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Background: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition where the ovary loses its normal reproductive potential earlier than 40 years, compromising fertility. There is no treatment for POI, only ovum or embryo donation. Autologous stem cell ovarian transplant (ASCOT) may be a procedure that creates new eggs in the ovaries of women with POI. The aim of the study was to find out the efficacy of ASCOT in patients suffering from POI. Methods: A total of 50 patients were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria in this prospective observational study. POI was confirmed with low levels of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) (25 ng/ml, and or a low number of antral follicle count (AFC) (

This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the rapid growth of online grocery shopping in Dhaka city. This study measures the replacement of the traditional grocery market by an online market along with a bigger scope of consumers. During this COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world is solely depending on online shopping and no other alternatives are left while trying to stop the dispersal of COVID-19. The data for this research is collected through an online survey. A structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale is used and the sample size is 300 online consumers residing in Dhaka city. Data are analyzed using frequency distribution and multiple regression analysis. Results demonstrate that the COVID19 outbreak has had a significant influence on the expansion of online grocery shopping in Dhaka city, except there is a chance of shifting back to traditional shopping at the end of the pandemic. The impact is significant on consumers' demographic factors in switching online from offline.

The fisheries sector in Bangladesh undergoes various post-harvest problems: the high post-harvest loss of fish. As fish is highly perishable, it needs proper handling, processing, and distribution in time. Ice is the major and primary material that is used in Bangladesh for fish preservation. Different methods are used for crushing ice. In the traditional method, ice is crushed with a heavy load by hand. This method is very laborious and most often does not provide a uniform shape. So, an attempt was taken to develop a low-cost ice crusher machine in the Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Based on the design and drawing, the machine was manufactured. Necessary materials to construct the machine were collected from the local market. The machine throughput capacity of the developed ice crusher was found 854.85 kg/hr. with an overall loss of 10.5%. Based on the test parameters, the machine performance was found satisfactory. The machine construction cost was estimated as Tk 11048. The operating cost for ice crushing was calculated, and it was found to be Tk 0.07/kg. This machine was simple at construction and the cost is also low, which indicates that the machine is suitable input for ice crushing to the marginal user. Where electricity is not available and large commercial heavy ice crushers are not available, this machine can be very suitable.

Bu çalışma ile 2009-2011 yılları arasında Diyarbakır ve Mardin illerinde badem ağaçlarında önemli zararlara yol açan Monosteira lobulifera Reuter (Hemiptera: Tingidae) ile kavak ve söğüt ağaçlarında önemli zararlara yol açan M. unicostata (Mulsant & Rey)’nın (Hemiptera: Tingidae) ergin popülasyon gelişimi belirlenmiştir. Popülasyon gelişiminin takibi için gözle kontrol ve darbe yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, M. lobulifera’nın badem ağaçları üzerindeki ergin popülasyon yoğunluğu Çermik (Diyarbakır) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 31 Temmuz (131 ergin), 2011 yılında 13 Ağustos (130 ergin); Artuklu (Mardin) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 22 Ağustos (579 ergin), 2011 yılında 17 Eylül (498 ergin); Yeşilli (Mardin) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 15 Ağustos (550 ergin) ve 2011 yılında 21 Ağustos (556 ergin) tarihinde tepe noktasına ulaşmıştır. Monosteira unicostata’nın kavak üzerindeki ergin popülasyon yoğunluğu Mazıdağı (Mardin) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 4 Eylül (360 ergin), 2011 yılında 5 Eylül (400 ergin); Artuklu (Mardin) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 4 Eylül (161 ergin) ve 2011 yılında 5 Eylül (158 ergin) tarihinde tepe noktasına ulaşmıştır. M. unicostata’nın söğüt ağaçlarındaki ergin popülasyon yoğunluğu Mazıdağı (Mardin) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 4 Eylül (326 ergin), 2011 yılında 17 Eylül (450 ergin); Artuklu (Mardin) ilçesinde 2010 yılında 4 Eylül (106 ergin) ve 2011 yılında 17 Eylül (98 ergin) tarihinde tepe noktasına ulaşmıştır., In this study, the adult population development of Monosteira lobulifera Reuter (Hemiptera: Tingidae) which causes serious damage on almond and M. unicostata (Mulsant & Rey) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) which causes serious damage on poplar and willow trees was determined in Diyarbakır and Mardin provinces between 2009 and 2011. In the study, visual inspection and shaking method were used to monitor the population development of two pests. As a result of the study, the adult population density of M. lobulifera on almond trees reached peak level on July 31, 2010 (131 adults) and on August 13, 2011 (130 adults) in Çermik (Diyarbakır) district; on August 22, 2010 (579 adults) and on September 17, 2011 (498 adults) in Artuklu (Mardin) district; on August 15, 2010 (550 adults) and on August 21, 2011 (556 adults) in Yeşilli (Mardin) district. The adult population density of M. unicostata on poplar trees reached peak level on September 4, 2010 (360 adults) and on September 5, 2011 (400 adults) in Mazıdağı (Mardin) district; on September 4, 2010 (161 adults) and on September 5, 2011 (158 adults) in Artuklu (Mardin) district. The adult population density of M. unicostata on willow trees reached peak level on September 4, 2010 (326 adults) and on September 17, 2011 (450 adults) in Mazıdağı (Mardin) district; on September 4, 2010 (106) and on September 17, 2011 (98 adults) in Artuklu (Mardin) district.

