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Author(s): Aidala, CA; Arrington, JR; Ayuso, C; Bowen, BM; Bowen, ML; Bowling, KL; Brown, AW; Brown, CN; Byrd, R; Carlisle, RE; Chang, T; Chang, WC; Chen, A; Chen, JY; Christian, DC; Chu, X; Dannowitz, BP; Daugherity, M; Diefenthaler, M; Dove, J; Durandet, C; El Fassi, L; Erdos, E; Fox, DM; Geesaman, DF; Gilman, R; Goto, Y; Guo, L; Guo, R; Hague, T; Hicks, CR; Holt, RJ; Isenhower, D; Jiang, X; Katich, JM; Kerns, BM; Kinney, ER; Kitts, ND; Klein, A; Kleinjan, D; Kras, J; Kudo, Y; Lin, PJ; Liu, D; Liu, K; Liu, MX; Lorenzon, W; Makins, NCR; Martinez, JD; McClellan, RE; McDonald, B; McGaughey, PL; McNease, SE; Medeiros, MM; Miller, B; Miller, AJ; Miyasaka, S; Miyachi, Y; Mooney, IA; Morton, DH; Nadim, B; Nagai, K; Nakahara, K; Nakano, K; Nara, S; Obata, S; Peng, JC; Prasad, S; Puckett, AJR; Ramson, BJ; Raymond, RS; Reimer, PE; Rubin, JG; Salinas, R; Sanftl, F; Sawada, S; Sawada, T; Scott, MBC; Selensky, LE; Shibata, TA; Shiu, S; Su, D; Tadepalli, AS; Teo, M; Tice, BG | Abstract: The SeaQuest spectrometer at Fermilab was designed to detect oppositely-charged pairs of muons (dimuons) produced by interactions between a 120 GeV proton beam and liquid hydrogen, liquid deuterium and solid nuclear targets. The primary physics program uses the Drell–Yan process to probe antiquark distributions in the target nucleon. The spectrometer consists of a target system, two dipole magnets and four detector stations. The upstream magnet is a closed-aperture solid iron magnet which also serves as the beam dump, while the second magnet is an open aperture magnet. Each of the detector stations consists of scintillator hodoscopes and a high-resolution tracking device. The FPGA-based trigger compares the hodoscope signals to a set of pre-programmed roads to determine if the event contains oppositely-signed, high-mass muon pairs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on several measures of aerobic function and 4-km cycling time-trial performance. An acute cross-over design was adopted involving eight well-trained cyclists (age 27.0 ± 7.0 years) who completed incremental and square-wave exercise tests for determination of peak O

We use cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to reconstruct the monolayer-by-monolayer composition profile across a representative subset of MBE-grown InAs/InAsSb superlattice layers and find that antimony segregation frustrates the intended compositional discontinuities across both antimonide-on-arsenide and arsenide-on-antimonide heterojunctions. Graded, rather than abrupt, interfaces are formed in either case. We likewise find that the incorporated antimony per superlattice period varies measurably from beginning to end of the multilayer stack. Although the intended antimony discontinuities predict significant discrepancies with respect to the experimentally observed high-resolution x-ray diffraction spectrum, dynamical simulations based on the STM-derived profiles provide an excellent quantitative match to all important aspects of the x-ray data.

Of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes, the M5receptor is the only one detectable in midbrain dopaminergic neurons, making it an attractive potential therapeutic target for treating disorders in which dopaminergic signaling is disrupted. However, developing an understanding of the role of M5in regulating midbrain dopamine neuron function has been hampered by a lack of subtype-selective compounds. Here, we extensively characterize the novel compound VU0238429 and demonstrate that it acts as a positive allosteric modulator with unprecedented selectivity for the M5receptor. We then used VU0238429, along with M5knock-out mice, to elucidate the role of this receptor in regulating substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neuron physiology in both mice and rats. In sagittal brain slices that isolate the SNc soma from their striatal terminals, activation of muscarinic receptors induced Ca2+mobilization and inward currents in SNc dopamine neurons, both of which were potentiated by VU0238429 and absent in M5knock-out mice. Activation of M5also increased the spontaneous firing rate of SNc neurons, suggesting that activation of somatodendritic M5increases the intrinsic excitability of SNc neurons. However, in coronal slices of the striatum, potentiation of M5with VU0238429 resulted in an inhibition in dopamine release as monitored with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Accordingly, activation of M5can lead to opposing physiological outcomes depending on the location of the receptor. Although activation of somatodendritic M5receptors on SNc neurons leads to increased neuronal firing, activation of M5receptors in the striatum induces an inhibition in dopamine release.

