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A novel particle swarm optimization based approach for the estimation of epipolar geometry for remotely sensed images is proposed and implemented in this work. In stereo vision, epipolar geometry is described using 3 × 3 fundamental matrix and is used as a validation tool to assess the accuracy of the stereo correspondences. The validation is performed by enforcing the geometrical constraint of stereo images on the two perspective projections of a point in the scene for finding inliers. In the proposed method, the steps of particle swarm optimization such as the initialization of the position and velocity of the particles, the objective function to compute the best position found by the swarm as well as by each particle experienced so far, the updating rule of velocity for the improvement of the position of each particle, is designed and implemented to estimate the fundamental matrix. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the results are obtained on a pair of remotely sensed stereo image. A comparison of the result obtained using the proposed algorithm with RANSAC algorithm is carried out. The comparison shows that, the proposed method is effective to estimate robust fundamental matrix by giving improved number of inliers than RANSAC.

Nerve agents are highly toxic compounds that are based on organophosphorus chemistry, and their use is banned by international treaties regarding chemical weapons. Among the various nerve agents, sarin is highly lethal and inhibits the neuronal transmission and signaling of acetylcholinesterase. This study reports a fluorescent probe, ( E )-3-(((2-(1 H -benzo[ d ]imidazole-2-yl)phenyl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxy-2 H -chromen-4-ol (BPMC), that demonstrates exceptional efficiency in detecting diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), a sarin surrogate, in solution and vapor phases. The gradual addition of DCP to the probe solution leads to a turn-on photoluminescence transition from blue to cyan because of the extension of intramolecular charge transfer transition (ICT) and inhibition of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. The minimum levels of DCP for detection and quantification were determined to be 6.6 μM and 22 μM, respectively, in the presence of various analogous analytes. Additionally, a test kit made of strips of cellulose paper was successfully assembled for real-time application. Dip-stick and dip-vial-conical-flask analyses were demonstrated as effective tools for detecting and quantifying DCP in the vapor phase. Furthermore, a smartphone-based approach was executed for the practical application of BPMC, enabling immediate identification and quantification of DCP in actual danger scenarios. Thus, this work presents a new ratiometric fluorogenic probe for the detection of sarin surrogate with potential application in actual hazardous situations.

Organic luminescent materials having photoluminescence in their solid state have become emerging trends in chemistry, materials science, and biology due to their versatile potential applications. In the present contribution, we have introduced some methylenebis(4,1-phenylene) electron donor-acceptor-based fashionable solid-state fluorescent molecules, MBA, MBB, and MBH, having exciting photoluminescence characteristics in their solid and aggregate states. Interestingly, all probes exhibited a compelling aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) phenomenon in aqueous media. The mechanistic aspects of solid-state brightness and AIEE behavior are elucidated by diverse spectroscopic, microscopic, and X-ray crystallographic analyses. Employing their intriguing AIEE characteristics, the water-suspended low dimensional particles have been employed as a sensor, demonstrating rapid sensitivity and brilliant selectivity towards the nitro-explosive compound picric acid (PA). The estimated limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) reach as low as the μM to nM range in the aqueous medium. The fluorescent paper strip-based test kit experiment has been demonstrated for instant detection of PA through visual examination in the solid state, rendering the protocol quick, cost-effective, and appropriate for on-spot solid-state recognition.

