1. Ionospheric disturbances in a large area of the terrestrial globe by two strong solar flares of September 6, 2017, the strongest space weather events in the last decade
- Author
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Alessio Pignalberi, Francisco Vieira, G. K. Seemala, Paulo Roberto Fagundes, M. O. Arcanjo, A. J. de Abreu, Brunno Augusto Ribeiro, Valdir Gil Pillat, Jean-Pierre Raulin, Michael Pezzopane, A. Tardelli, Maurício Araújo Dias, K. Venkatesh, Clezio Marcos Denardini, Maurício José Alves Bolzan, and John Bosco Habarulema
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Total electron content ,Solar flare ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Space weather ,01 natural sciences ,F region ,law.invention ,Geophysics ,Earth's magnetic field ,Space and Planetary Science ,law ,Climatology ,Universal Time ,0103 physical sciences ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Ionosphere ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Flare - Abstract
On September 6, 2017, the solar active region AR 2673 emitted two solar flares: the first at 08:57 UT (X2.2) and the second at 11:53 UT (X9.3); both were powerful enough to black-out high and low frequency radio waves (where UT is universal time). The X9.3 was the strongest solar flare event in the past decade. In this study, we took the advantage of these two extreme flare events to investigate corresponding effects on the ionosphere using multi-instrument observations from magnetometers, Global Positioning System – Total Electron content (GPS-TEC) receivers, ionosondes and Swarm satellites over a large geographical extent covering South American, African and European sectors. During the X2.2 flare, European and African sectors were sunlit and during X9.3 European, African, and South American sectors were sunlit and exposed to the solar flare radiation. During the X2.2 flare, there was an ionosonde blackout for a duration of about 45 min, while during the X9.3 flare this blackout lasted for 1 h and 30 min. The blackout are seen over a large global extent which demonstrates the severity of solar flare events in disrupting the radio communication. The horizontal component of Earth’s geomagnetic field has shown ripples and enhancements during these flare events. The ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) showed a positive phase along with an intensification of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) over the South American and African sectors. The dynamical and physical processes associated with the TEC and EIA variabilities due to solar flare are discussed.
- Published
- 2020
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