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Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is a prevalent, sexually transmitted infection with poorly characterized prevalence in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This study characterized HSV-2 epidemiology in MENA. HSV-2 reports were systematically reviewed as guided by the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook and findings were reported following PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed to estimate pooled mean outcome measures and to assess predictors of HSV-2 antibody prevalence (seroprevalence), trends in seroprevalence, and between-study heterogeneity. In total, sixty-one overall (133 stratified) HSV-2 seroprevalence measures and two overall (four stratified) proportion measures of HSV-2 detection in laboratory-confirmed genital herpes were extracted from 37 relevant publications. Pooled mean seroprevalence was 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6%–6.8%) among general populations, 13.3% (95% CI: 8.6%–18.7%) among intermediate-risk populations, 20.6% (95% CI: 5.3%–42.3%) among female sex workers, and 18.3% (95% CI: 3.9%–39.4%) among male sex workers. Compared to Fertile Crescent countries, seroprevalence was 3.39-fold (95% CI: 1.86–6.20) and 3.90-fold (95% CI: 1.78–8.57) higher in Maghreb and Horn of Africa countries, respectively. Compared to studies published before 2010, seroprevalence was 1.73-fold (95% CI: 1.00–2.99) higher in studies published after 2015. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-2 detection in genital herpes was 73.8% (95% CI: 42.2%–95.9%). In conclusion, MENA has a lower HSV-2 seroprevalence than other world regions. Yet, 1 in 20 adults is chronically infected, despite conservative prevailing sexual norms. Seroprevalence may also be increasing, unlike other world regions. Findings support the need for expansion of surveillance and monitoring of HSV-2 infection in MENA. This work was supported by the Qatar National Research Fund [NPRP 9-040-3-008] and by pilot funding from the Biomedical Research Program at Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar.

The experiments were carried out during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Greenhouse experiments carried out at Department of Plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. Field experiments were carried out at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm, Kaliobia Governorate. Compared with untreated infected garlic plants Sids-40 cultivar, all foliar applications with aqueous extracts of each of henna (Lawsonia inermis), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), mixtures of them at levels 5% and 10% for each extract or Ridomil plus (2.5g /L) showed significant decrease in purple blotch severity and resulted in significant increases in phenolic compounds, oxidative enzymes activity i.e., CAT, POD and PPO during two growing seasons. However, significant decreases of proline content were resulted in the treated infected leaves during both seasons. Spraying with licorice and mixtures of extracts at5% and10% resulted the highest significant decreases of disease severity under both greenhouse and field conditions. Also, licorice at10% exhibited the highest values of plant length, fresh and dry weight of plants, values of bulb weight, total yield at harvest and after curing. Mycelial inhibition test proved that all extracts have an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of A. porri and licorice extract exhibited the highest effect, even still lower than Ridomil Plus effect. It can be concluded that all aqueous extracts tested were able to reduce the disease severity as a result of either direct microbial growth inhibition or induction of garlic plant resistance against A. porri, thus as well was associated with improved plant growth parameters and garlic yield.