We show how cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) may be used to accurately map the period fluctuations throughout epitaxial, strained-layer superlattices based on the InAs/InAsSb and InGaAs/InAlAs material systems. The concept, analogous to Bragg's law in high-resolution x-ray diffraction, relies on an analysis of the [001]-convolved reciprocal-space satellite peaks obtained from discrete Fourier transforms of individual STM images. Properly implemented, the technique enables local period measurements that reliably discriminate vertical fluctuations localized to within ∼5 superlattice repeats along the [001] growth direction and orthogonal, lateral fluctuations localized to within ∼40 nm along directions in the growth plane. While not as accurate as x-ray, the inherent, single-image measurement error associated with the method may be made as small as 0.1%, allowing the vertical or lateral period fluctuations contributing to inhomogeneous energy broadening and carrier localization in t...

Low temperature 1 H NMR analysis of a reaction mixture containing a vinylic zirconocene, MeLi, Me 3 ZnLi, 20 mol % Me 2 Cu(CN)Li 2 and an enone, reagents which together lead to the Michael delivery of a vinyl ligand, reveals the presence of a zinc enolate, the species likely to be responsible for the subsequent alkylation or aldol reaction as the final step in 3-component couplings.

Low temperature 1 H NMR analysis of a reaction mixture containing a vinylic zirconocene, MeLi, Me 3 ZnLi, 20 mol % Me 2 Cu(CN)Li 2 and an enone, reagents which together lead to the Michael delivery of a vinyl ligand, reveals the presence of a zinc enolate, the species likely to be responsible for the subsequent alkylation or aldol reaction as the final step in 3-component couplings.

Copper-catalyzed conjugate addition of functionalized organozinc reagents to α,β-unsaturated ketones: ethyl 5-(3-oxocyclohexyl)pentanoate product: Ethyl 5-(3-oxocyclohexyl)pentanoate reactant: 6.7 mL of neat ethyl 5-iodovalerate (10.24 g, 40.0 mmol) Keywords: addition, to CCCO and CCCN; metalation reactions, lithium; metalation reactions, zinc; metal-catalyzed reactions, copper; replacement reactions, halogen by halogen

To determine whether declining semen quality associated with health problems may be due to certain antibiotic or anti-inflammatory treatments, semen was collected 3 times per week for up to 42 d from 6 normal bulls after treatment with oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, dihydrostreptomycin, or phenylbutazone. No adverse effects on semen quality were observed.

One hundred and twenty adult patients were reviewed in whom split skin grafts were applied to the stump following traumatic amputation of the upper limb (44 amputees) or lower limb (76 amputees). The average follow-up period was seven and a half years after initial amputation. There was delay in prosthetic fitting in all patients. Approximately one third of patients complained of occasional minor ulceration, controlled by removing the prosthesis for a few days or modification of the prosthesis. Further revision surgery, including excision of the grafted skin often combined with proximal bone resection, but not removal of the proximal joint, was necessary in 29% of below-elbow amputees and approximately 50% of below and above-knee amputees. At the above-elbow level, use of skin grafts allowed prosthetic fitting because of preservation of sufficient length of the stump. Despite the fact that revision surgery may often be necessary, split skin grafting has a definite place in the early management of the stump following traumatic limb amputation in the adult. Preservation of stump length with the knee or elbow joint allows easier rehabilitation and lower energy expenditure when using the prosthesis. Partial foot amputation, when combined with skin grafting usually requires subsequent revision to a more proximal level to obtain a satisfactory result.

Electron drift velocity, a function of gas composition, electric field, and pressure, represents the most important design parameter for optimization of fission-counter collection time. References in the literature provide a significant source of information on drift velocities for various gases, but the information does not extend to sufficiently high electric field/pressure (E/p) ratios for use with the high-sensitivity fission counters under consideration. The data obtained for this investigation and reported extend the drift-velocity data for argon-nitrogen mixtures to E/p regions useful for present design considerations, and at the same time compare detector performance in a high gamma field (10/sup 6/ R/h) with the various gas mixtures employed. Six combinations of argon--nitrogen ranging from 1 to 15% nitrogen were included in the tests. Although several other gas mixtures, such as argonmethane and argon-C0/sub 2/, provide faster drift velocities, only argon--nitrogen has proven stable at the high neutron exposure levels anticipated for the Fast Flux Test Facility (10/sup 18/ n/cm/sup 2/). Performance comparisons show that for 800-Vdc operation the neutron counting sensitivity for Ar-- 10% Ni exceeds that for Ar-- 1% N/sub 2/ (the fill gas most commonly used) by over a factor of 2. Corresponding collection times decreased from 160 nsecmore » for the Ar--1% N/sub 2/ mixture to 80 nsec for the Ar-10% N/sub 2/ combination. For specific applications, it may be required to limit the voltage to < 800 Vdc. The curves provide information to permit selection of the best gas mixture for a given bias voltage requirement. (auth)« less

