifted nova annihilation line. Although no definite detections were made, the method is shown to be sensitive enough to detect novae occurring on ONeMg-rich white dwarfs out to about 2.5 kpc., 27 pp. + 10 figs., or offprint mailed by request to harris@tgrs2.gsfc.nasa.gov

The Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer aboard the Wind spacecraft in deep space has observed gamma-ray bursts and solar events for four years. The germanium detector in the instrument has gradually deteriorated from exposure to the ≈10 8 p / cm 2 / yr (>100 MeV ) cosmic-ray flux. Low-energy tailing and loss of efficiency, attributed to hole trapping and conversion of the germanium from n- to p-type as a result of crystal damage, were observed. Raising the detector bias voltage ameliorated both difficulties and restored the spectrometer to working operation. Together, these observations extend our understanding of the effects of radiation damage to include the previously unsuccessfully studied regime of long-term operation in space.

The ~75 Ma Mount Lorne monzodiorite stock has been studied paleomagnetically to estimate the tectonic motion of the northern Canadian Cordillera since the Late Cretaceous. The stock is one of several paleomagnetic studies currently underway at the University of Windsor Paleomagnetic Laboratory which are funded by the Lithoprobe - Slave northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) Project. Al-in-hornblende geobarometry and plagioclase-amphibole geothermometry data suggest that the stock has not been tilted since emplacement but does provide evidence that the stock has a normal fault trending north-south through its centre with the east side uplifted relatively by ~1000 m. Paleomagnetic measurements from 12 of 19 granitoid sites yield a well-defined characteristic remanent magnetization direction that is south-southwest and up, and a further six sites yield a direction that is north-northeast and down. Data from a mafic dike yield a negative contact test, suggesting that the dike is coeval with the stock. Combining the 18 granitic site mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions yields a paleopole at 69.1°W, 78.3°N (dp = 4.1°, dm = 4.5°) which suggests that the host Stikine Terrane has been translated poleward by 10.5 ± 3.5° (1170 ± 390 km) and rotated clockwise by 57 ± 11° relative to the North American craton between 75 and 50 Ma. Except for the estimate from the nearby coeval Carmacks Group volcanic rocks, the Mount Lorne estimate is consistent with all other paleomagnetic results within the Stikine Terrane. These latter estimates are also consistent with plate-tectonic models that suggest the Pacific oceanic plates had an increased velocity northwards during the Late Cretaceous.

Project SEE (Satellite Energy Exchange) is an international effort to organize a new space mission for fundamental measurements in gravitation, including tests of the equivalence principle (EP) by composition dependence (CD) and inverse-square-law (ISL) violations, determination of G, and a test for non-zero G-dot. The CD tests will be both at intermediate distances (a few metres) and at long distances (radius of the Earth, RE). Thus, a SEE mission would obtain accurate information self-consistently on a number of distinct gravitational effects. The EP test by CD at distances of a few metres would provide confirmation of earlier, more precise experiments. All other tests would significantly improve our knowledge of gravity. In particular, the error in G is projected to be less than 1 ppm. Project SEE entails launching a dedicated satellite and making detailed observations of free-floating test bodies within its experimental chamber.

A study was designed to test the effects of gestation and farrowing accommodation on the postural behaviour and maternal responsiveness of gilts. It was hypothesized that increasing available space would allow gilts to move more easily, facilitating maternal responses. Twenty-four gilts were allocated to either an individual stall or small group for gestation, followed by either a narrow crate (42.5 cm wide), wide crate (80 cm wide) or pen (2.4 m×2.4 m) for farrowing and lactation. Postural time budget and standing and lying behaviour were observed on seven occasions during farrowing accommodation occupancy. Maternal responsiveness was tested on d 2 after farrowing by observing each gilt's response to a tape recorded piglet distress squeal, played while she was in the process of lying down. Five days before farrowing (d-5) and one day before farrowing (d-1), postural behaviour indicated restlessness: 65% of time was spent lying laterally, compared to over 80% immediately after farrowing (d 1), and gilts spent about twice as much time standing and sitting on d-5 and d-1 as they did on d 1. Gilts changed posture more than four times as often in the prepartum period than postpartum. This prepartum restlessness was more marked in the wide crate than in the narrow crate or pen, particularly when gilts had gestated in groups. On d-1, gilts in the wide crate spent less time lying in lateral recumbency (55% of time vs. 76%, p

In this study new methods for the detection of two polymorphic sites in the GSTP1 coding region have been developed. Both sites are polymorphic in several racial groups and there are significant differences between groups, in the gene frequency at each site. Although previous studies of recombinant GSTP1-1 have suggested that there are significant differences in the specific activity and stability of the I105 or V105 isoforms, no differences in the distribution of GSTP1-1 activities in normal blood donors with different GSTP1 genotypes were detected in this study. These data were obtained with CDNB as a substrate and greater differences may be apparent with different substrates. The structure and organization of the GSTT2 gene was also investigated and a pseudogene that occurs at a polymorphic frequency in European Australians was discovered. This pseudogene can be detected by PCR/RFLP analysis.