Nowadays, widespread usage of colours increases the need for accurate estimation of colour vision defects and their effect on performing daily activities and study/work tasks.To determine the prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Assiut university students and to identify their relationship with self-reported visual function and perceived difficulties in performing daily activities.A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1426 students at Assiut University, Egypt. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire consisting of: personal characteristics, prior awareness of colour vision defects, difficulties in daily colour vision activities, and visual function. Colour vision was assessed using Ishihara's test of colour deficiency.The prevalence of colour vision defects among students was 6.9% (red-green colour vision was 4.3% and total colour blindness was 2.6%). Students with colour vision defects had significantly higher odds ratios for difficulties in daily activities and study/work tasks related to colour perception. Students with colour vision defects had significantly lower mean values of general health, role difficulties, and colour vision scores compared to students with normal colour insight. Male sex and family history of colour vision defects were risk factors.A non-negligible percentage of Egyptian university students had colour vision defects, which had a negative impact on performing daily activities, executing study/work tasks, and choice of study/work specialties. Colour vision defects affected quality of life with regard to general health, role difficulties and colour vision. Male sex and family history of colour vision defects are nonmodifiable risk factors. This emphasizes the need for genetic counselling, especially in consanguineous marriage.انتشار اختلالات رؤية الألوان بين الطلاب الجامعيين المصريين والعوامل المنبئة بذلك.صفاء عثمان، شيماء خلف، هبة محمد، داليا السبتي، دعاء عثمان.في الوقت الحاضر، زاد انتشار استخدام الألوان على نطاق واسع من الحاجة إلى تقدير دقيق لاختلالات رؤية الألوان وتأثيرها على أداء الأنشطة اليومية ومهام الدراسة/العمل.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى: تحديد مدى انتشار اختلالات رؤية الألوان والعوامل المنبئة بذلك بين طلاب جامعة أسيوط وتحديد علاقتها بوظيفة الإبصار المُبلغ عنها ذاتياً والصعوبات المتصورة في أداء الأنشطة اليومية.أُجريت دراسة مقطعية شملت 1426 طالباً في جامعة أسيوط، مصر. وقد جُعت البيانات من خلال استبيان يُستكمل ذاتياً ويتكون من: الخصائص الشخصية، والوعي المسبق باختلالات رؤية الألوان، وصعوبات أداء الأنشطة اليومية التي تتضمن رؤية الألوان، والوظيفة البصرية. وقد أُجري تقييم رؤية الألوان باستخدام اختبار إيشيهارا للكشف عن اختلالات رؤية الألوان.بلغت نسبة انتشار اختلالات رؤية الألوان بين الطلاب 6.9٪ (بلغت نسبة اختلال رؤية اللونين الأحمر والأخضر 4.3٪، وبلغت نسبة عمى الألوان التام 2.6٪). وكانت نسبة الأرجحية بالنسبة للصعوبات في الأنشطة اليومية ومهام الدراسة/العمل المرتبطة بإدراك اللون أعلى في الطلاب المصابين باختلالات رؤية الألوان. وكان متوسط قيم الصحة العامة، وصعوبات الأدوار، ودرجات رؤية الألوان أقل في الطلاب المصابين باختلالات رؤية الألوان، مقارنة بالطلاب الذين يتمتعون برؤية طبيعية للألوان. وتضمنت عوامل الخطر المرتبطة باختلالات رؤية الألوان نوع الجنس الذكري والتاريخ العائلي للإصابة باختلالات رؤية الألوان.يشكل الطلاب الجامعيون المصريون المصابون باختلالات رؤية الألوان نسبة لا يُستهان بها. وكان لاختلالات رؤية الألوان تأثير سلبي على أداء الأنشطة اليومية، وتنفيذ مهام الدراسة/العمل، واختيار تخصصات الدراسة/العمل. وقد أثرت اختلالات رؤية الألوان على جودة الحياة من حيث الصحة العامة وصعوبات الأدوار، ورؤية الألوان. ويُعتبر نوع الجنس الذكري والتاريخ العائلي للإصابة باختلالات رؤية الألوان من عوامل الخطر غير القابلة للتغيير. ويؤكد ذلك الحاجة إلى طلب المشورة في مجال الأمراض الوراثية، خاصة في حالات زواج الأقارب.Prévalence et facteurs prédictifs des anomalies de la vision des couleurs chez les étudiants égyptiens.Actuellement, l'utilisation généralisée des couleurs augmente la nécessité d'une estimation précise des anomalies de la vision des couleurs et de leurs effets sur l'exécution des activités quotidiennes ainsi que sur les tâches d'étude/de travail.Déterminer la prévalence et les facteurs prédictifs des anomalies de la vision des couleurs chez les étudiants de l'Université d'Assiout et identifier leur relation avec la fonction visuelle autodéclarée et les difficultés perçues dans l'exécution des activités quotidiennes.Une étude transversale a été menée auprès de 1426 étudiants de l'Université d'Assiout (Égypte). Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d'un questionnaire auto-administré portant sur les caractéristiques personnelles, la connaissance préalable des anomalies de la vision des couleurs, les difficultés au niveau des activités quotidiennes liées à la vision des couleurs et la fonction visuelle. La vision des couleurs a été évaluée à l’aide du test d’ Ishihara sur la déficience dans la perception des couleurs.La prévalence des anomalies de la vision des couleurs chez les étudiants était de 6,9 % (anomalies de la vision des couleurs de type rouge-vert 4,3 % et daltonisme total 2,6 %). Les étudiants ayant des anomalies de la vision des couleurs avaient des odds ratios significativement plus élevés pour les difficultés liées à l’exécution des activités quotidiennes et des tâches d'étude/de travail liées à la perception des couleurs. Ceux qui avaient des anomalies de la vision des couleurs présentaient des valeurs moyennes significativement plus faibles pour la santé générale, les difficultés liées au rôle et les scores de vision des couleurs par rapport aux étudiants ayant une perception normale des couleurs. Le sexe masculin et les antécédents familiaux d’anomalies de la vision des couleurs constituaient des facteurs de risque de ces dernières.Un pourcentage non négligeable d'étudiants universitaires égyptiens présentaient des anomalies de la vision des couleurs. Ces anomalies avaient un impact négatif sur l'exécution des activités quotidiennes, des tâches d'étude/de travail ainsi que sur le choix des spécialités. Elles affectent la qualité de vie pour ce qui concerne la santé générale, les difficultés liées au rôle et la perception de la vision. Le sexe masculin et les antécédents familiaux des anomalies de la vision des couleurs sont des facteurs de risque non modifiables de ces dernières. Cela souligne la nécessité du conseil génétique, en particulier dans le cas des mariages consanguins.

Background: Leukemia is the most common malignant tumor in children, responsible for nearly one-third of all childhood cancers. However, the exact risk factors of childhood leukemia are unknown. Objective(s): The aim of this study was to identify risk factors of leukemia among Upper Egyptian children. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in 2019. Cases included 170 children aged ≤18 years with a confirmed leukemia diagnosis at the South Egypt Cancer Institute. The controls included 170 children matched for age and sex, free from hematological problems, and diagnosed with a mild illness in a pediatric outpatient clinic. Data were collected from children’s parents using an interview questionnaire. Results: The significant predictors for childhood leukemia were abnormal birth weight (4 kg) (OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.46–5.71) and childhood exposure to previous diagnostic radiation (OR = 3.95, 95% CI: 1.37–11.31). The risk increased if the father’s occupation was farming (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.04–4.40), household monthly income Conclusion: Abnormal birth weight, father’s occupation is farming, exposure to diagnostic radiation and pesticides, family history of leukemia or other cancers, and low income are risk factors for leukemia in Egyptian children.

Background & Objective(s): Hairdressers are exposed to various health hazards in their work environment. This study aims to assess the working conditions, knowledge, and practices regarding hazardous work exposure, in addition to identifying potential occupational health problems and their associations. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 151 female hairdressers was conducted in Assiut city, Upper Egypt. An interview questionnaire was used to record personal and job characteristics, descriptions of workplace environments, and knowledge and practices regarding occupational health risks and self-reported health problems. Standard assessment of weight and height was performed, and body mass index was calculated. Results: Insufficient ventilation of salons was reported by 67.5% of the hairdressers, and first aid measures were available for only 15.2%. Low awareness was found regarding blood-borne diseases transmitted through hair salons. Approximately 70% were disinfecting their equipment, and 12.4% performed this after each customer. The most frequent chronic musculoskeletal complaints were lower back (22.5%), shoulder (17.2%), and wrist pain (16.6%). Nearly 24% complained from varicose veins. Varicose veins and knee pain were significantly associated with increases in age and working years. Neck pain was significantly associated with increases in age and not being employed by an owner or shared owner of the hairdressing salon. Conclusion: Proper working conditions and safe practices of the studied hairdressers were insufficient. High awareness was found regarding the possibility of disease transmission through hair salons. However, only a few of them identified these diseases and their transmission modes. Moreover, they complained about musculoskeletal pain, varicose veins, and respiratory symptoms. Recommendations: Pre-employment health education programs should be provided for Egyptian hairdressers, and maintenance of hairdressing salons should be checked regularly.