I. Introduction, and Description of Area. The Geological Survey Map (Sheet 78 N.E.) of the district lying immediately south of the town of Conway reveals an outcrop of Tarannon Shales, which is curious as regards its relation to the associated formations, since the Tarannon Shales are represented as being both underlain and overlain by rocks of Wenlock age. This circumstance led us to examine this special area; and our attention having already been directed to the occurrence of graptolitic shales below the Tarannons in other parts of Wales, we thought it9 possible that they might also be present in the Conway district. Our observations in that district have extended over a fairly wide region, including the greater part of the valley of the Afon Gyflin between Conway and Y–Ro; but the only area which we have mapped in anything like detail lies immediately south of the town of Conway itself, and occupies the hill opposite Conway Castle and the railway. This area is bounded on the east by the River Conway, and on the west by a fault (‘ boundary–fault,‚ as we term it in the following pages) which brings a calcareous grit of Bala age against Silurian beds.The northern limit of the area is formed by the Afon Gyffn, a‚ tributary stream of the River Conway, which it joins just below the Castle. The southern limit has been taken, for convenience, at the beginning of the dense woods belonging to Benarth Asylum. In other places higher up the valley

(1913). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part IX. Pages 415–486; Plates XLII–XLIX. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 66, No. 323, pp. 415-486.

A time-to-power (TTP) technique was developed and demonstrated to provide improved reactor startup instrumentation. Time-to-power is defined as the projected length of time that will elapse before ...

A time-to-power instrument has been developed for use as a primary startup control for nuclear reactors. Time-to-power (TTP) is the projected length of time that will elapse before reactor goal power is reached, as based on the instantaneous neutron flux level and the reactor periods. Thus, the TTP signal is formed by combining the logarithm and period of the neutron flux level (both normally-used startup control signals), with an internally-generated goal flux level signal. The resultant TTP signal is displayed for comparison with the desired TTP value. Maintaining a constant desired TTP signal by adjustment of reactivity controls results in an orderly approach to a selected goal power level. The design considerations of the prototype system are presented with a discussion of the present and future applications. The developed, practical instrument satisfactorily performed the electronic functions required to demonstrate the TTP concept, and data from controlled reactor startups compare favorably with the calculated behavior. The results indicate that safe, efficient and economical startups can be obtained using TTP instrumentation.

I. Introduction. (A) Historical Review. Stretching southward for 70 miles from the shores of the Irish Sea near Conway in North Wales, through Denbighshire and Montgomeryshire into the central parts of Radnorshire near Llanbister, there sweeps a continuous band of massive greywackes, flagstones, and shales, known to geologists as the Denbighshire Grits or Flags. This arenaceous formation is from 1000 to 3000 feet in thickness, and is acknowledged on all hands to be of Wenlock age. Rising out from beneath the Denbighshire Grits, and intervening between them and the older rocks which are at present assigned to the Llandovery and Bala, there occurs a series of relatively shaly strata which are distinguished on the Geological-Survey maps by a special tint of purple, and are indicated upon the legends as ‘Tarannon Shales.’ They are laid down on the maps as forming a narrow belt, seldom exceeding a quarter of a mile in width and entering into all the sinuosities of the outcrop of the lower margin of the Denbighshire Grits. Although these so-called ‘Tarannon’ Beds were not mapped as constituting a distinct formation until 1855, their peculiar mineral characters—‘fine, smooth, slaty strata, grey or light blue, occasionally slightly sandy, and alternating with purple bands’—had not escaped the attention of the earlier geological workers in Wales. As early as 1843 Sedgwick and Sailer had noticed in the Berwyn Hills certain ‘pale-coloured earthy slates’ which ‘seem to pass without a break into the overlying Denbigh Flagstone.’ From the fact that they were aluminous

(1901). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part I. Dichograptidae. Pages 1–54; Plates I–IV. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 55, No. 260, pp. 1-54.

Droplets of diameter 300–1300 μ are projected into collision at 140–220 cm/s within a steam atmosphere from two identical horizontally opposed vibrating capillary atomizers. High-speed photography of the events following collision enables an analysis of the collision process to be made in terms of momentum and energy continuity. Tests conducted in air and in steam at atmospheric pressure suggest that the outcome of a collision is dependent upon the relative velocity of the drops and on the phase angle of the collision. Drops which mutually strike a glancing blow tend to bounce. As the path interference becomes greater drops tend to coalesce unstably. Maximum path interference tends to result in a stable coalescence provided a limiting capacity for energy absorption by the coalesced mass is not exceeded. The significant energy quantities are those associated with motion, with the extent of the interfacial surface and with oscillation. To assess the latter it was assumed that an oscillating drop at its extreme deflection exchanged without loss its energy of internal motion for that of extended surface.

(1911). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part VIII. Pages 359–414; Plates XXXVI–XLI. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 64, No. 316, pp. 359-414.