Nature microbiology 7(11), 1762 - 1776 (2022). doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01247-0, Of the 13 known independent zoonoses of simian immunodeficiency viruses to humans, only one, leading to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1(M) has become pandemic, causing over 80 million human infections. To understand the specific features associated with pandemic human-to-human HIV spread, we compared replication of HIV-1(M) with non-pandemic HIV-(O) and HIV-2 strains in myeloid cell models. We found that non-pandemic HIV lineages replicate less well than HIV-1(M) owing to activation of cGAS and TRIM5-mediated antiviral responses. We applied phylogenetic and X-ray crystallography structural analyses to identify differences between pandemic and non-pandemic HIV capsids. We found that genetic reversal of two specific amino acid adaptations in HIV-1(M) enables activation of TRIM5, cGAS and innate immune responses. We propose a model in which the parental lineage of pandemic HIV-1(M) evolved a capsid that prevents cGAS and TRIM5 triggering, thereby allowing silent replication in myeloid cells. We hypothesize that this capsid adaptation promotes human-to-human spread through avoidance of innate immune response activation., Published by Nature Publishing Group, London

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)’in etkili parazitoiti olan Aenasius arizonensis Girault (Hymenmoptera: Encyrtidae)’in konukcusunu parazitlemede hangi biyolojik donemlerini tercih ettigini belirlemek amaciyla Secimsiz (No-choice) ve Secilimli (Choice) olarak denemeler kurulmustur. Sonuc olarak; A. arizonensis ’ in secimsiz ve secimli olarak yurutulen her iki denemede de P. solenopsis ‘in ucuncu nimf donemini % 30’un uzerinde, ergin disilerini %70’in uzerinde parazitledigi saptanmistir. A. arizonensis ‘in konukcusunun birinici ve ikinci nimf donemlerini, hareketli ve daha kucuk yapida olmalari nedeniyle tercih etmedigi tespit edilmistir .

Background: The development of improved health and nutrition in adulthood is significantly influenced by early nutrition. It is, however, almost ever investigated how to determine the nutritional condition of Bangladeshi children using anthropometric measurements including height, weight, biepicondylar width of the humerus and femur, BMI, and BSA.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 government elementary school students aged between 9 and 12 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS.Results: For the B1 and B2 groups, heights ranged from 124.00 to 151.00 cm and 129.00 to 157.00 cm, respectively. Height ranges for the C1 and C2 groups were respectively 129.50-153.00 cm and 129.00-160.00 cm. The B2 study group had a greater weight than the B1 study group (p

University campuses have a long history of enriching the social, cultural, and economic value of societies. Worldwide, there is a rising demand for the integration of new approaches into the planning and design of university buildings to further improve their quality. According to the literature, many approaches needed to be considered while designing university buildings that can enhance students’ performance. Biophilic design is known to have enhancing levels of interaction, and interaction patterns, enhancing health and wellbeing in terms of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social/ spiritual benefits, while rigorous scientific evidence that supports such claims is rare. Many researchers have previously investigated the application of biophilic elements in working environments, however limited research is related to university building designs, specifically in Egypt. There is limited research on methods for quantifying the effect of biophilic design patterns on the physiological, and cognitive benefit. Thus, in light of the concept of Biophilia, this research aims to identify the correlations between the biophilic patterns and enhancing student performance. Survey questionnaires were administrated to a sample of students who regularly use the selected drawing studio. The extracted data will be analyzed through the use of SPSS software. This paper will benefit researchers who are interested in this field and may serve as a suitable beginning point for them and designers as well as a guideline while designing a university using biophilic patterns.

