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Abstract There are fewer studies on Trichoderma diversity in agricultural fields. The rhizosphere of 16 crops was analyzed for Trichoderma species in 7 districts of Rajasthan state of India. Based on DNA sequence of translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α), and morphological characteristics, 60 isolates were identified as 11 species: Trichoderma brevicompactum, species in Harzianum clade identified as T. afroharzianum, T. inhamatum, T. lentiforme, T. camerunense, T. asperellum, T. asperelloides, T. erinaceum, T. atroviride, T. ghanense, and T. longibrachiatum. T. brevicompactum is the most commonly occurring strain followed by T. afroharzianum. No new species were described in this study. T. lentiforme, showed its first occurrence outside the South American continent. The morphological and cultural characteristics of the major species were observed, described, and illustrated in detail. The isolates were tested for their antagonistic effect against three soilborne plant pathogens fungi: Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium verticillioides in plate culture assays. One of the most potent strains was T. afroharzianum BThr29 having a maximum in vitro inhibition of S. rolfsii (76.6%), R. solani (84.8%), and F. verticillioides (85.7%). The potential strain T. afroharzianum BThr29 was also found to be efficient antagonists against soil borne pathogens in in vivo experiment. Such information on crop selectivity, antagonistic properties, and geographic distribution of Trichoderma species will be beneficial for developing efficient Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents.

The investigation into a prospective pharmaceutical chalcone derivative employs a comprehensive methodology, integrating theoretical and empirical analyses. Rigorous scrutiny of the compound's distinct attributes is conducted through FT-IR, NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT), specifically B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p), yields crucial insights into the potential energy surface, molecular structure optimization, vibrational properties, and electronic configuration stability. The study establishes correlations between simulated and actual spectra, and Frontier Orbital Theory (FMOs) explores the compound's chemical properties and electron-hole excitation across various solvents. The lowest energy gaps are observed in UV–visible and HOMO-LUMO analyses for various solvent effects between 3.7 to 3.8 eV Intra-molecular analysis through Natural Bond Orbitals (NBO) is complemented by the calculation and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and local descriptors like Fukui functions (f+, f−, f0), alongside topological analyses. Molecular docking is performed for different antifungal protein receptors (6EYY, 3DD4, 7YQP and 3WIX). The lowest binding energies of -8.89, -7.95 and -7.85 Kcal/mol were observed for the receptors 6EYY, 3DD4 and 7YQP. This facet of the research suggests promising pharmaceutical applications for the compound.

Abstract Background Cirrhosis is associated with sarcopaenia and fat wasting, which drive decompensation and mortality. Currently, nutritional status, through body composition assessment, is not routinely monitored in outpatients. Given the deleterious outcomes associated with poor nutrition in decompensated cirrhosis, there is a need for remotely monitoring this to optimise community care. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients monitored remotely with digital sensors post hospital discharge, to assess outcomes and indicators of new cirrhosis complications. 15 patients had daily fat mass measurements as part of monitoring over a median 10 weeks, using a Withing’s bioimpedance scale. The Clinical Frailty Score (CFS) was used to assess frailty and several liver disease severity scores were assessed. Results 73.3% (11/15) patients were male with a median age of 63 (52–68). There was a trend towards more severe liver disease based on CLIF-Consortium Acute Decompensation (CLIF-C AD) scores in frail patients vs. those not frail (53 vs 46, p = 0.072). When the cohort was split into patients who gained fat mass over 8 weeks vs. those that lost fat mass, the baseline CLIF-C AD scores and WBC were significantly higher in those that lost fat (58 vs 48, p = 0.048 and 11.2 × 109 vs 4.7 × 109, p = 0.031). Conclusions This proof-of-principle study shows feasibility for remote monitoring of fat mass and nutritional reserve in decompensated cirrhosis. Our results suggest fat mass is associated with greater severity of acute decompensation and may serve as an indicator of systemic inflammatory response. Further prospective studies are required to validate this digital biomarker.