Purpose Mammography screening (MS) is an underutilized screening tool; although it is provided free of charge to the Saudi community. The present study aimed at assessing knowledge and barriers of mammography screening among women attending primary health centers in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 423 women aged 41-75 years attending ten primary health centers in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. Structured interviewing questionnaires were used for data collection. SPSS program, version 24 was used for data analysis. Results The least reported risk factors of BC in this study were early menarche (14.9%), first pregnancy after the age of 30 years (18%), and late menopause (18.7%). Concerning knowledge of MS, 50.8% of the women correctly identified that mammogram is the ideal method for detecting BC. The most encountered personal barriers towards MS were lack of information about mammogram (69.5%), fear of exposure to radiation (67.4%), fear of discovery of BC (62.9%), being busy all the time (62.2%), and fear of cancer treatment (61.9%). Regarding economic barriers, 40% of the participants reported that taking sick leave from work is difficult while 37.8% revealed that mammogram is costly. Concerning health system barriers, the most common barriers were fear of error in diagnosis (62.6%), long time to take medical appointment (57%), and preferring not to have a mammogram except after a doctor recommendation (52.7%). The present study showed that women's education and residence significantly predicted their knowledge. Furthermore, women's education and income significantly predicted their barriers towards MS. Conclusion Many barriers toward mammography screening were encountered in the present study. Addressing these barriers and raising awareness about MS may be of great value to increase its uptake by Saudi women.

Schistosoma haematobium infection is one of the most serious endemic parasites worldwideespecially Africa. In Egypt, in spite of the control massive advances in reducing country-wideschistosomiasis prevalence rates; yet, endemic foci still exist. This study determined the percentageof positive urinary schistosomiasis cases among patients who complained from hematuriaand or dysuria at Qena General Hospital and to conduct a spatial mapping of S. haematobium infectionin Qena Governorate, Egypt.A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Urology and Nephrology outpatient clinics atQena General Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. The subjects were permanent residentsin Qena district who complained of either hematuria and/or dysuria (N= 2371). The urinesamples were subjected to full parasitological examinations. A detailed personal history was obtainedafter informed consent from them.The results showed that 568/2371 (24%) cases were positive for Schistosoma haematobium.The largest number of positive cases were recorded in autumn (44%) followed by winter(35.2%). Significantly higher odds ratios were among young male patients (less than 18 years)presented complaint in seasons other than summer, and lived in villages in the western bank ofthe River Nile. But apparently, higher number of infected cases was detected in eastern villagescompared to western ones. Statistical analysis showed that living in the western area in Qenadistrict was a risk factor for S. haematobium infection. It coincides with studying geological criteriaof Qena district where western area is concave shape with slow water flow that allow moreprobability for snails’ existence and consequently higher susceptibility for infection compared toconvex shape of the eastern area.

Background & Objective(s): There is limited published data on Egyptian oral epidemiologic health status especially among adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate oral health status and their associated variables among secondary school students in Assiut Governorate; Upper Egypt. Methods: : A cross sectional study was conducted on 872 students using a representative sample from public, private and technical secondary schools. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire including inquires about sociodemographic data, oral health behaviors and self-perception of oral health. Oral health was assessed by Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index (DMFT), Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), and Basic Periodontal Examination index (BPE). Results: Prevalence of oral health diseases was as follow; dental caries was 47.5%, gingivitis was 31%, while periodontitis was 15.7%. About 80% of the students owned a toothbrush; however 25% of them never perform teeth brushing. Unfavorable OHI-S score was significantly positively correlated with worse DMFT and BPE scores. Concurrently, BPE index was significantly positively correlated with DMFT index. Females had higher risk for unfavorable DMFT scores compared to males. Increased age, female gender, enrollment in technical schools, and bad/ unknown self-perception of oral health were significant predictors of worse periodontal scores. The significant predictors of worse oral hygienic scores were increased age, enrollment in technical schools, and bad/ unknown self-perception of oral health. Conclusion: Considerable proportions of students suffered from oral health disorders. Unfavorable oral health indices were related to female gender, technical school enrollment, increasing age and bad/unknown self-perception of oral health. Oral health indices are compatible with each other; where healthier oral hygiene condition is correlated with better dental and periodontal oral health statuses. Superior periodontal status is correlated with favorable dental condition.

ObjectiveTo evaluate peripheral nerve involvement in patients with SLE with neuromuscular ultrasonography (NMUS) and understand its role in investigating SLE-related peripheral neuropathy.MethodsThis is an observational cross-sectional study on patients with SLE and healthy controls. Five nerves in each patient were examined bilaterally with NMUS, and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of each nerve at certain sites was estimated. The mean CSA at each site, for each nerve, in each group was statistically analysed and compared between groups.Results370 nerves were evaluated in 37 patients. By nerve conduction study (NCS), 36 patients had polyneuropathy (80.6% mixed type, 19.4% sensory). Significant mean CSA enlargement was present among the ulnar nerve at the Guyon’s canal and mid-humerus (both p=0.001); tibial nerve at the distal leg and proximal to the tarsal tunnel (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively); and peroneal nerve at the popliteal fossa (p=0.042). The mean CSA showed high specificity compared with NCS.ConclusionOur study shows that CSA could be a complementary tool to NCS for studying peripheral neuropathy in SLE. Furthermore, NMUS provides data on the different pathophysiological aspects of nerve involvement in SLE. Future studies using more than one sonographic parameter in combination with NCS and nerve histopathology are recommended to further investigate SLE-related neuropathy.Trial registration numberNCT04527172.