Background: Letrozole is a third-generation aromatase inhibitor. As there is aberrant aromatase production by endometriotic stromal cells and the growth and regression of endometriosis is estrogen-dependent, the use of letrozole to reduce the size and symptoms of endometrioma especially in recurrent cases is a promising medical intervention. Dienogest is a fourth-generation progestin which is being used for the treatment of endometriosis due to its antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties on endometrial tissue. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of letrozole and dienogest on endometrioma recurrent after surgery.Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted on 38 women having recurrence of endometrioma after surgery. They were randomly assigned to receive either letrozole (2.5 mg daily) or dienogest (2 mg once daily) for 6 months. Size of the endometrioma was measured by transvaginal ultrasound and the pain (dysmenorrhoea) was measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) of 0-10, prior to treatment and after 3 and 6 months of treatment.Results: The mean size of endometrioma was reduced from a baseline of 6.06±2.40 cm to 5.23±1.37 cm and to 4.59±1.25 cm after 3 and 6 months of treatment with letrozole. While with dienogest the reduction was from a baseline of 6.67±1.31 cm to 4.83±1.50 cm and to 3.80±1.34 cm after 3 and 6 months of treatment. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant but dienogest yielded better result in terms of effect size. Decrease in pain (dysmenorrhoea) was highly significant with both the drugs.Conclusions: In terms of reduction of the size of endometrioma, dienogest yields better results than letrozole. Both the drugs are highly effective in alleviating pain (dysmenorrhoea).

Background Efficient HIV-1 replication depends on interaction of the viral capsid with the host protein cyclophilin A (CypA). CypA, a peptidylprolyl isomerase, binds to an exposed loop in the viral CA protein via the enzyme’s active site. Recent structural analysis of CypA in complex with CA tubes in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations identified a secondary CA binding site on CypA that allows a bridging interaction with two hexameric subunits of the assembled CA lattice, leading to capsid stabilization (Liu et al. in Nat Commun 7:10714, 2016). Results We performed mutational analysis of residues that have been proposed to mediate CA binding at the secondary binding site on CypA (A25, K27, P29 and K30) and tested the effects of the amino acid substitutions using interaction assays and HIV-1 infection assays in cells. The binding of recombinant CypA to self-assembled CA tubes or native HIV-1 capsids was measured in vitro using a quantitative fluorescence microscopy binding assay revealing that affinity and stoichiometry of CypA to the CA lattice was not affected by the substitutions. To test for functionality of the CypA secondary CA-binding site in HIV-1 infection, mutant CypA proteins were expressed in cells in which endogenous CypA was deleted, and the effects on HIV-1 infection were assayed. In normal HeLa-P4 cells, infection with HIV-1 bearing the A92E substitution in CA is inhibited by endogenous CypA and was inhibited to the same extent by expression of CypA mutants in CypA-null HeLa-P4 cells. Expression of the mutant CypA proteins in CypA-null Jurkat cells restored their permissiveness to infection by wild type HIV-1. Conclusions The amino acid changes at A25, K27, P29 and K30 did not affect the affinity of CypA for the CA lattice and did not impair CypA function in infection assays suggesting that these residues are not part of a secondary CA binding site on CypA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-019-0471-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The HIV capsid self-assembles a protective conical shell that simultaneously prevents host sensing whilst permitting the import of nucleotides to drive DNA synthesis. This is accomplished through the construction of dynamic, highly charged pores at the centre of each capsid multimer. The clustering of charges required for dNTP import is strongly destabilising and it is proposed that HIV uses the metabolite IP6 to coordinate the pore during assembly. Here we have investigated the role of inositol phosphates in coordinating a ring of positively charged lysine residues (K25) that forms at the base of the capsid pore. We show that whilst IP5, which can functionally replace IP6, engages an arginine ring (R18) at the top of the pore, the lysine ring simultaneously binds a second IP5 molecule. Dose dependent removal of K25 from the pore severely inhibits HIV infection and concomitantly prevents DNA synthesis. Cryo-tomography reveals that K25A virions have a severe assembly defect that inhibits the formation of mature capsid cones. Monitoring both the kinetics and morphology of capsids assembled in vitro reveals that while mutation K25A can still form tubes, the ability of IP6 to drive assembly of capsid cones has been lost. Finally, in single molecule TIRF microscopy experiments, capsid lattices in permeabilised K25 mutant virions are rapidly lost and cannot be stabilised by IP6. These results suggest that the coordination of IP6 by a second charged ring in mature hexamers drives the assembly of conical capsids capable of reverse transcription and infection., Author summary HIV protects its RNA genome while copying it into DNA by carrying out reverse transcription inside its capsid. This is accomplished by importing nucleotides through highly charged pores at the centre of each capsid multimer. These pores contain two rings of positively charged residues–R18 and K25 –but assembling capsids with these features is challenging because they are intrinsically destabilising. Here we show that the metabolite IP6 coordinates both residues within the pore to drive the assembly of stable capsids capable of nucleotide import. R18 or K25 mutants lose infectivity and the ability to synthesise DNA but have differing assembly phenotypes. Mutant K25A is unable to undergo efficient capsid assembly, while replacing K25 with a neutral polar residue partially restores assembly but not infectivity. We propose that IP6-driven assembly is conserved by HIV not because it is the only way to build a capsid, but because it allows the construction of a capsid with a charged pore that can import nucleotides.