The atomizer, which is based on an electrically maintained vibrating hypodermic needle, is constructed for use within a steam atmosphere, and incorporates adjustments for varying the jet direction. Using water in air it was found that for break-up into a single uniform stream of droplets three independent criteria were operative: (i) the accepted Rayleigh criterion, (ii) a criterion related to the resonant frequency of the vibrating system of the atomizer, and (iii) a criterion relating to the properties of the liquid under test.

The value of revision surgery when carried out more than six weeks after initial amputation of the upper or lower limb was assessed. When performed for stump and/or phantom limb pain alone, only 33/95 (35%) obtained satisfactory results after one revision; 25/95 (26%) of the patients required four or more surgical procedures without relief of pain. However, when carried out for local specific pathology, the results of surgical revision were 100% successful, even if the procedure had to be repeated once in 15% (28/189) of this group of patients. Transcutaneous nerve stimulation appeared to offer no long lasting relief of pain following amputation surgery.

The graptolites collected by Dr. John W. Evans from Bolivia, and sent to me for inspection, are marked as coming from five separate localities. The best-preserved forms occur in black pyritic shales exposed at ‘a halting-place on the right bank of the Rio Coranhuata, known as Culi, on the up-stream side of the Puente de Culi (J. 28/4/02).’ The rock is cleaved, and the graptolites are in consequence somewhat distorted, but the well-known species Didymograptus bifidus, Hall, is recognizable. Associated with this abundant form there is one small fragment of a slender extensiform Didymograptus, apparently of the type of D. affinis, Nich., but too fragmentary to admit of specific identification. Black shales occurring at another locality ‘on the left bank of the Rio Coranhuata, on the down-stream side of the Puente de Culi (H. 28/4/02),’ are crowded with graptolites, but unfortunately much distorted and in a poor state of preservation. On one slab from this spot several examples of a species of Phyllograptus are recognizable, and one of Glossograptus. The commonest graptolitic form present, however, is one which it is difficult to assign to any known genus or species. It belongs to the family of the Diplograptidae, and possesses three conspicuous spines at its proximal extremity together with a long virgula distally produced. It is, perhaps, most closely allied to the genus Cryptograptus; but all details as to the form of the thecae are obscure, and the specimens are too distorted to allow of description. Another slab from the same

(1908). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part VII. Pages cxxi–cxlviii, 273–358; Plates XXXII–XXXV. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 62, No. 305, pp. cxxi-358.

(1918). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part XI. Pages cxlix–clxxi, a–m, 527–539; Including Title-Page and Index. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 70, No. 339, pp. cxlix-539.

I. Introduction. The Lower Ludlow Shales, which form the lowest section of the Ludlow division of the Silurian System, are most typically developed in the neighbourhood of the picturesque old town of Ludlow. It was in this district that they were first defined and described by Murchison. Lithologically, they are here essentially an argillaceous group of strata, the lower and upper limits of which are well marked by two distinct calcareous beds—the Wenlock Limestone below and the Aymestry Limestone above. Palaeontologically, the Lower Ludlow Shales are rich in fossils: brachiopods, cephalopods, crustaeea, and graptolites. When the Lower Ludlow Beds are followed from the Ludlow district north-eastward along their line of strike as far as the valley of the Severn, south-westward as far as Aymestry, and eastward as far as the Malverns and Mayhfil, they are seen to retain their lithologieal characters unaltered, and the Wenlock and Aymestry Limestones are both well developed. But when these beds are traced from the typical area to the west and north-west, the limiting calcareous strata dwindle away and eventually disappear, until, finally, the Lower Ludlow Shales merge lithologically on the one hand into the Wenlock Shales below, and on the other into the Upper Ludlow Flags above. It is clearly impossible, therefore, in these westerly districts to separates on purely lithological grounds, the Lower Ludlow Beds as a distinct group from the formations which overlie and underlie them. The proofs that the Lower Ludlow Beds of Britain contain a Characteristic graptolite-fauna have been gradually

(1902). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Introduction. Pages i–xxviii. Part I.—Dichograptidae. Pages 55–102; Plates V–XIII. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 56, No. 265, pp. i-102.

(1904). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part IV. Pages liii–lxxii, 135–180; Plates XX–XXV. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 58, No. 277, pp. liii-180.

(1906). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part V. Pages lxxiii–xcvi, 181–216; Plates XXVI, XXVII. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 60, No. 288, pp. lxxiii-216.

(1903). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part III. Pages xxix–lii, 103–134; Plates XIV–XIX. [N.B.—The preceding Part, 1902, is wrongly numbered Part I.] Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 57, No. 271, pp. xxix-134.

(1907). A Monograph of British Graptolites. Part VI. Pages xcvii–cxx, 217–272; Plates XXVIII–XXXI. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 61, No. 297, pp. xcvii-272.