Background and objectives Family caregivers play a curial role in supporting and caring for their mentally ill relatives. Their struggle for facing stigma and shouldering caregiving burden is marginalized, undervalued, and invisible to medical services. This study assessed the stigma and burden of mental illnesses, and their correlates among family caregivers of mentally ill patients. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 425 main family caregivers of mentally ill patients at Assiut University Hospital. A structured interview questionnaire was designed to collect socio-demographic data of both patients and their caregivers. Stigma scale for caregivers of people with mental illness (CPMI) was used to assess the affiliate stigma, while the associative stigma was assessed by the explanatory model interview catalogue stigma scale (EMIC-Stigma scale). The caregivers’ burden was assessed using Zarit burden Interview, and Modified Attitude toward Mental Illness Questionnaire was used to assess caregivers’ knowledge and attitude towards mental illness. Results Bipolar disorder (48%) and schizophrenia/other related psychotic disorders (42.8%) were the most common mental illnesses among the study patients. The mean scores of CPMI total scale, EMIC-Stigma scale, and Zarit Burden scale were 56.80 ± 7.99, 13.81 ± 5.42, and 55.20 ± 9.82, respectively. The significant correlates for affiliate stigma were being parents of patients (ß = 4.529, p < 0.001), having higher associate stigma (ß = 0.793, p < 0.001), and aggressive behavior of mentally ill patients (ß = 1.343, p = 0.038). The significant correlates for associate stigma of the study caregivers were being caregivers’ relatives other than parents (ß = 1.815, p = 0.006), having high affiliate stigma (ß = 0.431, p < 0.001), having poor knowledge and negative attitude towards mental illness (ß = − 0.158, p = 0.002), and aggressive behavior of mentally ill relatives (ß = 1.332, p = 0.005). The correlates for the high burden were being male (ß = 3.638, p = 0.006), non-educated caregiver (ß = 1.864, p = 0.045), having high affiliate stigma (ß = 0.467, p < 0.001), having high associative stigma (ß = 0.409, p < 0.001), having poor knowledge and negative attitude toward mental illness (ß = − 0.221, p = 0.021), seeking traditional healers and non-psychiatrist’s care from the start (ß = 2.378, p = 0.018), and caring after young mentally ill relatives (ß = − 0.136, p = 0.003). Conclusion The studied caregivers suffered from stigma and a high level of burden. Psycho-educational programs directed toward family caregivers are highly recommended.

BackgroundA healthy youth is considered the major human resource for any country development. They are suffering from unmet health needs. Considering these needs and their attitude towards the use of youth health center (YHC) services would help to improve both the quality and quantity of these services.ObjectivesTo identify the students’ perceived health needs and their attitude towards use of the YHCs in Assiut University campus, Upper Egypt a cross-sectional study was conducted among 305 randomly selected university students. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire.ResultsThe majority of the students (80%) said that youth have special health needs. The most reported needs were psychological support, health education on different topics including reproductive health and sexually transmitted diseases, and nutritional services respectively. There was a high perception among surveyed students (71.5%) that the existing health services are inadequate for meeting their needs. Counseling, laboratory services, and premarital examination were the most frequently reported services mentioned by youth to be offered in YHCs. The majority (78.1%) preferred the health provider to be of the same sex. Despite the prevailing conservative culture in Upper Egypt, the students had positive attitude towards availability of sexual and reproductive information and establishment of a YHC in the university campus. A low awareness rate (15.1%) about the already existing YHC in university campus was revealed.ConclusionUniversity students perceived that there are unmet needs for youth-specialized services, mainly for providing sexual and reproductive information, and establishment of an on-campus YHC. The study provides important information for policymakers about the perspectives of youth which should be taken into consideration when new YHC are planned and implemented.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) is a common complication of CKD and an important cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) provide an accurate picture of bone turnover and mineralization states therefore they could be used with other serum bone biomarkers as non-invasive sensitive bone markers to help management of MBD in CKD. Due to the complex role played by vitamin D in kidney disease, the genotyping for vitamin D receptor (VDR) variants in CKD patients has been regarded as a way for improving the management of the disease. Objective The aim of the present work was to study the association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms BsmI and TaqI with the chronic kidney disease and to assess its relationship with development and progression of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disease. Subjects and Methods The study was conducted on 60 CKD-MBD patients in addition to 30 age- and sex- matched subjects serving as a healthy control group. Patients were subdivided into two subgroups according to the stage of CKD: subgroup 1a; 30 patients with CKD-MBD under conservative management (stages: 3 and 4 CKD) and subgroup 1b; 30 CKD-MBD patients with end-stage CKD on regular hemodialysis. Determination of BsmI (rs1544410, A>G) and TaqI (rs731236, C>T) polymorphisms of VDR gene was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR). Results The result of the present study revealed that VDR BsmI (rs1544410) gene polymorphism and alleles (Bb, bb) were not associated with susceptibility to the CKD or development and progression of CKD-MBD in the studied CKD-MBD patients. However, having the gene variants of VDR TaqI (rs731236) tt homotypic genotype increased the susceptibility to CKD-MBD compared to having the gene variant TT wild genotype and Tt heterotypic genotype. Moreover, VDR polymorphisms were associated with the mineral status in CKD-MBD Egyptian patients. The VDR BsmI wild (BB) genotypes and the VDR TaqI homotypic (tt) variant were found to be associated with development of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency in the studied Egyptian patients with CKD-MBD. Conclusion VDR BsmI gene polymorphism failed to prove any association with susceptibility to the CKD or development and progression of CKD-MBD. However, VDR TaqI tt homotypic genotype increased the susceptibility to CKD-MBD and progression toward severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency.

