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Issue Migrants have suboptimal vaccination coverage compared to the general population in destination countries due to several factors -administrative barriers or lack of legal entitlements to health -health system barriers (language, lack of cultural sensitivity and community engagement capacity, vaccination costs) -lack of trust in the health system and misconceptions about vaccines due to misinformation or beliefs Problem Countries should develop national policies and ensure an inclusive, free of charge and proactive vaccination offer to migrants, irrespective of their legal status; and to extend this approach beyond the current pandemic and the sole COVID-19 vaccine Results To achieve COVID-19 global herd immunity all population groups, including migrants, needs to access vaccination. Tailored vaccination strategies, once devised, shall be applied to routine national vaccination plan to tackle health inequalities Lessons The following actions shall be implemented at national level Action 1. Develop tailored and equitable approaches for PH vaccination services targeting migrants through: -free of charge access -decentralization and outreach capacity of the health system -innovative service delivery models (mobile clinics, combined health services, mass vaccination) -health personnel and migrants participatory approach and engagement strategies Action 2. Increase staff engagement through: -increasing health personnel's difference sensitivity -strengthening health personnel's communication capacities Action 3. Increase migrants' health and vaccine literacy through: -establishing vaccine literacy education programmes and strategies -offering health promotion educational interventions Action 4. Monitor progress of inclusive vaccination offer by: -setting strategic goals, targets and indicators for national vaccination plans -expanding immunization information systems to monitor vaccination coverage, with appropriate disaggregation by migration status core variables Key messages Explicitly and proactively include migrants and displaced communities in vaccination plans and set up, test and implement new approaches in primary prevention and vaccination services. Extend this approach beyond the current pandemic and the sole COVID-19 vaccine in order to enhance preparedness to present and future health threats.

In Italy recent statistics show a huge difference between abortion rate among Italian and migrant women: is it an inequity in health? The Italian Ministry of Health / Center for Disease Prevention and Control, which recognized this issue as a specific public health problem, has financed a national Project whose aim was the prevention of abortion among migrant women. The Project was characterized by a multitasking approach: 1) information and health education of migrant women and their communities; 2) education of health and social care professionals; 3) analysis and development of new proposals for the networks of services directed towards the improvement of woman's health. In this article the Authors describe the main characteristics of the realized intervention of inter-professional education. It began with a multidisciplinary process for the identification of educational needs which has allowed the identification of educational goals. A Training of Trainers event was then organized in order to involve and make the ten Italian Regions partners of the Project aware of their responsibilities. A DVD collecting all the material of the course and other useful resources was produced in order to support the educational process. At the moment it is not possible to evaluate the medium- and long-time results of the process (e.g. the efficacy of educational interventions or the health outcomes related to the reduction of abortion among migrant women). Nevertheless all the actors involved have made positive evaluations on the usefulness of the process.

Background The tender TRAIN4M&H (Provision of training for first-line health professionals and law enforcement officers working at local level with migrants and refugees, and training of trainers- contract 20167204), funded by the EC-DG SANTE under the 3rd EU HP, intended to conduct training programme in all EU/EEA countries for health professionals, law enforcement officers an social workers in front-line countries and coach trainers in the others. Objectives Training was aimed at reinforcing skills, improving understanding and positive attitudes, and promoting a holistic approach in the work with migrants. The boundaries set by the tender included a short training duration; exclusive use of pre-existing and validated training materials; different professional targets. Italian National Health Institute and Sapienza University of Rome designed the training programme. Criteria for content selection and methodological choices were submitted for consultation to an inter-professional Expert Group in two steps. Results Given the limited training timeframe, the delivery of specialised content could not be the focus of this training. It was decided therefore to transform the target requirement into added value, by mixing the target groups into multi-professional classes. This bring a diversity of understandings into the classroom and enhance communication between sectors. The training included also topics such as “context of migration” and “intercultural competences” to create common ground for multi-professional exchange. Similarly, the need to adapt to different EU/EEA contexts argued for a modular structure where Units are selected by the Local Trainer based on a training needs assessment questionnaire sent to trainees beforehand. All materials are on EU Health Policy Platform's Agora (webgate.ec.europa.eu/hpf/). Conclusions Training on migrants' health is a complex process, requiring the engagement of learners from their previous experiences and an interdisciplinary approach. Key messages Inter-professional training programme can be used for the adult trainings especially in case of a cross-sectoral topic as migrants’ health is. Inter-professional training is a strategy that can guide coherently content design, outcome identification and the choice of evaluations tools.

High-quality c-axis oriented YNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C (transition temperature T/sub c/=15 K) and ErNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C (T/sub c/=9.5 K) borocarbide superconducting thin films were grown "in-situ" on MgO and sapphire substrates by planar magnetron sputtering. Here we report data on the temperature, DC and RF magnetic field dependent surface impedance of the films and discuss them in view of possible applications. The YNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C films displayed the behavior expected for BCS-like superconductors, while the microwave response of the antiferromagnetically ordering compound ErNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C was distinctly different. The field dependent surface resistance of both types of films displayed granular effects.

Rare-earth borocarbide superconductors have recently attracted the attention of researchers because of their intriguing superconducting and magnetic properties. In the present paper we report on the in situ synthesis of high-quality thin films of these materials (RE = Y, Er) using planar magnetron sputtering. Low-temperature STM tunnelling investigations were performed on films and single crystals. The STM results, together with d.c. transport measurements, give strong evidence of the weak-coupling BCS nature of these compounds. A discussion of the magnetic vortex structure and of the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism is also included.