Smart wearable tactile systems, designed to deliver different types of touch feedback on human skin, can significantly improve engagement through diverse actuation patterns in virtual or augmented reality environments. Here, a perpendicularly nested auxetic wearable haptic interface is reported for orthotropically decoupled multimodal actuation (WHOA), capable of producing diverse tactile feedback modes with 3D sensory perception. WHOA incorporates shape memory alloy wires that are intricately knotted into an auxetic structure oriented along orthotropic dual axes. Its perpendicularly nested auxetic structure enables orthotropic actuation, allowing independent expansion and contraction along both x and y-axes, as confirmed by force-strain and displacement-time performance tests. Additionally, the perylene coating provides orthogonal electrical isolation to WHOA, allowing for stripe-specific localized actuation and enabling multiple tactile feedback modes. As an orthotropic wearable haptic interface, WHOA distinguishes between x-axis and y-axis directions and ultimately delivers multi-dimensional information regarding movements in 3D space through tactile feedback. As a result, when worn on the foot or arm, WHOA naturally delivers spatiotemporal tactile information to the user, facilitating navigation and teleoperation with 3D sensory perception., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Bifenthrin (BF), a widely used pyrethroid pesticide in farming, lacks highly sensitive and selective sensors despite its extensive application. Ruthenium complexes are very effective for selective sensing applications but suffer from structural instability at elevated conditions, electrochemical activity, and the use of costly electrolytes. This work improves their electrochemical activity and mechanical strength by incorporating silver nanowires and replacing the costly electrolyte with abundant KCl + PBS, resulting in enhanced signal performance. Herein, a ruthenium complex containing composite film was immobilized on a platinum (Pt) electrode using Langmuir Blodgett technique. The fabricated sensor has been characterized by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) based electrochemical technique. The BF pesticide sensing parameters, including the limit of detection (LOD), linear range (LR), and sensitivity, were evaluated using SWV, DPV, and CV techniques. Among these, the DPV technique demonstrated the best performance, achieving a sensitivity of 0.648 μA cm -2 μM -1 , a LR of 1-10 μM, and a LOD of 1 μM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values using DPV are found to be 6.3% (repeatability study), 3% (reproducibility study), 8% (metal ion interference), 5% (organic species interference), and 2% (real sample study), which are much lesser than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of RSD value on the pesticide ( i.e. 20%). The BF sensor demonstrated a selectivity of 2× difference of peak height response compared to similar pesticides. The reported pesticide sensor will open new options for sensor research using metal complex-based LB film nanocomposite., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no competing interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Microbatteries are emerging as a sustainable, miniaturized power source, crucial for implantable biomedical devices. Their significance lies in offering high energy density, longevity, and rechargeability, facilitating uninterrupted health monitoring and treatment within the body. The review delves into the development of microbatteries, emphasizing their miniaturization and biocompatibility, crucial for long-term, safe in-vivo use. It examines cutting-edge manufacturing techniques like physical and chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, essential for the precision manufacture of the microbatteries. The paper contrasts primary and secondary batteries, highlighting the advantages of zinc-ion and magnesium-ion batteries for enhanced stability and reduced reactivity. It also explores biodegradable batteries, potentially obviating the need for surgical extraction post-use. The integration of microbatteries into diagnostic and therapeutic devices is also discussed, illustrating how they enhance the efficacy and sustainability of implantable biosensors and bioelectronics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Received: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff)) Revised: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff)) Published online: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff)), (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Paper-based sensors or paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have recently emerged as the cost-efficient, and portable, on-site detection tools for various biological and environmental analytes. However, paper-based sensors often suffer from poor selectivity. Here, a single-step paper-based flexible sensor platform has been developed for the on-site detection of paraquat (PQ) pesticide in real samples, utilizing chitosan and citrate-capped silver nanoparticles integrated with a flexible paper. The nanocomposite paper film was thoroughly characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composite paper platform demonstrated a color change with a reaction time within a few minutes (6-7 min) in the presence of PQ pesticide. The trace level PQ pesticide has been detected with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 μM and a linear range (LR) of 10-100 μM. The sensor shows 3× more selective signal towards PQ pesticide compared to other similar pesticides. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 5% for repeatability, 4% for reproducibility, 2% for interference, and 3.5% for real sample analysis, indicating high precision sensing and within the WHO limit of RSD (20%). The present work will open up new avenues for the advancements in flexible paper sensors; cost-effective, portable, on-site sensors, and sustainable device development., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

In an era marked by increasing environmental challenges affecting human well-being, traditional acoustic materials struggle to effectively handle the diverse and multi-frequency nature of harmful environmental noises. This has spurred a demand for innovative acoustic metamaterial solutions by utilizing sustainable design strategies. This research introduces tunable Schwarz metamaterial capable of transforming into a soft meta-foam to solve the complex problems of varying environmental noises. This study primarily focuses on adjusting single to multiple sound-blocking bandgaps mechanism using a multi-layered approach, incorporating the Schwarz P-type triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) and its elective soft foam counterpart, known as tunable Schwarz meta-foams (TSMF-x). The tunable design parameters of the unit cell, multi-layered TPMS, and soft programmable TSMF-lichen version are comprehensively explored including a fire-safety test. The results demonstrate these enhanced flame retardant meta-foam families have the potential to be used for mid-to-high-frequency environmental noises in industrial equipment and smart homes for sustainable architecture and environmental health applications., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Digital smile designing (DSD) is a concept of dentistry which combines the old and the new and becomes a different world in the world of smile aesthetics and functionality. Dental aesthetics is not just a cosmetic issue but a multidimensional part of oral health that has a great impact on psychological well-being, social life, functional capabilities, and, hence, the quality of life. To put it simply, the recognition of its significance stresses the necessity of complete dental care which is the one that combines beauty and function as well as health. This systematic review aims to analyze the recent use and patient satisfaction of DSD and to show the recent advances in DSD. A thorough literature search was conducted across the online databases for articles about the implementation of digital smile analysis in dentistry. The articles that were published between 2013 and 2023 on DSD were selected which included randomized and non-randomized trials and observational studies covering the effectiveness, advantages, and patients' opinions about the treatment. The National Institutes of Health tool was applied for bias assessment. Ten studies were selected to address the use of DSD in dentistry based on the inclusion criteria. The findings from these studies suggest that DSD is useful in improving communication, reducing working time, minimizing errors, enhancing patient satisfaction, and providing clinical adequacy for final prosthetic pieces, indicating the usefulness of this approach in dental procedures. Smile designing using digital technologies has the potential to improve dental aesthetics and treatment procedures while showcasing their reliability and clinical effectiveness., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Jain et al.)