The organofluorine hexahydropyrimidine derivatives are used in the drug discovery due to its steric nature to hydrogen and its extreme electronegativity. The Ethyl 5-hydroxy-2-thioxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (ETP5C) compound was synthesized and characterized by NMR (13C and 1H), FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopic techniques for experimentally and theoretically and elemental analyses, mass spectra also investigated. The most stable structure of synthesized molecule was studied by PES analysis in gas and liquid medium. The structural parameters such as bond length and bond angle of the title molecule have been obtained by DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G (d,p) set and compared with the structurally related experimental data of the compounds. The π-to-π* transition of the ETP5C molecule is identified using UV–Vis absorption spectral analysis. In addition, the chemical stability and reactivity are investigated using HOMO-LUMO analysis. The minimal HOMO-LUMO energy gap (4.6255 eV) clearly explains that the ETP5C molecule is more reactive for receptors. The nucleophilic and electrophilic regions such as active sites have been shown by MEP, ELF, LOL and Fukui functions. The second order optical effect has been explained by NLO analysis. The docking was performed with antineoplastic proteins that exhibit against the development of tumor cells.

A novel heterocyclic organic compound, 4-Acetamido benzoic acid (4AMBA) had a wide range of applications in the field of drug discovery arena. The molecular structural stability conformation had been carried out using the Molecular Potential Energy Surface (MPES) scan with chosen suitable dihedral angle. For both the calculated and experimental procedures, the identifications of the chemical bonds of pertinent functional groups were investigated using spectral measurements (FT-IR and FT-Raman). The DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) basis set, which is a highly compatible technique, was implemented to execute the quantum computational studies. Further, to enhance the molecular (inter and intra) interactions, reactivity regions between the atoms were performed using reactivity sites such as MEP, NBO, NLMO, NHO, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. In addition, the topological analysis for the various solvents and the electronic properties of the appropriate wavelength, the energy gap of the UV–Visible spectrum (both theoretical (various solvents) and experimental), FMO theories (HOMO and LUMO) energies and topological analyses were attained. The significant features that explain the biological behavior of the header composite were computed with the least possible binding energy using protein-ligand interactions with appropriate protein receptors, such as 1J1R, 1G1K, and 1J1Q.

The inclusion of the majority of heterocycle fragments in the pharmaceutical arena currently on drug discovery, combined with their inherent adaptability and distinctive physicochemical features, has established them as true pillars of therapeutic/medicinal chemistry. Besides from the medications, numerous others are being researched for their potential anti-carcinogenic behavior. In this current study, a newly synthesized TTCPE molecular structure from carbinol extract of Aeglemarmelos leaves has been confirmed by GC–MS results, and structural characteristics are reported. The quantum chemical simulated calculations were employed using a versatile basis set -B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) approach. The optimized structure with the minimum energy confirmation was carried out using Potential scan energy (PES) analysis and the optimized with atom numbering scheme of TTCPE discovered strength of the bond parameters and compared with XRD data. Experimental and theoretical spectral characterizations were accomplished and the vibrational wavenumbers provide an affordable correlation with the experimental value. The UV–vis electronic spectra associated with the gas phase and various solvent-liquid phases were obtained by TD-SCF methods. The high stabilization energy E(2) value is 128.06 kcal/mol executed by the NBO method along with the lone pair of interaction types in the header composite. The MEP map, HOMO-LUMO- intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) was completed by gas and different solvents and their corresponding energy parameters were evaluated. Fukui function describes reactive sites on TTCPE that were investigated. The topological analysis of LOL, ELF, and RDG was performed. The five principles of Lipinski are used to perform drug-likeness qualities. Furthermore, a molecular docking technique was used to compare ligand to several protein inhibitor targets (1H8X, 6R7T, and 6DX5) and the corresponding parameters were calculated. As a result, the header composite identifies an alternative anticancer treatment agent.

The antimalarial compound 3-AcetylBenzoic acid (3ABA) was characterized by spectroscopic and UV–Visible spectral techniques. The most stable structure of 3ABA molecule was studied for PES analysis. The geometrical optimization, spectral investigations (Infrared and Raman were performed), electronic transitions and the energy gap between Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) and chemical nature of the title molecule were described (gas and solvation phase) for UV–Visible investigations. The adsorption energy is almost the same for Au and Ag, causing the nmCs to form stable clusters with Au and Ag. In all complexes with 3ABA, Raman spectra reveal an improvement. The donor acceptor's interaction and stabilization energy were analysed by Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses. The chemical reactivity of the title molecule is illustrated using Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), Electron Localized Function (ELF), Localized Orbital Locator (LOL), and Hirshfeld analyses. The antimalarial and antibacterial activities were investigated for Enogl acyl carrier proteins (1NHG, 4M89) using molecular docking analysis.