Deficiencies of the glutathione transferase isoenzymes GSTM1-1 and GSTT1-1 have been shown to be risk modifiers in a number of different cancers but there have been no similar studies with GSTP1-1, the only member of the Pi class of glutathione S-transferases expressed in humans. Over-expression of GSTP1-1 in tumours suggests that it may be a significant factor in acquired resistance to certain anticancer drugs. We previously identified a cDNA clone with two amino acid substitutions (I105V, A114V). This clone suggests that the GSTP1 gene is polymorphic and it is possible that the different genotypes may be associated with altered cancer risk or drug resistance. In the present study, we report methods for genotyping individuals at codons 105 and 114 of GSTP1 and demonstrate that these two loci are polymorphic in several different racial groups. We also detected significant linkage disequilibrium between these two loci. To determine if either of the alleles at these two loci were associated with altered cancer susceptibility, we genotyped individuals with colorectal cancer or lung cancer. A total of 131 colorectal and 184 lung cancer patients were compared with 199 control individuals. Overall, there were no significant associations between the GSTP1 polymorphisms and either form of cancer.

We reviewed the genetic variants and strains of mice that are used as models for neural tube defects (NTD) in humans. Over 40 genetic defects in mice cause obvious risk of NTD, but most are syndromic and many are lethal to embryos. Only a subset is similar to the common, nonsyndromic, genetically complex spina bifida or anencephaly in humans. The nonsyndromic variants that are potentially good models include homozygotes for spontaneous (Axd or Lp) or targeted (Apob, Macs, Mrp, or Trp53) mutations and five strains with spontaneous NTD of genetically complex cause, i.e., curly tail, SELH/Bc, NZW-xid, MT/HokIdr, and TO. Curly tail (1–5% exencephaly, 15–20% spina bifida) and SELH/Bc (15–20% exencephaly) are the best-understood developmental models for human spina bifida and anencephaly, but the genes are not yet known. The curly tail and Cart1 gene “knockout” models show that the defect leading to NTD may be in the supporting tissues, and not in the neural tube itself. The SELH/Bc model shows that there are compensatory mechanisms that can close the neural tube despite genetic deficiency of a normal closure mechanism. The Splotch mutations have been the most studied syndromic NTD in mice and are now known to be Pax3 gene mutations that model human Waardenberg syndrome, not common NTD. Heterogeneity of effective nutritional approaches to prevention is demonstrated by five genetically distinct models, each of which responds to a different nutrient. As in human anencephalics, an excess of females among exencephalics (of between 2–20-fold) is observed in seven mouse NTD genetically distinct models. Generally, strains with spontaneous NTD have a relatively high risk of NTD after exposure to the human teratogens, valproic acid, or retinoids. Nonsyndromic NTD in mice are genetically heterogeneous and often genetically complex, and we predict a similar genetic heterogeneity in human NTD. The genes contributing to the genetically complex NTD in mice, when identified, will provide candidate genes to test for association with human NTD risk. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:254–263. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Psychotic disorders usually develop by middle age, but initial onset can be later in life. Delusions, hallucinations, and other psychotic symptoms may accompany medical conditions, mood disorders, and Alzheimer's disease, thereby confusing the diagnosis. In this review, Dr Harris describes some of the more common psychotic disorders in elderly patients and briefly discusses the newest options in drug therapy.

This is the first of several Lithoprobe paleomagnetic studies underway to examine geotectonic motions in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Except for one controversial study, estimates for terranes underlying the Intermontane Belt in the Yukon have been extrapolated from studies in Alaska, southern British Columbia, and the northwestern United States. The Whitehorse Pluton is a large unmetamorphosed and undeformed tonalitic body of mid-Cretaceous age (~112 Ma) that was intruded into sedimentary units of the Whitehorse Trough in the Stikinia terrane. Geothermobarometric estimates for eight sites around the pluton indicate that postmagnetization tilting has been negligible since cooling through the hornblende-crystallization temperature and that the pluton is a high-level intrusion. Paleomagnetic measurements for 22 of 24 sites in the pluton yield a well-defined characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) direction that is steeply down and northwards. The ChRM direction gives a paleopole of 285.5°E, 81.7°N (dp = 53°, dm = 5.7°). When compared with the 112 Ma reference pole for the North American craton, this paleopole suggests that the northern Stikinia terrane has been translated northwards by 11.0 ± 4.8° (1220 ± 530 km) and rotated clockwise by 59 ± 17°. Except for an estimate from the ~70 Ma Carmacks Group volcanics, this translation and rotation estimate agrees well with previous estimates for units in the central and southern Intermontane Belt. They suggest that the terranes of the Intermontane Belt have behaved as a fairly coherent unit since the Early Cretaceous, moving northward at a minimum average rate of 2.3 ± 0.4 cm/a between ~140 and ~45 Ma.