Two successful field trials were carried out during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm, Kaliobia Governorate. This work aimed to study the effect of planting date (D1:1st September, D2: 15th September, D3:1st October, D4:15th October) and six pre-planting treatments on plant growth, yield and its components and chemical compounds of bulbs. The six pre planting treatments were T1: the control, T2: soaking garlic cloves (SGC) in water for 24 hour, T3: SGC in 5 ppm GA3 for 24 hour, T4: SGC in water for 24 h and then placing in moist peat-moss for one day, T5: SGC in water for 24 h and then placing in moist peat-moss for two days and T6: SGC in water for 24 h and then placing in moist peat-moss until root initiation (after three days). The results showed that D2 produced markedly the highest values of plant length, number of leaves per plant, nick diameter, bulbing ratio as well as dry weight of leaves, bulb and plant. In addition, such planting date resulted in highest values of total yield at harvest time, bulb diameter, bulb weight and number of cloves per bulb in the yield sample after curing. The last planting date (D4) scored the highest values of total carbohydrates. While, D1 exhibited the highest level of nitrogen and crude protein in dry matter of garlic bulbs. T6 exhibited the highest germination percentage, plant length as well as dry weight of leaves, bulb and plant. Furthermore, such treatment (T6) produced the highest values of total yield, bulb diameter, bulb weight and total carbohydrates in bulb. Also, the highest level of nitrogen and crude protein were more achieved via T5.

In this study the effect of cyclic plastic deformation on the mechanical properties of alight duty grade of spring steel DIN 50Cr3, commonly used in leaf spring wasinvestigated. This steel has a chemical composition of 0.25% C, 0.8% Cr, 0.79% Mn,and 0.2% Si. Primarily, standard tensile specimens of this steel were cut andsubjected to a quenching and tempering heat treatments. Austenitization was carriedout at 870oC for 1h followed by quenching in oil and then tempering was applied at450oC for 1h. Subsequently, Different pre-plastic deformation strains of 1%, 2%, and2.5% were applied followed by various number of tensile stress cycles from zero to amaximum stress of 9%, 12.5%, and 16.5% over the offset yield stress of thequenched and tempering specimens. These plastic strains and stress cycles cansimulate the possible over loading of the vehicle. By increasing the number of cyclesunder a constant amplitude for a given fixed pre-plastic strains, the ultimate andoffset yield strength of the spring material were sensibly increased while ductility wasdrastically decreased.

The paper aimed to investigate and evaluate the performance of natural aqueous cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) extract (CFE) to mitigate carbon steel corrosion in harsh saline formation water. Weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were all used for this assessment. The polarization results showed that CFE could act as a mixed-type inhibitor with a reasonable protection efficiency of ~ 69% at very low extract addition of 10 ppm. CFE retained its inhibitive effect even at elevated temperatures where it showed an inhibition efficiency of 63.95% at 313 K. The adsorption behavior of the main CFE constituents on carbon steel surface was well described following Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic activation parameters that govern carbon steel corrosion in blank and extract-containing saline formation water were calculated from the temperature dependence and then discussed. The effect of immersion time on the weight loss rate indicated that CFE not only keeps its inhibitive activity for carbon steel in saline water, but also improves its effectiveness over the long term immersion due to synergistic influence of the corrosion products which offer an additional protection. Structural characterization by using SEM-EDX images and FT-IR analysis further supported the obtained chemical and electrochemical results.

Three cationic gemini surface active compounds of the type (1r,4r)-1,4-dialkyl-1,4-dimethy-l-piperazine-1,4-diium bromide (Ia, Ib, and Ic), were synthesized. They were characterized using elemental...

The present study evaluates the effect of Camellia sinensis leaves (CSL) extract on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in produced water using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and computational methods. The chromatographic investigation of the extract was performed by HPLC. It was found that CSL extract serves as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor and its inhibitive performance increases with concentration. The corrosion inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the primary constituents of CSL extract. Surface analysis (SEM and FTIR) was also carried out to establish the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The outcomes obtained from the computational study were found to confirm experimental data.

This experimental study was conducted to investigate the optimum combination of properties between ductility and toughness from one hand and strength and hardness from the other hand of a commercial grade of light duty spring steel DIN 50Cr3 having a chemical composition of (0.25 % C, 0.8%Cr , 0.79%Mn , 0.2% Si).A heat treatment process by quenching in both oil or water followed by tempering cycles at different temperatures for various tempering times was adopted. The proper austenitization temperature was found to be 870 C. The structure after quenching reveals the formation of martensite with limited amount of retained austenite. Tempering was performed at different temperatures from 250 to 550 C for prolonged times ranging from 1hr up to 3 hr.It was found that oil quenching provides sensibly higher elastic properties than water quenching particularly in the low tempering temperature range. More ever, by increasing the tempering temperature and time ultimate tensile strength, hardness were gradually decreased while ductility remarkably improved. The resultant microstructure after tempering was characterized by a tempered martensitic structure with simple and complex dispersed carbides. Optimum elastic properties were delivered out of this steel after tempering at 450 C for 1hr.

Three gemini surfactants were synthesized having the same length of terminal chain but differing in the spacer chain length and they were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in oilfield water using weight loss, EIS, potentiodynamic polarization and open-circuit potential measurements. These measurements revealed that the synthesized materials have served as effective mixed-type corrosion inhibitors. Their adsorption on a carbon steel surface was well described by means of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The activation parameters for the dissolution of carbon steel in solutions of oilfield water in the absence and presence of these inhibitors were calculated. The effect of immersion time on the stability and durability of protective films adsorbed on a carbon steel surface was studied using weight loss method. Ex situ inspection, i.e. post-exposure analysis, for the treated carbon steel surface has been performed using SEM, EDX and FT-IR tools.

The anti-corrosion action of lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) extract (LGE) was evaluated for carbon steel in produced oilfield water using weight loss method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that LGE serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor for C-steel via adsorption of its active constituents on the steel surface. The effect of time was studied by weight loss to assess the durability of the adsorbed film in protecting C-steel surface over a period of 28 days. The obtained results were further supported by surface examination of steel samples using FE-SEM, EDX and FTIR analyses. Theoretical study involved quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation is also performed for the two most abundant components in lemongrass extract (neral and geranial).