When considering dental restorations, the use of fixed partial dentures is one of the most widely accepted treatment options. In the past, fabrication was done using traditional techniques and the conventional workflow was by far the popular method; however, nowadays digital workflows are being used as a means to produce the prosthesis. This systematic review aims to compare the workflows by considering their respective qualities, such as precision, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and clinical performance. A complete search has been carried out to incorporate any relevant studies published between the years 2012 and 2023 in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. Two independent reviewers screened articles for inclusion and assessed the studies' methodological quality rating via the NIH Tool. A total of 22 relevant articles were reviewed after a systematic search strategy. The main outcome of the review was digital workflows were found to reduce working time, eliminate the selection of trays, minimize material consumption, and enhance patient comfort and acceptance. The studies also showed that digital workflows resulted in greater patient satisfaction and higher success rates than conventional workflows. Workflows for digital dentistry demonstrated to be better than traditional ones due to the cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and time optimization for the fabrication of fixed prostheses., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mahato et al.)

The advancement of active electrode materials is essential to meet the demand for multifaceted soft robotic interactions. In this study, a new type of porous carbonaceous sphere (PCS) for a multimodal soft actuator capable of both magnetoactive and electro-ionic responses is reported. The PCS, derived from the simultaneous oxidative and reductive breakdown of specially designed cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOFs) with varying metal-to-ligand ratios, exhibits a high specific surface area of 529 m 2 g -1 and a saturated magnetization of 142.7 Am 2 kg -1 . The size of the PCS can be controlled through the Ostwald ripening mechanism, while the porous structure can be regulated by adjusting the metal-to-ligand mol ratio. Its exceptional compatibility with poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) enables the creation of uniform electrode, crucial for producing soft actuators that work in both magnetic and electrical fields. Operated at an ultralow voltage of 1 V, the PCS-based actuator generates a blocking force of 47.5 mN and exhibits significant bending deflection even at an oscillation frequency of 10 Hz. Employing this simultaneous multimodal actuation ensures the dynamic and complex motions of a balancing bird robot and a dynamic eagle robot. This advancement marks a significant step toward the realization of more dynamic and versatile soft robotic systems., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

MXenes are highly versatile and conductive 2D materials that can significantly enhance the triboelectric properties of polymer nanocomposites. Despite the growing interest in the tunable chemistry of MXenes for energy applications, the effect of their chemical composition on triboelectric power generation has yet to be thoroughly studied. Here, we investigate the impact of the chemical composition of MXenes, specifically the Ti 3 CNT x carbonitride vs the most studied carbide, Ti 3 C 2 T x , on their interactions with sodium alginate biopolymer and, ultimately, the performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) device. Our results show that adding 2 wt % of Ti 3 CNT x to alginate produces a synergistic effect that generates a higher triboelectric output than the Ti 3 C 2 T x system. Spectroscopic analyses suggest that a higher oxygen and fluorine content on the surface of Ti 3 CNT x enhances hydrogen bonding with the alginate matrix, thereby increasing the surface charge density of the alginate oxygen atoms. This was further supported by Kelvin probe force microscopy, which revealed a more negative surface potential on Ti 3 CNT x -alginate, facilitating high charge transfer between the TENG electrodes. The optimized Ti 3 CNT x -alginate nanogenerator delivered an output of 670 V, 15 μA, and 0.28 W/m 2 . Additionally, we demonstrate that plasma oxidation of the MXene surface further enhances triboelectric performance. Due to the diverse surface terminations of MXene, we show that Ti 3 CNT x -alginate can function as either tribopositive or tribonegative material, depending on the counter-contacting material. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of how MXene composition affects their interaction with biopolymers and resulting tunable triboelectrification behavior. This opens up new avenues for developing flexible and efficient MXene-based TENG devices.

Nerve agents are the most notorious substances, which can be fatal to an individual because they block the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Fighting against unpredictable terrorist assaults and wars requires the simple and quick detection of chemical warfare agent vapor. In the present contribution, we have introduced a rhodamine-based chemosensor, BDHA, for the detection of nerve gas-mimicking agents diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) and diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP) and mustard gas-mimicking agent 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), both in the liquid and vapor phase. Probe BDHA provides the ability for detection by the naked eye in terms of colorimetric and fluorometric changes. It has been revealed that the interaction between nerve agents mimics and probe BDHA facilitates spirolactam ring opening due to the phosphorylation process. Thus, the highly fluorescent and colored species developed while probe BDHA is colorless and non-fluorescent due to the intramolecular spirolactam ring. Moreover, probe BDHA can effectively recognize DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the µM range despite many toxic analytes and could be identified based on the response times and quantum yield values. Inexpensive, easily carried paper strips-based test kits were developed for the quick, on-location solid and vapor phase detection of these mustard gas imitating agents (CEES) and nerve gas mimicking agents (DCP and DCNP) without needing expensive equipment or skilled personnel. More remarkably, the test strips' color and fluorescence can be rapidly restored, exposing them to triethyl amine (TEA) for cyclic use, suggesting a potential application in the real-time identification of chemical warfare agents. To accomplish the on-location application of BDHA, we have experimented with soil samples to find traces of DCP. Therefore, the chromo-fluorogenic probe BDHA is a promising, instantaneous, and on-the-spot monitoring tool for the selective detection of DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the presence of others., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Photochemistry Association, European Society for Photobiology.)

