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1. Properties of vapor-deposited and solution-processed targets for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments

Author

D.R. Harding, M.J. Bonino, W. Sweet, M. Schoff, A. Greenwood, N. Satoh, M. Takagi, and A. Nikroo

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Targets for low-adiabat direct-drive-implosion experiments on OMEGA must meet rigorous specifications and tight tolerances on the diameter, wall thickness, wall-thickness uniformity, and presence of surface features. Of these, restrictions on the size and number of defects (bumps and depressions) on the surface are the most challenging. The properties of targets that are made using vapor-deposition and solution-based microencapsulation techniques are reviewed. Targets were characterized using confocal microscopy, bright- and dark-field microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and interferometry. Each technique has merits and limitations, and a combination of these techniques is necessary to adequately characterize a target. The main limitation with the glow-discharge polymerization (GDP) method for making targets is that it produces hundreds of domes with a lateral dimension of 0.7–2 μm. Polishing these targets reduces the size of some but not all domes, but it adds scratches and grooves to the surface. Solution-made polystyrene shells lack the dome features of GDP targets but have hundreds of submicrometer-size voids throughout the wall of the target; a few of these voids can be as large as ∼12 μm at the surface.

Published
2018
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3. Thermal decoupling of deuterium and tritium during the inertial confinement fusion shock-convergence phase

Author

C. Shuldberg, M. Schoff, Michael Rosenberg, Chikang Li, J. J. Sanchez, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Jacob Eriksson, David Schlossberg, Christian Stoeckl, Chad Forrest, Patrick Adrian, Johan Frenje, Owen Mannion, R. Janezic, G. Kagan, S. Fess, M. Hoppe, C. E. Parker, Raspberry Simpson, V. Yu. Glebov, Stefano Atzeni, R. D. Petrasso, Brandon Lahmann, H. Sio, M. Gatu Johnson, R.W. Luo, C. B. Yeamans, K. D. Hahn, Arijit Bose, H. G. Rinderknecht, Graeme Sutcliffe, Neel Kabadi, and Fredrick Seguin

Subjects
Physics, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, Phase (matter), Tritium, Plasma, Atomic physics, Hydrodynamic theory, Inertial confinement fusion, Spectral line, Ion
Abstract

A series of thin glass-shell shock-driven DT gas-filled capsule implosions was conducted at the OMEGA laser facility. These experiments generate conditions relevant to the central plasma during the shock-convergence phase of ablatively driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. The spectral temperatures inferred from the DTn and DDn spectra are most consistent with a two-ion-temperature plasma, where the initial apparent temperature ratio, T_{T}/T_{D}, is 1.5. This is an experimental confirmation of the long-standing conjecture that plasma shocks couple energy directly proportional to the species mass in multi-ion plasmas. The apparent temperature ratio trend with equilibration time matches expected thermal equilibration described by hydrodynamic theory. This indicates that deuterium and tritium ions have different energy distributions for the time period surrounding shock convergence in ignition-relevant ICF implosions.

Published
2021
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4. Record Energetics for an Inertial Fusion Implosion at NIF

Author

David C. Clark, Debra Callahan, Alex Zylstra, A. L. Kritcher, Joseph Ralph, Otto Landen, M. J. Edwards, A. Nikroo, Tilo Döppner, T. Braun, M. Schoff, Kevin Baker, Christopher Young, K Clark, Denise Hinkel, Omar Hurricane, Christoph Wild, David Strozzi, Michael Stadermann, C. R. Weber, Neal Rice, P. K. Patel, Matthias Hohenberger, C. Kong, Daniel Casey, R. Tommasini, Laurent Divol, Arthur Pak, and Richard Town

Subjects
Physics, Work (thermodynamics), Internal energy, Nuclear engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Implosion, Figure of merit, Plasma, National Ignition Facility, Kinetic energy, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

Inertial confinement fusion seeks to create burning plasma conditions in a spherical capsule implosion, which requires efficiently absorbing the driver energy in the capsule, transferring that energy into kinetic energy of the imploding DT fuel and then into internal energy of the fuel at stagnation. We report new implosions conducted on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) with several improvements on recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 245003 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.120.245003; Phys. Rev. E 102, 023210 (2020)PRESCM2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.102.023210]: larger capsules, thicker fuel layers to mitigate fuel-ablator mix, and new symmetry control via cross-beam energy transfer; at modest velocities, these experiments achieve record values for the implosion energetics figures of merit as well as fusion yield for a NIF experiment.