For the corrosion of carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl solution, the new pyrazolone derivatives (PY1 and PY2) have been identified as active corrosion inhibitors. Clear evidence of the inhibitory effect of pyrazolone derivatives is given by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurements. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and 1H-NMR techniques. The purity of compounds was confirmed by TLC. Our findings show that pyrazolone compounds inhibited the corrosion of carbon steel in the acid medium. Inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of compounds. The inhibition efficiency of PY2 was higher than that of PY1. These inhibitors obey the Temkin adsorption isotherm. It was found that the pyrazolone derivatives act by physisorption on carbon steel.

The efficiency of three new synthesized Gemini surfactants (namely, A312, A314, and A316) of the type 4,4-[1,4phenylenebis(azanylylidene)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylaminium] bromide is evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel API 5L X52 grade in 1M HCl. The relation between the experimental inhibition efficiency and theoretical chemical parameters obtained by computational calculation in order to predict the behavior of the organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors was instigated. The chemical structures were elucidated using1HNMR spectra. Inhibition performance was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and weight loss tests. The polarization curves show that applied surfactants act as mixed type inhibitors. Nyquist plots showed the semicircle capacitive loop with different surfactants and concentrations. The inhibition efficiency orders are A312 > A314 > A316 with the highest efficiency of 94.87% for A312. Adsorption of inhibitors on API X52 steel surface was found to obey Langmuir isotherm. Theoretical evaluation of the inhibitory effect was performed by computational quantum chemical calculations. The molecule structural parameters (EHOMO), (ELUMO), energy gap (ΔE), and the dipole moment (μ) were determined. The results of experimental inhibition efficiency and theoretical calculated quantum parameters were subjected to correlation analysis.

The administration of ketamine as nebulized inhalation is relatively new and studies on nebulized ketamine are scarce. We aimed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of nebulized ketamine (1 and 2mg.kgOne hundred children aged (7-12) years were randomly allocated in four groups (n=25) receive; Saline Placebo (Group C), Intravenous Ketamine 0.5mg.kgThe mean time to first request for rescue analgesics was prolonged in K-N1 (400.9±60.5min, 95% CI 375.9-425.87) and K-N2 (455.5±44.6min, 95% CI 437.1-473.9) groups compared with Group K-IV (318.5±86.1min, 95% CI 282.9-354.1) and Group C (68.3±21.9min, 95% CI 59.5-77.1; p0.001), with a significant difference between K-N1 and K-N2 Groups (p0.001). The total consumption of IV paracetamol in the first 24h postoperative was reduced in Group K-IV (672.6±272.8mg, 95% CI 559.9-785.2), Group K-N1 (715.6±103.2mg, 95% CI 590.4-840.8) and Group K-N2 (696.6±133.3mg, 95% CI 558.8-834.4) compared with Control Group (1153.8±312.4mg, 95% CI 1024.8-1282.8; p0.001). With no difference between intravenous and Nebulized Ketamine Groups (p=0.312). Patients in intravenous and Nebulized Ketamine Groups showed lower postoperative VRS scores compared with Group C (p0.001), no differences between K-IV, K-N1 or K-N2 group and without significant adverse effects.Preemptive nebulized ketamine was effective for post-tonsillectomy pain relief. It can be considered as an effective alternative route to IV ketamine.

Cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) family enzymes are most active in hydroxylating a variety of environmental contaminants including Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), planar polychlorinated biphenyls and arylamines. CYP1B which belongs to the cytochrome P450 superfamily of genes, is involved in the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous compounds, and could potentially be a useful biomarker in fish for exposure to arylhydrocarbon receptors (AhR) ligands. In this study, a new complementary DNA (cDNA) of the CYP1B subfamily encoding 1B1 was isolated from Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) liver after intracoelomic injection with benzo (a) pyrene (BaP). The full-length cDNA was 2107 base pair (bp) long and contained a 5' noncoding region of 29 bp, an open reading frame of 1527 bp coding for 508 amino acids and a stop codon, and a 3' noncoding region of 551 bp, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of Nile tilapia CYP1B1 shows similarities of 79.7, 70.3, 65.7, 65.4, 65.0, and 63.7% with Plaice CYP1B1, Japanese eel CYP1B1, zebra fish CYP1B1, common carp CYP1B1, common carp CYP1B2 and Channel catfish CYP1B1, respectively. The phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences clearly shows tilapia CYP1B1 and Plaice CYP1B1 to be more closely related to each other than to the other CYP1B subfamilies. Furthermore, real-time PCR was used for measuring BaP induction of CYP1B1 mRNA in different organs of tilapia ( O. niloticus ), using β-actin gene as internal control, and the results revealed that there was a large increase in CYP1B1 mRNA in liver (22.8), intestine (2.0) and muscles (1.3). Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus , benzo (a) pyrene, CYP1B1 cDNA, sequence analysis, real-time PCR.

Three cationic gemini surfactants of the type N2,N3-dialkyl-N2,N2,N3,N3- tetramethylbutane diamminium bromide namely Ia, Ib and Ic have been synthesized. Their chemical structures were elucidated by the routine methodologies 1H-NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectroscopy. The surface active properties were examined and found to be influenced by the chemical structure of the surfactants. The synthesized cationic gemini surfactants were tested as corrosion inhibitors for pipeline carbon steel API 5LX52 immersed in 1 M HCl solution, using weight loss method. The obtained data refer to very good inhibitive efficiencies vary with concentrations, and increase in the following order: Ia >Ib >Ic. The Quantum chemical parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, energy gap (EHOMO-ELUMO), the dipole moment and charge densities were calculated. The theoretical calculations were in good agreement with corrosion inhibition results.