Considerable research has been conducted on the application of functional nano-fillers to enhance the power generation capabilities of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, these additives often exhibit a decrease in output power at higher concentration. Here, a Janus cobalt metal-organic framework-SEBS (JCMS) membrane is reported as a dual-purpose dielectric layer capable of efficiently capturing and blocking charges for high-performance TENGs. The JCMS is produced asymmetrically through gravitational sedimentation, employing spherical CoMOFs within a diluted SEBS solution. Beyond its dual dielectric characteristics, the JCMS showcases exceptional mechanical durability, displaying notable stretchability of up to 475% and remarkable resilience when subjected to diverse mechanical pressures. Consequently, the JCMS-TENG produces a maximum peak-to-peak voltage of 936 V, a current of 42.8 µA, and a power density of 10.89 W m - 2 when exposed to an external force of 10 N at a 5 Hz frequency. This investigation highlights the potential of JCMS-TENGs with unique structures, known for their exceptional energy harvesting capabilities, mechanical strength, and flexibility. Additionally, the promising prospects of easily produced asymmetric structures is emphasized with bifunctionalities for developing efficient and flexible MOFs-based TENGs. These advancements are well-suited for self-powered wearables, rehabilitation devices, and energy harvesters., (© 2024 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Nerve agents are becoming serious issues for the healthy and sustainable environment of modern civilization. Therefore, its detection and degradation are of paramount importance to the scientific community. In the present contribution, we have introduced a chromo-fluorogenic pyrene-based  probe, (E)-2-methoxy-3-(pyren-1-ylimino)-3,8a-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-ol (PMCO) to detect sarin stimulant diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in solution and gaseous phases. On inserting DCP in PMCO solution, a visual colorimetric change from yellow to clear colourless in daylight and highly intensified blue fluorescence was observed instantly under a 365 nm portable UV lamp light. PMCO has outstanding selectivity and high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 1.32 μM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) medium and 77.5 nM in 20% H 2 O-DMSO. A handy strained paper strip-based experiment was demonstrated to recognize DCP in a mixture of similar toxic analytes. A dip-stick experiment was performed to identify DCP vapour, and may be used as an effective photonic tool. We also demonstrated real sample analysis utilizing different DCP-spiked water samples and validating DCP detection even in various types of soils such as sand, field, and mud. Therefore, this present study provides an effective chemosensor for instant and on-site detection of toxic nerve agents in dangerous circumstances., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Detection of fluoride (F - ), acetate (AcO - ), and cyanide (CN - ) anions is vital from the biological and environmental aspects. In the present contributions, we have introduced a simple Salen-type chromogenic sensor, BEN, to detect these biologically important anions. Changes in UV-visible absorption spectra and color of BEN solution from very pale yellow to pink color are similar for each of these anions and found to be reversible only in the case of F - ions in attendance of HSO 4 - ions. The estimated limit of detection of BEN solution for detecting F - , AcO - , and CN - anions is found to be below the micromolar (μM) concentration level. Our fabricated handy paper test kit is suitable for qualitatively naked-eye detection of the anions. An immediate quantitative estimation of these important anions is possible using our BEN employing a smartphone, avoiding any costly experimental setup., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The simplicity of synthesis, significant toxicity of organophosphorus-containing nerve agents, and ease of use of their in-terrorism attacks highlight the necessity to create efficient probes and precise methods for detecting these chemicals. This study developed luminogenic probe 4-(1 H-phenanthrene imidazole-2-yl) benzaldehyde, PB for selectively recognizing lethal chemical sarin mimicking diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) with µM detection limit. Following the addition of DCP to the PB solution, the fluorescence changed from bluish-cyan to green simultaneously; after the insertion of triethylamine (TEA) into the PB-DCP phosphorylated solution, the fluorescence of the original one came back, and it occurred five times. A paper strip-based test kit and dip-stick experiments have been executed to demonstrate the practical applicability of our sensor PB and instant, on-site recognition of the target analyte DCP. An experiment has been investigated using a smartphone and red-green-blue (RGB) color analysis, which offers a novel way for the fast, on-site visual detection and quantification of DCP in actual samples. It also reduces equipment costs, speeds up detection times, and substantially simplifies the operation procedure., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The high-level toxic effects of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents severely threaten national security and public health. Generating trustworthy, accurate methods for quickly identifying these poisonous chemicals is urgently necessary. In this study, we have presented an azine-based colorimetric sensor (HBD) for the highly sensitive and selective identification of poisonous sarin gas surrogate diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). Our introduced sensor shows a purple color in contact with DCP, which is fully reversible upon the addition of triethylamine (TEA). The detection limit of our sensor for the toxic nerve agent mimic DCP is in the μM range. We have fabricated a test kit to verify the capability of HBD for on-the-spot identification of DCP to execute its practical use. To prove that HBD is an effective chemosensor, dip-stick investigation was conducted to detect DCP in the vaporous stage in the presence of different OPs, inorganic phosphates (IPs), and many other deadly analytes. A cellphone-based display method was also undertaken for on-the-spot recognition and measurement of DCP in isolated regions.