Published
2021
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5. Foam-lined hohlraum, inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility

Author

O. S. Jones, R. Heredia, M. Schoff, S. A. Johnson, W. W. Hsing, A. Nikroo, Brandon Lahmann, Laurent Divol, Kevin Baker, J. D. Moody, H. Chen, Monika M. Biener, Suhas Bhandarkar, C. A. Thomas, Otto Landen, N. Alfonso, Theodore F. Baumann, Jose Milovich, J. Williams, Nathan Meezan, Nobuhiko Izumi, and Alastair Moore

Subjects
Materials science, Implosion, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Symmetry (physics), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Hohlraum, law, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion, Energy (signal processing), Beam (structure)
Abstract

Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study hohlraums lined with a 20-mg/cc $400\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-thick ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ aerogel at full scale (hohlraum diameter = 6.72 mm) are reported. Driven with a 1.6-MJ, 450-TW laser pulse, the performance of the foam liner is diagnosed using implosion hot-spot symmetry measurements of the high-density carbon (HDC) capsule and measurement of inner beam propagation through a thin-wall $8\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ Au window in the hohlraum. Results show an improved capsule performance due to laser energy deposition further inside the hohlraum, leading to a modest increase in x-ray drive and reduced preheat due to changes in the x-ray spectrum when the foam liner is included. In addition, the outer cone bubble uniformity is improved, but the predicted improvement in inner beam propagation to improve symmetry control is not realized for this foam thickness and density.

Published
2020
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6. Time-Resolved Fuel Density Profiles of the Stagnation Phase of Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Implosions

Author

Otto Landen, M. Hamamoto, T. Kohut, M. Schoff, W. W. Hsing, R. Sigurdsson, Jeremy Kroll, S. L. Ayers, R. J. Wallace, David N. Fittinghoff, Daniel H. Kalantar, S. Herriot, Gareth Hall, M. P. Mauldin, J. M. Di Nicola, Nobuhiko Izumi, Mark W. Bowers, D. K. Bradley, D. Homoelle, David Martinez, S. A. Vonhof, D. R. Hargrove, David Alessi, J. K. Okui, Riccardo Tommasini, Laurent Divol, T. Zobrist, A. Conder, Andreas Kemp, Matthew A. Prantil, K. Youngblood, John E. Heebner, Suhas Bhandarkar, Mark R. Hermann, P. Di Nicola, R. Lowe-Webb, J. Park, Jose Milovich, Janice K. Lawson, G. Gururangan, Paul J. Wegner, J. P. Holder, S. P. Hatchett, E. P. Hartouni, D. M. Holunga, K. N. LaFortune, M. J. Edwards, A. Nikroo, Mark Herrmann, C. F. Walters, N. D. Masters, Carlos A. Iglesias, L. Pelz, C. C. Widmayer, Wade H. Williams, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Petr Volegov, and A. J. Mackinnon

Subjects
Materials science, Phase (waves), General Physics and Astronomy, Implosion, Hot spot (veterinary medicine), Mechanics, Kinetic energy, Residual, 01 natural sciences, Sphericity, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The implosion efficiency in inertial confinement fusion depends on the degree of stagnated fuel compression, density uniformity, sphericity, and minimum residual kinetic energy achieved. Compton scattering-mediated 50-200 keV x-ray radiographs of indirect-drive cryogenic implosions at the National Ignition Facility capture the dynamic evolution of the fuel as it goes through peak compression, revealing low-mode 3D nonuniformities and thicker fuel with lower peak density than simulated. By differencing two radiographs taken at different times during the same implosion, we also measure the residual kinetic energy not transferred to the hot spot and quantify its impact on the implosion performance.

Published
2020

7. Gradient coating for NIF double shell targets

Author

H. Xu, Michael Farrell, M. Schoff, H. Huang, J. Walker, and Fred Elsner

Subjects
Materials science, Shell (structure), Implosion, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Sputter deposition, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Coating, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, engineering, Cold welding, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Ductility, National Ignition Facility, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

As opposed to a single shell, the double shell target design provides an alternative implosion platform for high energy density (HED) experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and related laboratories. The inner shell of this target scheme incorporates a density graded layer to suppress inhomogeneity induced Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities during the implosion. Here we report our efforts to fabricate density graded layers for use as the inner shell of a double shell target using magnetron sputtering as well as the characterization of these layers. Cold welding (spherical targets sticking to either each other or the deposition pan) was observed for many of metals surveyed and seems to be correlated with material ductility. A W-Be gradient layer was successfully fabricated as an inner shell. This material combination is advantageous due to the constituent's large inherent density difference. Microstructural changes are revealed with varying composition including a previously unknown amorphous phase.

Published
2018
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8. Influence of argon impurities on the elastic scattering of x-rays from imploding beryllium capsules

Author

Otto Landen, A. L. Kritcher, C. Shuldberg, Alison Saunders, Siegfried Glenzer, M. Schoff, Tilo Döppner, Roger Falcone, D. A. Chapman, and Dirk O. Gericke

Subjects
Elastic scattering, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiation, Argon, Materials science, Scattering, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Plasma, Inelastic scattering, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physics::Chemical Physics, Beryllium, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics
Abstract

We investigate the effect of argon impurities on the elastic component of x-ray scattering spectra taken from directly driven beryllium capsule implosions at the OMEGA laser. The plasma conditions were obtained in a previous analysis [18] by fitting the inelastic scattering component. We show that the known argon impurity in the beryllium modifies the elastic scattering due to the larger number of bound electrons. We indeed find significant deviations in the elastic scattering from roughly 1 at.% argon contained in the beryllium. With knowledge of the argon impurity fraction, we use the elastic scattering component to determine the charge state of the compressed beryllium, as the fits are rather insensitive to the argon charge state. Finally, we discuss how doping small fractions of mid- or high-Z elements into low-Z materials could allow ionization balance studies in dense plasmas.