Summary Objectives Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are promoted for the diagnosis of malaria in many countries. The question arises whether laboratories where the current method of diagnosis is microscopy should also switch to RDT. This problem was studied in Kassala, Sudan where the issue of switching to RDT is under discussion. Methods Two hundred and three blood samples were collected from febrile patients suspected of having malaria. These were subsequently analysed with microscopy, RDT (SD Bioline P.f/P.v) and PCR for the detection and identification of Plasmodium parasites. Results Malaria parasites were detected in 36 blood samples when examined microscopically, 54 (26.6%) samples were found positive for malaria parasites by RDT, and 44 samples were positive by PCR. Further analysis showed that the RDT used in our study resulted in a relatively high number of false positive samples. When microscopy was compared with PCR, an agreement of 96.1% and k = 0.88 (sensitivity 85.7% and specificity 100%) was found. However, when RDT was compared with PCR, an agreement of only 81.2 and k = 0.48 (sensitivity 69% and specificity 84%) was found. Conclusion PCR has proven to be one of the most specific and sensitive diagnostic methods, particularly for malaria cases with low parasitaemia. However, this technique has limitations in its routine use under resource-limited conditions, such as our study location. At present, based on these results, microscopy remains the best option for routine diagnosis of malaria in Kassala, eastern Sudan. Prendre des decisions eclairees avant de passer au TDR: Une comparaison de la microscopie, du test de diagnostic rapide et des techniques moleculaires pour le diagnostic et l’identification des parasites de la malaria a Kassala, dans l’est du Soudan Objectifs: Les tests de diagnostic rapide (TDR) sont promus pour le diagnostic de la malaria dans de nombreux pays. La question se pose de savoir si les laboratoires ou la methode habituelle de diagnostic est la microscopie devraient egalement passer au TDR. Ce probleme a eteetudiea Kassala, au Soudan, ou la question du passage au TDR est en cours de discussion. Methodes: 203 echantillons de sang ont ete preleves chez des patients febriles suspectes de malaria. Ils ont ete ensuite analyses par microscopie, TDR (SD Bioline Pf/Pv) et PCR pour la detection et l’identification des parasites du genre Plasmodium. Resultats: Les parasites de la malaria ont ete detectes dans 36 echantillons de sang lorsque examines au microscope, 54 (26,6%) echantillons ont ete trouves positifs pour les parasites de la malaria par TDR et 44 echantillons etaient positifs par PCR. Une analyse supplementaire a revele que le TDR utilise dans notre etude a menea un nombre relativement eleve d’echantillons faux positifs. Lorsque la microscopie a ete comparee a la PCR, une concordance de 96,1% avec un k = 0,88 (sensibilite: 85,7%, specificite: 100%) a ete trouvee. Toutefois, lorsque le TDR a ete comparea la PCR, une concordance de seulement 81,2% avec un k = 0,48 (sensibilite: 69%, specificite: 84%) a ete trouvee. Conclusion: La PCR s’est averee etre l’une des methodes les plus specifiques et sensibles pour le diagnostic, en particulier pour les cas de malaria avec une parasitemie faible. Cependant, cette technique a des limites dans son utilisation de routine dans des conditions de ressources limitees, telles que dans notre lieu d’etude. A l’heure actuelle, sur base de ces resultats, la microscopie reste la meilleure option pour le diagnostic de routine de la malaria a Kassala, dans l’est du Soudan. Mots-cles: malaria, diagnostic, Soudan, microscopie, TDR Toma de decision informada antes de cambiar a una prueba de diagnostico rapido: Una comparacion de microscopia, prueba de diagnostico rapido y tecnicas moleculares para el diagnostico y la identificacion de parasitos de malaria en Kassala, nororiente de Sudan Objetivos: Las pruebas de diagnostico rapidas (PDR) son promovidas como medio para el diagnostico de la malaria en muchos paises. La pregunta es si aquellos laboratorios en los que existe actualmente microscopia deberian tambien cambiarse a las PDR. Este problema ha sido estudiado en Kassala, Sudan, en donde se esta discutiendo actualmente la cuestion sobre si cambiar o no a las PDR. Metodos: Se recogieron 203 muestras de sangre de pacientes con fiebre y sospecha de malaria. Estos fueron analizados mediante microscopia, PDR (SD Bioline P.f/P.v) y PCR para la deteccion e identificacion de parasitos de Plasmodium. Resultados: Se detectaron parasitos de malaria en 36 muestras de sangre examinadas mediante microscopia, 54 (26.6%) muestras dieron positivas para parasitos de malaria mediante PDR, y 44 muestras dieron positivas por PCR. Analisis subsecuentes mostraron que las PDR utilizadas en nuestro estudio daban un numero relativamente alto de falsos positivos. Cuando se comparo la microscopia con las PCR, se observo una concordancia del 96.1%, k=0.88 (sensibilidad del 85.7%, especificidad del 100%). Sin embargo, cuando se compararon las PDR con las PCR, se observo una concordancia de tan solo 81.2%, k=0.48 (sensibilidad 69%, especificidad 84%). Conclusion: La tecnica de la PCR ha demostrado ser uno de los metodos diagnosticos mas especificos y sensibles, particularmente para los casos de malaria con baja parasitemia. Sin embargo, esta tecnica tiene limitaciones en su uso rutinario bajo condiciones con recursos limitados, tales como el emplazamiento de nuestro estudio. Por el momento, y basandose en estos resultados, la microscopia continua siendo la mejor opcion para el diagnostico rutinario de malaria en Kassala, Sudan. Palabras clave: Malaria, Diagnostico, Sudan, Microscopia, prueba de diagnostico rapido.

The study show that the error in neglecting s-dependence affects strongly both the values of Uex and Utot . This effect is about 30 %( 23%) in Uex (Utot) for the force BDM3Y2 -Reid type while it is less than 7% for BDM3Y1-Ried. It decreases as α– α separation distance increases. For BDM3Y3 type force the corresponding error is too large at separation distance R=0.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of ethrel {ethephon}, GA 3 and uniconazole on strawberry plants. The results indicated that GA 3 application increased plant petiole. GA 3 , ethrel and uniconazole increased total carbohydrate percentage in the foliage of strawberry plants. GA 3 at 10 ppm or ethrel at 250 ppm increased the number of flowers and the monthly and total yield. TSS was not affected by growth regulators.