HIV virion assembly begins with the construction of an immature lattice consisting of Gag hexamers. Upon virion release, protease-mediated Gag cleavage leads to a maturation event in which the immature lattice disassembles and the mature capsid assembles. The cellular metabolite inositiol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and maturation inhibitors (MIs) both bind and stabilize immature Gag hexamers, but whereas IP6 promotes virus maturation, MIs inhibit it. Here we show that HIV is evolutionarily constrained to maintain an immature lattice stability that ensures IP6 packaging without preventing maturation. Replication-deficient mutant viruses with reduced IP6 recruitment display increased infectivity upon treatment with the MI PF46396 (PF96) or the acquisition of second-site compensatory mutations. Both PF96 and second-site mutations stabilise the immature lattice and restore IP6 incorporation, suggesting that immature lattice stability and IP6 binding are interdependent. This IP6 dependence suggests that modifying MIs to compete with IP6 for Gag hexamer binding could substantially improve MI antiviral potency.

Background: Tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the world, and is responsible for many premature deaths. The prevalence of smoking and smoking-related mortality are still high in developing and low-income countries. This survey was aimed to determine knowledge, perception and practices of tobacco smoking behavior in the undergraduate students of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Bangladesh.Methods: A descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted among the Health Sciences students during January 2018. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection from 260 undergraduate students. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 (Statistical Package for Social Studies).Results: The prevalence of overall current tobacco smokers was 12.3% (21.2% for males and 0.9% for females). Nonsmokers had a better knowledge than smokers regarding smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer (98.4%; versus 92.9%; p=0.038), association between second hand smoke and serious illness (94.2% versus 82.9%; p

HIV immature lattice stability affects capsid maturation by altering IP6 packaging., HIV virion assembly begins with the construction of an immature lattice consisting of Gag hexamers. Upon virion release, protease-mediated Gag cleavage leads to a maturation event in which the immature lattice disassembles and the mature capsid assembles. The cellular metabolite inositiol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and maturation inhibitors (MIs) both bind and stabilize immature Gag hexamers, but whereas IP6 promotes virus maturation, MIs inhibit it. Here we show that HIV is evolutionarily constrained to maintain an immature lattice stability that ensures IP6 packaging without preventing maturation. Replication-deficient mutant viruses with reduced IP6 recruitment display increased infectivity upon treatment with the MI PF46396 (PF96) or the acquisition of second-site compensatory mutations. Both PF96 and second-site mutations stabilise the immature lattice and restore IP6 incorporation, suggesting that immature lattice stability and IP6 binding are interdependent. This IP6 dependence suggests that modifying MIs to compete with IP6 for Gag hexamer binding could substantially improve MI antiviral potency.