In this study, an excellent chromo-fluorogenic PMPA probe, ( E )-4-(((4-(benzoxazole-2-yl)phenyl)imino)methyl)- N , N -diphenylamine, is introduced for the detection of sarin gas mimic diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in solution and gaseous phases. On adding DCP into PMPA solution in a pure DMSO and water-DMSO (4 : 1) medium, it exhibits a hypsochromic shift from yellow to colorless and from no fluorescence to highly intense blue-violet photoluminescence via the formation of a phosphorylated PMPA-DCP product due to the inhibition of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. The sensor could detect DCP in the presence of several other notorious guest analytes with a detection limit in the μM range. Moreover, to accomplish the on-spot detection of DCP and explore the practical applicability of the probe, a paper strip-based test kit, "dip-stick" method, and, more interestingly, a real sample analysis was demonstrated in spiked soil samples.

A reversible acid-base probe, (N 1 E, N 4 E)-N 1 , N 4 -bis(( Z )-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)allylidene)benzene-1,4-diamine (MM1), is introduced for the colorimetric visualization of acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media. MM1 displays reversible acidochromic behavior, showing exciting colorimetric change varying from weak to strong acid. Also, we have fabricated a colorimetric paper strip-based test kit to visualize acid-base equilibria. A dipstick experiment has been demonstrated to visualize the acid-base equilibria in the gaseous state. This acid-base probe has also been employed to estimate the p K a values of several acidic compounds in a non-aqueous medium using overlapping indicator methods. Based on reversible acidochromic UV-visible absorption spectral and colorimetric behavior, we have constructed a reconfigurable dual input and dual output combinational logic circuit and set-reset memorized device employing acid and base as chemically encoded inputs and corresponding optical outputs. The current report evokes a new protocol for developing various reversible acidochromic probes and its implication for constructing opto-chemical molecular logic gates and estimating the acid dissociation constants of various acidic compounds in non-aqueous media., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Among the various essential trace elements for living organisms, the copper (Cu 2+ ) ions are the most important. However, Cu 2+ ions are vital for the human body and are associated with necessary physiological processes; insufficient or excessiveness has many hazardous effects on our bodies. In the present contribution, strategically, we have introduced a julolidine-coupled azine-based, 9,9'-((1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidene bis(methanylylidene)) bis(1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydropyrido [3,2,1-ij] quinolin-8-ol) (HDBQ) reversible chromo-fluorogenic probe for specific detection of Cu 2+ ions. Probe HDBQ exhibits observable orange colorimetric change from yellow, which is visible to the naked eye in daylight. The highly green fluorescence HDBQ becomes a non-fluorescent one with the incorporation of Cu 2+ ions. Interestingly, the colorimetric change and non-fluorescent HDBQ-Cu 2+ complex reverse to the original HDBQ in the presence of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The detection and quantification limit of HDBQ towards the detection of Cu 2+ ions is found to be in the µM range, which is much lower than the limit (31.5 µM) recommended by WHO. We have also performed a colorimetric and fluorometric paper-based test strips-based experiment employing HDBQ for real-time on-site detection of Cu 2+ ions. Using the reversibility characteristics of HDBQ for the consecutive addition of Cu 2+ and EDTA, we have established the INHIBIT molecular logic gate. The present report brings a precise and sensitive probe for the detection of Cu 2+ ions in real environmental and biological samples., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Electro-active ionic soft actuators have been intensively investigated as an artificial muscle for soft robotics due to their large bending deformations at low voltages, small electric power consumption, superior energy density, high safety and biomimetic self-sensing actuation. However, their slow responses, poor durability and low bandwidth, mainly resulting from improper distribution of ionic conducting phase in polyelectrolyte membranes, hinder practical applications to real fields. We report a procedure to synthesize efficient polyelectrolyte membranes that have continuous conducting network suitable for electro-ionic artificial muscles. This functionally antagonistic solvent procedure makes amphiphilic Nafion molecules to assemble into micelles with ionic surfaces enclosing non-conducting cores. Especially, the ionic surfaces of these micelles combine together during casting process and form a continuous ionic conducting phase needed for high ionic conductivity, which boosts the performance of electro-ionic soft actuators by 10-time faster response and 36-time higher bending displacement. Furthermore, the developed muscle shows exceptional durability over 40 days under continuous actuation and broad bandwidth below 10 Hz, and is successfully applied to demonstrate an inchworm-mimetic soft robot and a kinetic tensegrity system., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Nerve agents are highly poisonous organophosphorus chemicals, and the possibility of being used in terrorist attacks seriously threatens public safety. Thus, developing quick and straightforward detection techniques for these dangerous substances is paramount for the scientific communities. In this contribution, we have fabricated a sensitive and easily applicable ionic liquids (ILs) based colorimetric sensor for detecting various nerve agents' stimulants in solution and gas phases, respectively, based on methyl orange (MO)-based IL ([P 66614 ] + [MO] - ) derived from MO dye and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride (P 66614 Cl) by a simple ion exchange mechanism. The developed [P 66614 ] + [MO] - and water-suspended [P 66614 ] + [MO] - nanoparticles are found to be very much sensitive to detecting various nerve agents' stimulants having detection limits in the μM range in any medium and could be identified based on the response times which is found to be superior to many chemosensors available in the literature. The naked eye observed a distinct color change from yellow to fuchsia in the presence of nerve agents' stimulants, which shows better sensitivity than the free organic indicator. Furthermore, a facile test strip with [P 66614 ] + [MO] - and water-suspended [P 66614 ] + [MO] - NPs has been fabricated that can achieve visual detection of various nerve agents' stimulants within the stockpiles of other analogous harmful analytes. Also, a dip-stick experiment has been performed to detect harmful toxic analytes vapor. The effectiveness of [P 66614 ] + [MO] - and water-suspended [P 66614 ] + [MO] - NPs in identifying and quantifying various nerve agents' stimulants demonstrated its potential for usage as a signal tool for real sample analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nitroaromatic compounds are illicit explosive chemicals. For environmental security and homeland safety, selective and sensitive identification of these secondary-class explosives has been a reason for the exhaustive research arena of chemists for about a decade. We introduced a sensitive optical sensor with desalted neutral red (NR) dye. After ingressing picric acid (PA) in acetonitrile, the probe becomes non-fluorescent, displaying a colorimetric change from yellow to pink. The quenched phenomena and the changed color were re-established with aliphatic amine, trimethylamine (TEA). The reversibility is produced cyclically, both in fluorimetrically and spectrophotometrically. The detection limit for PA with our probe comes out as 0.639 µM; this value is significantly lower than many chemosensors available in the literature. Also, NR-stained filter paper strips-based test kit analysis has been deployed as a displayable photonic device for in-situ detection of PA. Furthermore, the whole system was conceptualized to produce single input, single output, and double input single output logic gates, which can be applied to digital devices. The chronological input manner as NTP (NR- TEA-PA) pushed us to configure a molecular keypad lock system, the basis of digital locking devices. The repeatable & reversible detection system exhibits "Write read- Erase-read Write-read' type memory devices., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Tailoring transfer dynamics of mobile cations across solid-state electrolyte-electrode interfaces is crucial for high-performance electrochemical soft actuators. In general, actuation performance is directly proportional to the affinity of cations and anions in the electrolyte for the opposite electrode surfaces under an applied field. Herein, to maximize electrochemical actuation, we report an electronically conjugated polysulfonated covalent organic framework ( p S-COF) used as a common electrolyte-electrode host for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation embedded into a Nafion membrane. The p S-COF-based electrochemical actuator exhibits remarkable bending deflection at near-zero voltage (~0.01 V) and previously unattainable blocking force, which is 34 times higher than its own weight. The ultrafast step response shows a very short rising time of 1.59 seconds without back-relaxation, and substantial ultralow-voltage actuation at higher frequencies up to 5.0 hertz demonstrates good application prospects of common electrolyte-electrode hosts. A soft fluidic switch is constructed using the proposed soft actuator as a potential engineering application.