Employees are the most valuable resource for any company. The overall performance of the organization largely depends on efficient personnel management. Competent, efficient and loyal employees can significantly increase the performance of the company. Intangible assets are one of the most important sources of competitive advantage. Knowledge, skills, experience of employees is the most valuable intangible assets of a company. The management of companies understands that the main capital of the company is not money and material resources, but the creators of this money, these material resources, the “knowledge” of the company, which are a set and practices, methods, techniques and technologies for building a business at organizational maturity. In this paper, a dynamic evaluation model was proposed to manage the top level management for various strategic positions. Investments in personal education will allow your organization to gain a sustainable competitive advantage in a dynamically evolving external environment

Despite not being uniform, urban economic growth usually shows some inconsistency. Urban sustainable development may be harmed if the financial instability goes above a particular threshold. This article examines the current status of India's macro-economic real-time management of early warning alert systems and information warehouse-related innovations. In order to deal with the significant loss caused by the increased variation of an urban economy, it analyzes and explicates the position of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the macro-economic alert system. This reviews the development path of financial monitoring and early alerting system whichsorts out and compares numerous popular economic monitoring techniques.Depending on IoT technology, the urban economic reports surveillance & advance warning system has conducted research on information transfer, tracking, forecasts, analysis, and presentation. After simulating the system, the proposed research's findings indicate that the overall accuracy of the model's macroeconomic fluctuation forecast approaches 80%, which may be used in real life.

A challenge for “Big Data” in the chemical production industry is not only to evaluate file storage but also to use online information to improve process performance. It should be spectral, vibration, thermal, and other sensors are more and more widely available. In today's harsh industrial conditions, accurate and reliable reviews or product quality assessments are critical. To predict important attribute factors utilizing quantifiable signals, information soft sensors dependent on Projection to Latent Structure (PLS) techniques are frequently used. However, due to changes in equipment, raw material, sensors, or management, most operations are carried out under real and stable conditions. The structure of the flexible sensors must be maintained at regular intervals. Reconstruction of the method using more recent sensor primary data focus of current design maintenance techniques, such as mobile window updates and recursive updates within the enterprise. In situations where data were collected with extremes, downtimes, and other transients in the non-stationary phase, this strategy was not sufficiently resilient. An alternative model update strategy was reviewed as part of this study. To assess the effectiveness of the current soft sensor approach, they modified two Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The residue-dependent forecast KPI identifies long-term forecast damping models using a filtered estimation error. The KPI dependent on T2 would be a forecast KPI that checks the system's speculations to the expected original data. This updated strategy is effective in improving predictive accuracy without completely reconstructing the PLS model using research papers using industrial operations information. Finally, the KPI attributes and model upgrade mechanism could be used together. The researchers demonstrated that this update technique significantly improved the accuracy of the PLS soft detector predictions through the emulation of live behavior using industrial data. The configuration technique also made it possible to quickly identify underlying issues in situations where the original sample was ideal as well as informed engineers that a new method needed to be built.

This research presents an error estimation approach with the combination of traditional multilevel techniques used to minimize errors for an accurate prediction and to investigate the behavior of such an algorithm for a satellite. The traditional techniques mentioned above are a combination derived from multiple regression techniques and perform a case study for data analysis. A linear plot can easily be predicted, however if a system tends to deviate toward non-linearity the overall result derived from such an algorithm can be non-reliable since each value would depict a completely different output at different levels. The stability of the fixed regression derived is used to determine the accuracy of the system.

The objective of the research is to undergo a performance comparison in terms of accuracy, convergence time, amount of memory, etc. between the satellite attitude determination and attitude estimation using non-linear filters. The fundamental approach towards it is to design an OBC (On Board Computer) that would help in achieving a controlled output for the chosen plant (MicroMAS1 satellite). The attitude determination algorithm is implemented through TRIAD algorithm, which takes sensor readings of body frame and inertial frame of reference. Then it is used to determine the rotation matrix (DCM) by converting the matrix form into vector form and again back to matrix form to determine the 3x3 matrix, which includes all the Euler angle equations to determine the pitch, roll, yaw characteristics of the system. The attitude estimation algorithms involves the use of nonlinear filters which provide an added advantage that energy can be transferred in a designed manner and extra degrees of freedom are available in filter design. The Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is preferred as it addresses the problem using a deterministic sampling approach. Moreover, the non-linear filters are used to remove the noise error and disturbance caused by engine. The design of satellite attitude models involves more of a mathematical approach that would be dealt with MATLAB and SIMULINK operations.