Three intimately interbedded suites of volcanic rocks are identified geochemically in the Burnt Lake area of the Belmont Domain in the Central Metasedimentary Belt, and their petrogenesis is evaluated. The Burnt Lake back-arc tholeiitic suite comprises basalts similar in trace element signature to tholeiitic basalts emplaced in back-arc basins formed in continental crust. The Burnt Lake continental tholeiitic suite comprises basalts and andésites similar in trace element composition to continental tholeiitic sequences. The Burnt Lake felsic pyroclastic suite comprises rhyolitic pyroclastics having major and trace element compositions that suggest that they were derived from crustal melts. Rare earth element models suggest that the Burnt Lake back-arc tholeiitic rocks were formed by fractional crystallization of mafic magmas derived by approximately 5% partial melting of an amphibole-bearing depleted mantle, enriched in light rare earth elements by a subduction component. The modelling also suggests that the Burnt Lake continental tholeiitic rocks were formed by contamination – fractional crystallization of mixtures of mafic magmas, derived by ~3% partial melting of the subduction-modified source, and rhyolitic crustal melts. These models are consistent with the suggestion that the Belmont Domain of the Central Metasedimentary Belt formed as a back-arc basin by attenuation of preexisting continental crust above a westerly dipping subduction zone.

Objective. Few multivariate studies relating psychosocial factors to symptoms of psychosis among older patients exist. We assessed environmental stressors, satisfaction with emotional support, coping responses and psychiatric symptoms, and sought to relate these factors to quality of well-being among older patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses. Method. Subjects were 70 psychosis patients with a mean age of 58. Predictors included measures of stressors (number of negative life events), satisfaction with emotional support, coping responses, positive and negative symptoms, depressive symptoms, social adjustment and a general quality of well-being (QWB) score. Results. A conceptual model was tested and modified using path analytic techniques. Preliminary analyses suggested that psychosocial environment (life events, coping and emotional support) was primarily a product of psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, psychiatric symptoms preceded psychosocial environment variables in the proposed model. Further results suggested that depression mediated all of the effects of psychotic symptoms on social maladjustment, but not all of their effects on well-being. Conclusions. In older patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses, health-related quality of well-being is influenced by symptoms of psychoses, psychosocial factors and social maladjustment. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Queensborough mafic-ultramafic complex occurs as a fault-bounded block, up to 10 km wide and having an area > 220 km2. It lies in the Grimsthorpe Domain of the Bancroft-Elzevir-Mazinaw-Sharbot Lake Terrane in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province. It has been suggested, without adequate supporting data, that the complex may represent oceanic crust, a fragment of an ophiolite, or even a metavolcanic sequence made up of basaltic and komatiitic flows. The geological and tectonic significance of the complex is assessed using field relationships, petrography and geochemistry. Structurally the lowest part of the complex comprises a series of ultramafic rocks characterized by metre-scale compositional layering, represented by several different metamorphic assemblages of talc, chlorite, carbonate, anthophyllite, and actinolite-tremolite. These assemblages indicate that the original rocks were cumulate peridotites and pyroxenites. The ultramafic rocks are overlain structurally by a series of mafic rocks, predominantly massive to highly sheared gabbros. The gabbros are penetrated by a series of mafic dykes and include a few small enclaves of pillowed mafic volcanics. Major- and trace-element chemistry shows that the mafic rocks represent a fractionally crystallized sequence of tholeiitic gabbros, lavas, and mafic dykes and that the ultramafic cumulates are co-genetic. The regional geological setting, and the trace-element signatures of the mafic rocks suggest that they were formed in a back-arc basin. Comparison of the Queensborough Complex with Proterozoic and Phanerozoic igneous complexes suggests that it represents a partially preserved crustal section of a Mesoproterozoic ophiolite. In addition, the rocks of the Queensborough Complex are petrographically and geochemically similar to those of the Vavilov Basin which occurs in the deepest part of the Tyrrhenian Sea. By analogy with this Neogene back-arc basin we suggest that the Central Metasedimentary Belt, which contains the Queensborough Complex, formed by attenuation of the continental crust. The complex is preserved along a suture and is interpreted as having formed during the collision of a continental island arc with the continental margin of Laurentia. The characteristics and preservation of the Queensborough mafic-ultramafic complex are very similar to those of many Phanerozoic ophiolites and suggest that Mesoproterozoic thermotectonic processes are also similar to those presently operating.

The authors evaluated 14 middle-aged and elderly patients with delusional disorder (DD) and 253 patients with schizophrenia (SC); all patients met DSM-III-R criteria. Because the DD patients were older and had a later age at onset of illness, a sub-sample of 50 SC patients with illness onset after age 40 was compared with the 14 DD patients on clinical and neuropsychological characteristics. The DD group had a less frequent history of past hospitalization but more severe overall psychopathologic symptoms. Level of neuropsychological impairment seemed somewhat lower in the DD group, but differences were nonsignificant because of small sample size. Diagnoses remained stable during up to 8 years' follow-up (average 4 years). These preliminary findings provide partial support to the clinical categorization of DD as a disorder distinct from SC.