Wearable haptic interfaces prioritize user comfort, but also value the ability to provide diverse feedback patterns for immersive interactions with the virtual or augmented reality. Here, to provide both comfort and diverse tactile feedback, an easy-to-wear and multimodal wearable haptic auxetic fabric (WHAF) is prepared by knotting shape-memory alloy wires into an auxetic-structured fabric. This unique meta-design allows the WHAF to completely expand and contract in 3D, providing superior size-fitting and shape-fitting capabilities. Additionally, a microscale thin layer of Parylene is coated on the surface to create electrically separated zones within the WHAF, featuring zone-specified actuation for conveying diverse spatiotemporal information to users with using the WHAF alone. Depending on the body part it is worn on, the WHAF conveys either cutaneous or kinesthetic feedback, thus, working as a multimodal wearable haptic interface. As a result, when worn on the forearm, the WHAF intuitively provides spatiotemporal information to users during hands-free navigation and teleoperation in virtual reality, and when worn on the elbow, the WHAF guides users to reach the desired elbow flexion, like a personal exercise advisor., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The NiO-CNT and NiO-Fe-CNT composites that have been prepared from waste high density polyethylene plastic and their carbon nanotube (CNT) quality-dependent supercapacitance tuning have been reported here. Multiwalled CNT (MWCNT) formation has been confirmed from TEM and Raman spectra with an I D ratio of 0.77, which stands for high graphitization. The specific surface area (SSA) of MWCNTs in the NiO-Fe-CNT composite was 87.8 m I /g, while in the NiO-CNT composite, it was 25 m G ratio of 0.77, which stands for high graphitization. The specific surface area (SSA) of MWCNTs in the NiO-Fe-CNT composite was 87.8 m 2 /g, while in the NiO-CNT composite, it was 25 m 2 /g. NiO-Fe-CNT displayed higher specific capacitance and energy density (1360 Fg -1 and 1180 W h kg -1 ) than NiO-CNT (1250 Fg -1 in 2 M H -1 ), which may be due to the presence of higher-quality MWCNTs in the NiO-Fe-CNT composite. NiO-Fe-CNT displayed higher contributions of electric double-layer capacitor (59%) behavior compared to NiO-CNT (38%) and represented a hybrid supercapacitor. NiO-Fe-CNT also displayed a capacitive retention of 96% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, studies in acidic electrolytes revealed higher performance of NiO-Fe-CNT than NiO-CNT, displaying specific capacitances of NiO-Fe-CNT to be 1147 Fg -1 in 2 M H 2 in 2 M HCl. It has been qualitatively explored that the quality of CNTs, SSA, and quantum confinement effects in the composites may be the factors responsible for the performance difference in NiO-Fe-CNT and NiO-CNT. The present work is geared toward the low-cost fabrication of high-quality CNT composites for supercapacitors and energy storage applications. The present work also contributes quantitatively to the understanding of CNT quality as an important parameter for the performance of CNT-composite-based supercapacitors.4 and 943 Fg -1 in 2 M HCl. It has been qualitatively explored that the quality of CNTs, SSA, and quantum confinement effects in the composites may be the factors responsible for the performance difference in NiO-Fe-CNT and NiO-CNT. The present work is geared toward the low-cost fabrication of high-quality CNT composites for supercapacitors and energy storage applications. The present work also contributes quantitatively to the understanding of CNT quality as an important parameter for the performance of CNT-composite-based supercapacitors., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