The objective of the research work to focus on a path planning aims to plan the route of an Unmanned Vehicle (UV) using Global Positioning System (GPS), and the most suitable path is selected avoiding the obstacles along the desired path. The coordinates of the starting point and destination are fed through programming. In addition, an obstacle avoidance algorithm is used and waypoints are given using the AVR Programming. Waypoint Navigation System for the Unmanned Ground Vehicle is use with GPS avoiding the obstacles in its path. The Waypoint Navigation System is the planning of the path of an object so that the path goes through some specified coordinates or benchmarks to the final destination thus avoiding any obstacles. The technology used to accomplish the aim includes Global Positioning System (GPS), Ultrasonic Sonic sensors and Micro-controller for programming. GPS will be the guiding medium from source to destination and two Ultrasonic Sensors will be used. These types of vehicles are used for many purposes and have been used by United States of America for Military and Defense purposes. In advanced cases, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle may also be developed using these algorithms.

An Attitude control system for a satellite in low earth orbit is designed in this project. As a reference, CARTOSAT-2 is selected to design the AOCS. CARTOSAT-2 is located in LEO so it suits the needs of the projects. It is mainly used for mapping of urban, rural areas and wetlands in India. To design a basic AOCS, a DC motor based model is considered. Transfer functions of DC motor and satellite dynamics model are calculated using Laplace transformation. Stability of the system is checked by plotting poles and zeroes of the systems. PID controller is used to improve the overall stability of the system by decreasing the errors in the output of the system. The systems are subjected to sine and step inputs and responses are plotted in the form of graphs. The plots are studied using SciLab as the tool to design the block diagram and the control system for the AOCS. Scilab along with FlightGear is used to visualize the response of the system.

This paper investigates the performance of adaptive neural networks through simulations for satellite systems involving three-axis attitude control algorithms. PID tuning is the method employed traditionally. An optimally tuned, to minimizes the deviation from set point. It also responds quickly to the disturbances with some minimal overshoot. However, the disadvantage of poor performance has been observed in these controllers when manual tuning is used which in itself a monotonous process is. The PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols has more transient responses of satellite such as Overshoot, Settling time, and Steady state errors. For overcome this technique, the proposed analysis implemented an Adaptive Neural Network with PID tuning. The paper aims to combine two feedback methods by using neural networks. These methods are feed- forward and error feedback adaptive control. The research work is expected to reveal the inside working of these neural network controllers for state and error feedback input states. An error driven adaptive control systems is produced, when the neural networks acquire the knowledge of slopes and gains regarding the error feedback, while, with state feedback the system will keep trying to approximate a stable approach in order to stabilize the attitude of the satellite.

Navigation and guidance systems for most automobile as well as aerospace applications require a coupled chip setup known as Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) which, depending on the degree of freedoms, contains a Gyroscope (for maintaining orientation and angular velocity), Accelerometers (to determine acceleration in the respective direction) and a Magnetometer (to determine the respective magnetic fields). In the three-dimensional space, any required rotation analysis is limited to the coordinate systems and all subtended angles in either direction must be defined by a fixed axis to effectively estimate the stability and to define all the attitude estimates needed to compile different rotations and orientations. The Quaternions are mathematical notations used for defining rotations and orientation in three-dimensional space. The simplest terms Quaternions are impossible to visualize in a three-dimensional space; the first three terms will be identical to the coordinate system, but through Quaternions another vector quantity is added into the equations, which may in fact underline how we can account for all rotational quantities. The fundamental analysis of these components different applications for various fields is proposed.