The protection power of the cationic surfactant decylammonium acetate (DAA) in seawater has been studied to define the perfect conditions have to be found for using it as a corrosion inhibitor for copper surface. The adsorption isotherm of this surfactant on copper surface has been determined at different interval times at 30°C. The given isotherms have, in general, similar shapes exhibiting a Languimirian L-shape. The corrosion measurement has been determined according to weight loss method. The study declines that cationic DAA, in seawater, protects well the copper surface against corrosion when added with low concentrations, while high concentrations show bad inhibition efficiency. ICP spectroscopic analysis assures this result where high Cu% has been obtained in the presence of high DAA concentration.

The biological and biochemical effects of the two plant extracts i.e. lemon and orange peels were studied on the Black Cut Worm (BON) Agrotis ipsllon. For the biological studies, of the second instar larvae were treated by series concentrations of each extract (0.25, 0.50, 1, 2 and 4%). To determine the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein and total lipid contents in 4th instar larvae, the 2nd instar larvae were treated with the LC50 concentration of each extract. Results showed that the two tested extracts caused a significant increase in duration of larval and pupal stages. While, induced a significant decrease in the pupation, adult longevity and fertility. Also, the two tested extracts reduced the activity of AST and ALT enzymes and decreased in content both of total protein and total lipid for 4211arval instar.

The efficiency of polymeric coatings as corrosion protective materials for carbon steel alloy in sea water was evaluated by different methods: electrochemical techniques (open circuit and potentiodynamic measurements), analytical and spectroscopic techniques (inductive coupled plasma, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction). The study was made using ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/poly&!lpar;ethylene&!rpar; (PE) blend of different ratios. The effect of blend ratio on corrosion protection efficiency was investigated. The best results for corrosion control were achieved using samples with 2 mm thickness. The data obtained reveal that applying adhesive on the substrate increases the protective properties of the coatings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effect of hexacontatetrapole deformation parameter on both the fusion cross-section and the barrier distribution have been studied for U238 + O16 nuclear pair using microscopically derived heavy ion (HI) potential. A method was described to extend the calculation of HI potential between two spherical nuclei using density dependent finite range NN forces to the spherical-deformed interacting pair. Density dependent and density independent effective NN forces were used in the generalized double folding model to derive the HI potential. We found that positive β6 has large effect on both the fusion cross-section and the barrier distribution in the presence of a small value of hexadecapole deformation parameter β4. In this case the fusion cross-section is less sensitive to the negative value of β6. In the presence of a large value of β4, negative and positive β6 values affect the fusion cross-section and have a small effect on the barrier distribution.

The effect of both rotation and vibration of a deformed target nucleus on the fusion cross-section and barrier distributions was studied. This was done in the framework of the microscopically derived heavy-ion (HI) potential. Moreover, the effect of target deformation up to β6 and the density dependence of the NN force on the fusion process was studied in the presence of vibrational excitations of the target. The results obtained were compared with experimental data.

The reaction cross section (σR) for a deformed target nucleus and spherical projectile is calculated using the optical-limit approximation of the Glauber-Sitenko theory. A method is presented to include both the density-dependent NN interaction and the higher order deformations of the target nucleus in the collision process. We studied both the orientation and the deformation dependence of σR within the energy range 30–900 MeV/A. We found that the orientation of the heavy target nucleus (A ≥ 120) can produce a difference in the calculated σR up to 30%. The averaged σR over all directions of the symmetry axis of the deformed nucleus differs by less than 1% compared with σR calculated for a spherical target with the same rms matter radius as the deformed nucleus. For certain orientation, it was found that σR is highly dependent on the hexadecapole deformation. The orientation-averaged cross sections show almost no variation with either the sign or the value of the hexadecapole deformation. We compared the average cross section with the experimental data for several mass numbers; fair agreement is obtained.

Three water-soluble surfactants based on maleic anhydride-oleic acid adduct (MO) were synthesized. They are triethanol ammonium salt of MO adduct (TEASMO), triethanolamine ester of MO adduct (TEAEMO) and polyoxyalkylated MO adduct (POAMO-23). FTIR and 1H NMR confirmed chemical structures. The inhibitive efficiency of corrosion on mild steel in 1 M H 2 SO 4 for these surfactants was measured by potentiodynamic technique. The surface and thermodynamic properties of the surfactants were also investigated. The obtained data show that TEASMO exhibit minimum inhibitive efficiency (65%), on the other hand, the obtained maximum inhibitive efficiency was (95%) with POAMO-23. The surface and thermodynamic properties were discussed throughout surfactants chemical structures in relation to corrosion inhibitive effect.

The optical limit approximation to Glauber theory was used to calculate the reaction cross-section, σR, for a deformed target nucleus. A method is presented to include both density dependence of NN reaction cross-section and higher order deformations of the target nucleus. We studied orientation, energy and deformation dependence of σR for C 12– N 17 and C 12– U 238 interacting pairs. We found that the orientation dependence of σR for the heavy target U 238 depends on the value and sign of hexadecapole deformation and it is more than 2.2 times compared to the light deformed target nucleus N 17. The presence of hexadecapole deformation does not affect the value of σR averaged over all orientation of the target nucleus. A geometrical model was proposed to account for the orientation dependence of σR. We found that the error in this model is less than 10%.

A series of ethoxylated fatty acids have been studied in order to evaluate their effect on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel. The behavior of these compounds is illustrated by the adsorption isotherms and weight loss measurements. The adsorption isotherms for saturated samples Pa(EO)80 and St(EO)80 exhibit an L-shaped isotherms while the unsaturated samples Ol(EO)80, Li(EO)80, and Soy(EO)80 show an S-shaped isotherms. The inhibition efficiency of the first type increases with the decrease in the hydrophobic chain length; and also increases with increasing the number of the double bond present in the hydrophobic chain for the second type. Among all the tested inhibitors, the commercial inhibitor Soy(EO)80 possesses the highest inhibition efficiency. The surface film is characterized by SEM and the morphologies promote the formation of inhibiting film on the steel surface.