An electronically conjugated functional triazine framework is used to synthesize a physicochemically interlocked sulfur cathode that delivers high energy density coupled with exceptional cycle life in lithium-sulfur batteries. Conventional melt-diffusion strategies to impregnate sulfur in the cathode offer poor cycle life due to physical mixing with weak interactions. By contrast, in this approach, sulfur is physicochemically entrapped within a nanoporous and heteroatom doped high surface area covalent triazine framework, resulting in outstanding electrochemical performance (≈89% capacity retention after 1000 cycles, the energy density of ≈2,022 Wh kg -1 sulfur and high-rate capability up to 12 C). The overall structural characteristics and interactions of sulfur with the covalent triazine framework are explored in detail to explain the intriguing properties of the sulfur cathode., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The advancement in smart devices and soft robotics necessitates the use of multiresponsive soft actuators with high actuation stroke and stable reversibility for their use in real-world applications. Here, this work reports a magnetically and electrically dual responsive soft actuator based on neodymium and iron bimetallic organic frameworks (NdFeMOFs@700). The ferromagnetic NdFeMOFs@700 exhibits a porous carbon structure with excellent magnetization saturation (166.96 emu g -1 ) which allows its application to a dual functional material in both magnetoactive and electro-ionic actuations. The electro-ionic soft actuator, which is fabricated using NdFeMOFs@700 and PEDOT-PSS, demonstrates 4.5 times higher ionic charge storage capacity (68.21 mF cm -2 ) and has excellent cycle stability compared with the PEDOT-PSS based actuator. Under a low sinusoidal input voltage of 1 V, the dual-responsive actuator displays bending displacement of 15.46 mm and also generates deflection of 10 mm at 50 mT. Present results show that the ferromagnetic bimetallic organic frameworks can open a new way to make dual responsive soft actuators due to the hierarchically porous structures with its high redox activity, superior magnetic properties, and larger electrochemical capacitance. With the NdFeMOFs@700 based soft actuators, walking movement of a starfish robot is demonstrated by applying both the magnetic and electric fields., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Fast and precise identification of toxic G-series nerve agents in the solution and vapor phase is urgently needed to save human beings from unwanted wars and terrorist attacks, which is challenging to execute practically. In this article, we have designed and synthesized a sensitive and selective phthalimide-based chromo-fluorogenic sensor, DHAI, by a simple condensation process that shows ratiometric and turns on chromo-fluorogenic behavior towards Sarin gas mimic diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in liquid and vapor phases, respectively. A colorimetric change, from yellow to colorless, is observed in the DHAI solution due to the introduction of DCP in daylight. A remarkable cyan color photoluminescence enhancement is noticed in the presence of DCP in the DHAI solution, which is observable to the naked under a portable 365 nm UV lamp. The mechanistic aspects of the detection of DCP by employing DHAI have been revealed by time-resolved photoluminescence decay analysis and 1 H NMR titration investigation. Our probe DHAI exhibits linear photoluminescence enhancement from 0 to 500 μM with a detection limit of nanomolar range from non-aqueous to semi-aqueous media. For practical utility, a DHAI-stained test kit employing Whatman-41 filter paper has been fabricated and used as a portable and displayable photonic device for on-site detection of Sarin gas surrogate, DCP. Also, a dip-stick experiment has been demonstrated to identify the vapor of Sarin gas mimics DCP colorimetrically and fluorometrically. The concentrations of DCP in various water samples have been evaluated with the help of a standard fluorescence curve for real sample analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we report the surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) of a biologically important organic dye, fluorescein (FL), by silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in an aqueous medium and its implications for human cell imaging. The as-synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis absorption spectroscopic studies. The interaction and aggregation of FL dye with Ag NPs and a cationic surfactant, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), were explored by UV-vis absorption and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The distance-dependent fluorescence enhancement of FL due to Ag NPs in the solution was also theoretically correlated by three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulation. The plasmonic coupling between neighboring NPs facilitated the augmentation of the local electric field, thereby producing various "hotspots" that influence the overall fluorescence of the emitter. J-type aggregates of FL in the presence of the CTAB micelles and Ag NP mixed solution were confirmed by electronic spectroscopy. The density functional theoretical (DFT) study revealed the electronic energy levels associated with different forms of FL dye in the aqueous solution. Most interestingly, the Ag NP/FL mixed system used in fluorescence imaging of human lung fibroblast cells (WI 38 cell line) showed a significantly stronger green fluorescence signal compared to that of FL after an incubation period of only 3 h. This study confirms that the Ag NP mediated SEF phenomenon of the FL dye is also manifested in the intracellular medium of human cells giving a brighter and more intense fluorescence image. The cell viability test after exposure to the Ag NP/FL mixed system was confirmed by the MTT assay method. The proposed study may have an implication as an alternate approach for human cell imaging with higher resolution and more contrast.