An Attitude control system plays the important role to maintain the satellite to desired attitude orientations. The intended application of NANO satellite in low earth orbits (LEO) helps find transient responses with and without controllers. LEO satellites typically orbit at an altitude ranging between160-2000 km. LEO satellites are widely used for remote sensing, navigation, and military surveillance applications. The Nano NPSAT-1 satellite attitude control systems (ACS) are described in this research work. The high pointing accuracy attitude estimation and feedback control systems are presented. The design specifications have been taken to meet the accuracy requirements (desired value ≤ 0.2 seconds) of Nano satellite attitude control. The feedback signal from on-board sensors compared with reference orbit trajectory and implementation of the Proportional Derivative (PD) controller is constructed. An algorithm of Nano satellite (NPSAT-1) attitude control is implemented using MATLAB Tools. In addition, the closed loop poles help find the gain of the system using Root Locus (RL) methods. The satellite control system is used to improve the transient response like overshoot and settling time of the system. Thus, the design of attitude control to improve the rise time, the settling time, the maximum overshoot, and no steady state error was carried out.

The theoretical (Freebase, Cationic species) and experimental investigations on the molecular structural, spectroscopic characterization, and electronic properties of N2M5MB are reported. The most stable structure of the N2M5MB was analysed by employing Density Functional Theory (DFT) at different functional such as B3LYP, PBEPBE, TPSSTPSS and IEF-PCM (Freebase) and Cationic (B3LYP, IEF-PCM)/ 6–311++G (d,p) basis set level. The Potential Energy Scan (PES) analysis has been employed to investigate the conformational preference of the title molecule. The optimized molecular geometry, vibrational assignments (FT-IR, FT-Raman) of wavenumbers have been performed for freebase, cationic species (Gas, PCM) for the individual modes of vibration. The experimental UV-Vis absorption spectrum was obtained and compared with the simulated (Freebase, Cationic species) Time-Dependent (TD-DFT-M062X) method. The FMO's, electron-hole distributions, HOMA, FLU, Hirshfeld surface analysis, Electrostatic potential surface (ESP), Fukui functions, and topological parameters were discussed. Molecular docking studies were performed for the N2M5MB (ligand) into the active site of targeted proteins (1H22, 4DTL, 5OV9) which belong to AChE inhibitors with the minimum binding energy was detected.

Navigation has a huge application in aviation and aircraft automatic approach. Two widely used navigation systems are Global position System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS). Triangulation method used to determine the aircrafts location by GPS, speed whereas an INS, with the aid of gyroscope and accelerometer, estimates the location, velocity and alignment of an aircraft. Aircraft navigation is a complex task and using only one of the above navigation systems results in inaccurate and insufficient data. GPS stops working when satellite signal is not received, susceptible to interfere occasionally has high noise content, and has a low bandwidth, INS system requires external information for initialization has long-term drift errors. Certain errors like ionosphere interference, clock error, orbital error, position error, etc. might arise and disrupt the navigation process. In order to outrun the limitations of the above two systems and counter the errors, both INS and GPS can be integrated and used to attain more smooth, accurate and faster aircraft attitude estimates, as they have complementary strengths and limitations. GPS is stable for a long period and can act as an independent navigation system whereas INS is not susceptible to interference and signal losses has high radio bandwidth and works well for short intervals of time. In order to get accurate and precise attitude estimation, calculation of the parameters at different altitude using both systems is done; furthermore the comparison and contrast between the results is performed, measured quantities are transformed between various frames like longitudinal to rolling, calculation and elimination of errors is done producing the final solution. Because of integrated GPS and INS, the navigation system exhibits robustness, higher bandwidth, better noise characteristics, and long-term stability.

Extensive quantum chemical calculation have been carried out to investigate the Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR), Fourier Transform Raman(FT-RAMAN) and Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), and Ultra Violet-Visible(UV-vis) spectra of 2-(4-Cyanophenylamino) acetic acid. The molecular structure, fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensities of the vibrational bands were interpreted with the aid of optimizations and normal coordinate force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio HF methods with 6–311++G(d,p) basis set. The theoretical vibrational wavenumbers are compared with the experimental values. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energies were found to be-6.2056 eV and -1.2901 eV which indicates the charge transfer within the molecule. Natural bond orbital analysis has been carried out to explain the charge transfer (or) delocalization of charge due to the intra molecular interactions. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), First order hyperpolarizability, and Fukui functions calculation were also performed. The thermodynamic properties of the title compound were studied for different temperatures. Molecular docking studies were made on the title compound to study the hydrogen bond interactions and the minimum binding energy was calculated.

The dibenzoxepines derivatives have found a broad application in biological and pharmaceutical fields as new prospective drugs. So, the molecule (3aS,12bS)-5-Chlor-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydro-1H-dibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrol has been characterized by DFT (Density Functional Theory) approach to predict the important properties of it. The minimum energy conformer has been found by PES (Potential Energy Surface) and then the structure is optimized. Further, the structure is characterized spectroscopically by FT-IR and FT-Raman techniques to know the functional group and chemically active atoms. The geometrical parameters, PED (Potential Energy Distribution) assignments have also been reported. The electronic properties of the title compound have been explained by UV-Vis and HOMO-LUMO analyses that describe the charge transfer between the atoms of the molecule. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), Electron Localization Function (ELF) and Localized Orbital Locator (LOL) have been depicted to know the chemically active regions. The electrophilic and nucleophilic regions have been shown by Fukui functions. The Non-Linear Optics (NLO) for non-linear optical effects and the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) for charge delocalization were studied. To study the biological activity of the title compound, molecular docking has been performed which suggests that the title molecule may act as a membrane permeable inhibitor.

The main objectives of the present study are to understand the heavy mineral distribution, trace elemental distribution and to study the variation, if any, between the grain size and trace elemental distribution within the beach. Totally 20 stations have been collected and weight percentage of heavy minerals are identified. In the present study area most of the sands are fine and medium grained, indicates beach environment and most of the grains are positively skewed. The study area contained a high percentage of orthopyroxene (hypersthene) and garnet, rounded and broken zircons inferred to have been derived from charnockites and granulite gneiss of the study area. Overall from the geochemistry studies, it is observed that the Ni and Cr are more dominant and higher concentration in Panayar (station no. 2), Mahabalipuram (station no. 6), Kalpakkam (Station no. 7) and Perunthuravu (station no. 8). The present study has clearly indicated the multiple roles of tectonically controlled coastal blocks and their geomorphological influence in redistributing the sediments with favourable NE–SW configuration and wave energy conditions must have contributed to the formation of heavy minerals in a particular zone.

E-mail is one of the most popular and frequently used ways of communication due to its worldwide accessibility, relatively fast message transfer, and low sending cost. The flaws in the e-mail protocols and the increasing amount of electronic business and financial transactions directly contribute to the increase in e-mail-based threats. Email spam is one of the major problems of the today’s Internet, bringing financial damage to companies and annoying individual users. Spam emails are invading users without their consent and filling their mail boxes. They consume more network capacity as well as time in checking and deleting spam mails. The vast majority of Internet users are outspoken in their disdain for spam, although enough of them respond to commercial offers that spam remains a viable source of income to spammers. While most of the users want to do right think to avoid and get rid of spam, they need clear and simple guidelines on how to behave. In spite of all the measures taken to eliminate spam, they are not yet eradicated. Also when the counter measures are over sensitive, even legitimate emails will be eliminated. Among the approaches developed to stop spam, filtering is the one of the most important technique. Many researches in spam filtering have been centered on the more sophisticated classifier-related issues. In recent days, Machine learning for spam classification is an important research issue. The effectiveness of the proposed work is explores and identifies the use of different learning algorithms for classifying spam messages from e-mail. A comparative analysis among the algorithms has also been presented.

This paper present a new beamforming technique using singular value decomposition (SVD) for closed loop Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems with various modulation techniques such as BPSK, 16-QAM, 16-PSK, DPSK and PAM along with convolution encoder. The channel matrix is decomposed into a number of independent orthogonal modes of excitation, which refer to as eigenmodes of the channel. Transmit precoding is performed by multiplying the input symbols with unitary matrix to produce the transmit beamforming, and the precoded symbols are transmitted over Rayleigh fading channel. At the receiver, combining process is performed by using maximum ratio combiner (MRC), and the receiver shaping is performed to retrieve the original input symbols by multiplying the received signal with conjugate transpose of the unitary matrix. Furthermore, the expressions for average bit error rate (BER) for M-PSK and average BER for M-QAM are derived. The superiority of the proposed work is proved by simulation results and the proposed work is compared to the other beamforming methods.