A benzoxazole-based fluorosensor (IMP) has been synthesized and employed for the selective and sensitive detection of sarin surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in solution, and gas phase, respectively. Remarkable turn-on fluorescence is observed due to the introduction of DCP in the solution of IMP because of inhibition of the intramolecular charge transfer process and disruption of the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism. The synthesized IMP-based fluorescence sensor exhibits excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, and a wide linear range of 15-60 μM with a detection limit of 44 nM. Low-intense to highly intensified visible violet color could be seen by the naked eye under a portable 365 nm UV lamp due to the addition of DCP in the solution of IMP. IMP-stained paper strips-based test kit experiment has been demonstrated to detect traces of DCP in stockpiles of related analytes. A dip-stick experiment for the detection of DCP vapor has also been demonstrated. The effectiveness of IMP in detecting DCP established that it might be used as a signal tool for real sample analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This article highlights the investigation of anion interactions and recognition abilities of naphthalene derivative, [(E)-1-(((4-nitrophenyl)imino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol], (NIMO) by UV-visible spectroscopically and colorimetrically. NIMO shows selective recognition of F - ions colorimetrically, and a visual color change from yellow to pink is observed by the naked eye. The F - ions recognition is fully reversible in the presence of HSO 4 - ions. The limit of F - ions detection by NIMO could be possible down to 0.033 ppm-level. A paper strips-based test kit has been demonstrated to detect F - ions selectively by the naked eye, and a smartphone-based method for real sample analysis in the non-aqueous medium has also been demostrated. Spectroscopic behavior is well supported by pK a value calculation and DFT analysis, to find a correlation with receptor analyte interaction. The optical response of NIMO towards the accumulation of F - ions and, subsequently, HSO 4 - ions as chemical inputs provides an opportunity to construct INH and IMP molecular logic gates., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Transfusion of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) is a lifesaving process. However, upon storing RBCs, a wide range of damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as cell-free DNA, nucleosomes, free-hemoglobin, and poly-unsaturated-fatty-acids are generated. DAMPs can further damage RBCs; thus, the quality of stored RBCs declines during the storage and limits their shelf-life. Since these DAMPs consist of either positive or negative charged species, we developed taurine and acridine containing electrospun-nanofibrous-sheets (Tau-AcrNFS), featuring anionic, cationic charges and an DNA intercalating group on their surfaces. We show that Tau-AcrNFS are efficient in scavenging DAMPs from stored human and mice RBCs ex vivo. We find that intermittent scavenging of DAMPs by Tau-AcrNFS during the storage reduces the loss of RBC membrane integrity and reduces discocytes-to-spheroechinocytes transformation in stored-old-RBCs. We perform RBC-transfusion studies in mice to reveal that intermittent removal of DAMPs enhances the quality of stored-old-RBCs equivalent to freshly collected RBCs, and increases their shelf-life by ~22%. Such prophylactic technology may lead to the development of novel blood bags or medical device, and may therefore impact healthcare by reducing transfusion-related adverse effects., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

This report explores the reversible acidochromism of a benzoxazole-based scaffold (BPP), which is highly sensitive to the acid-base in the liquid and gas phases. With the addition of acid, the solution of BPP changes its color from yellow to pink fuchsia due to the transformation of its imine into quinonoid form. Colour change is completely reversible in the presence of the base, confirming the reversible acidochromic behavior of the present BPP system. Further, a paper strips-based test kit has been demonstrated for the practical utility of the present acidochromic BPP to identify a trace amount of acid-base in solution and gas-phase, respectively. The mechanistic aspect of detection of acid-base and colorimetric change in the presence of acid-base have been explored by density functional theoretical investigations and 1 H NMR experiments. Moreover, we have constructed a reconfigurable dual-output combinatorial logic circuit by utilizing the spectral shift between two wavelengths at 404 nm and 552 nm, respectively, and colorimetric change of the BPP in the presence and absence of acid-base., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC) has posed a challenge worldwide due to the sophisticated and costly diagnostics tools, which include DRE, TRUS, GSU, PET/CT scan, MRI, and biopsy. These diagnostic techniques are very helpful in the detection of PCs; however, all the techniques have their serious limitations. Biosensors are easier to fabricate and do not require any cutting-edge technology as required for other imaging techniques. In this regard, point-of-care (POC) biosensors are important due to their portability, convenience, low cost, and fast procedure. This review explains the various existing diagnostic tools for the detection of PCs and the limitation of these methods. It also focuses on the recent studies on biosensors technologies as an alternative to the conventional diagnostic techniques for the detection of PCs., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)