Interdisciplinary is a huge innovation in education. It sets a wide perspective of knowledge boundaries with different background of expertise in order to achieve better outcome and social impact. Innovation in the other way closely related to creative mind as being portrayed as design thinking. A cross-field research has being conducted between occupational therapist (expert-user) and designer due to innovation activities occurs in the rehabilitation setting. Increasing creation on assistive technology (AT) for patients grows in numbers but unfortunately issues of low rate of usage being highlighted. What went wrong to those creation? The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effective design practice that suits to the need of interdisciplinary for design intervention in rehabilitation setting. In design education, several approaches are being applied by the designers to help the non-designer to innovate products in their field such as co-creation. Hence, a total of selected studies from design and innovation journal between year 2010 until 2018 being reviewed using Mendeley to analyse the difference design activities involved. Upon findings, attributes for interdisciplinary for design education for expert-user are including types of user, experience and technology factors. Recommendation for further research in design method for interdisciplinary collaboration for expert-user is perceived to bring better creation by future Design Innovation Catalyst (DIC) where they can adopt design intervention in their field for effective problem solving; either in design or non-design activities. The importance of these findings for design interdisciplinary are discussed.

The experience of Holocaust was a prolonged experience of trauma for the victims, which created a routine of terror, fear, and disintegration in them. These have been recorded in their autobiographies or biographies in detail. Such life writings are subjective accounts of incidents or events from a perspective different from that of mere historical documentation of an event. Renia’s Diary is a journal written by a teen victim of the events as they had been happening during the time of war, which contains the journaling of her life before the atrocities started and then also during the suffering and her attempted escape. As Amos Goldberg points out, the purpose of children’s diaries has less to do with documentation and more to do with the internal and emotional dialogue. This paper attempts to interpret the diary to analyse the suffering of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted during 2023-2024 and the data was recorded during post monsoon period ( January-February, 2024) to assess the performance of ten native ornamental plants under different pollutants of seven factory sites along with a control in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India, for recommending in green belt development under multiple polluted sites. The data recorded for various parameters under study showed that among the plants tested, Cordyline terminalis at Control site i.e. College of Horticulture reported maximum values for canopy spread (59.54 cm²), leaf extract pH (7.49) and total chlorophyll content (3.86 mg g-1), while it recorded maximum values for ascorbic acid content (13.00 mg g-1), relative water content (89.54%), proline content (9.19 µmoles g-1) and superoxide dismutase activity (4.23 O.D. min-1 g-1) at APMDC factory site. Barleria cristata recorded superior values for Stomatal Index (33.40%) at College of Horticulture (control site) and Chlorophyll stability index (98.04%) at polluted site of APMDC. Phenol content was reported highest in Ixora coccinea (18.96 mg 100 g-1) at mining site (APMDC). Nyctanthus arbor-tristis at APMDC site had reported maximum value for Dust capturing capacity (0.31 mg cm-2). The Data on specific leaf weight showed non significance difference. Cordyline terminalis with superior biochemical traits showed higher Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) values (21.86) at APMDC mining site while, Nyctanthus arbor-tristis with an Anticipated Performance Index (API) grade of 5 has been assessed as a very good performer under polluted sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White Fang is a novel by Jack London. The protagonist of the novel is White Fang, a wolf-dog. This paper aims to understand the merits of the human-animal relationship and the compassionate ways in which animals comprehend things and adapt themselves to a harmonious-domestic life. Born in the wild, White Fang adapts to domestic life with Weedon Scott and his family. The role of White Fang in their life is commendable as implied in how the family treats him. The framework adopted here is the human-animal relationship and animal emotions as explained by Margo DeMello in ‘Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies’. Ethologists admit that animals share with humans not only the primary human emotions of happiness, fear, anger, surprise and sadness but also secondary emotions such as regret, longing or jealousy. White Fang undergoes many of these primary and secondary emotions as Jack London vividly portrays it throughout the novel. Psychologist Michael Fox has introduced four categories of pet-owner relationships: object-oriented relationships, utilitarian relationships, need-dependency relationships, and actualising relationships. White Fang and Weedon Scott share an actualizing relationship in which the person’s relationship with the animal is fully equal and based on mutual respect. Animals are sentient beings. Having a relationship with animals can have a positive impact on both humans and animals. The suffering of animals demands some kind of moral consideration and empathy from humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]