Published
2018
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9. Progress Toward Fabrication of Machined Metal Shells for the First Double-Shell Implosions at the National Ignition Facility

Author

Morris Wang, Marty L. Hoppe, Evan Dodd, Randall B. Randolph, Tana Cardenas, John Kline, D. S. Montgomery, William Daughton, E. C. Merritt, R. Seugling, Carlos E. Castro, Neal Rice, Derek Schmidt, Donald Bennett, Doug Wilson, Christopher E. Hamilton, Eric Loomis, Brian M. Patterson, H. Huang, A. Nikroo, John A. Oertel, S. A. Johnson, M. Schoff, Steve Batha, Sasikumar Palaniyappan, and Kevin Henderson

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, Mechanical Engineering, Shell (structure), Mechanical engineering, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Machining, 0103 physical sciences, Cushion, General Materials Science, Point (geometry), Assembly design, Tube (container), 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The double-shell platform fielded at the National Ignition Facility requires developments in new machining techniques and robotic assembly stations to meet the experimental specifications. Current double-shell target designs use a dense high-Z inner shell, a foam cushion, and a low-Z outer shell. The design requires that the inner shell be gas filled using a fill tube. This tube impacts the entire machining and assembly design. Other intermediate physics designs have to be fielded to answer physics questions and advance the technology to be able to fabricate the full point design in the near future. One of these intermediate designs is a mid-Z imaging design. The methods of designing, fabricating, and characterizing each of the major components of an imaging double shell are discussed with an emphasis on the fabrication of the machined outer metal shell.

Published
2018
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10. Fabrication of the Metal Particle in Plastic Bead Target for the LLE Ultra-Strong-Spherical Shock Campaign

Author

N. Ravelo, A. L. Greenwood, W. Theobald, M. Mauldin, M. Vu, E. C. Losbanos, E. M. Giraldez, M. Schoff, M. Hoppe, P. Fitzsimmons, and Michael Farrell

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Conical surface, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Metrology, Shock (mechanics), Bead (woodworking), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Shield, 0103 physical sciences, Particle, General Materials Science, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Metal particle, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The challenge of fabricating a shock convergence target is embedding the metal particle at the center of a plastic bead with ≤10-µm concentricity between the metal particle and plastic bead. Two types of the metal particle in plastic bead target were fabricated for the Ultra-Strong-Spherical Shock campaign: (1) a metal particle 50 µm in diameter embedded in the center of a 430-µm-diameter plastic bead and (2) the same metal particle and a 430-µm-diameter plastic bead with an embedded conical shield with the metal particle located at the tip of the conical shield. This paper describes the fabrication of these two target types; it includes the selection of the plastic bead material, how the metal particle was embedded in the plastic material, how the metal particle was attached to the end of the cone, how the plastic material was machined into a bead 430 µm in diameter, and how X-ray images were used to establish the particle position in the plastic material and how it was used for final metrology t...

Published
2018
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11. The National Direct-Drive Program: OMEGA to the National Ignition Facility

Author

D.T. Michel, A. K. Davis, J.A. Marozas, Nicole Petta, Terrance J. Kessler, Riccardo Betti, R. S. Craxton, D. D. Meyerhofer, A. A. Solodov, Susan Regan, W. Theobald, J. A. Delettrez, A. L. Greenwood, R. L. McCrory, Michael Farrell, K. M. Woo, C. R. Gibson, F. J. Marshall, Mark Bonino, A. Shvydky, D. Jacobs-Perkins, John H. Kelly, E. M. Campbell, S. J. Loucks, D. R. Harding, Mark J. Schmitt, Karen S. Anderson, Michael Rosenberg, W. Sweet, W. Seka, V. Yu. Glebov, M. Schoff, V. N. Goncharov, A. Bose, Igor V. Igumenshchev, P. W. McKenty, Dustin Froula, S. P. Obenschain, C. Taylor, Milton J. Shoup, T. Z. Kosc, T. R. Boehly, Suxing Hu, J. Ulreich, R. Janezic, H. Huang, J. P. Knauer, Chad Forrest, W. T. Shmayda, J.F. Myatt, Andrew J. Schmitt, Ronald M. Epstein, Tim Collins, P. B. Radha, Johan Frenje, R. Chapman, M. D. Wittman, Max Karasik, Matthias Hohenberger, D. Cao, Jonathan D. Zuegel, R. Taylor, M. Gatu Johnson, R. L. Keck, D. H. Edgell, T. Bernat, J. Hund, R. D. Petrasso, Christian Stoeckl, and T. C. Sangster

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, 01 natural sciences, Omega, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The goal of the National Direct-Drive Program is to demonstrate and understand the physics of laser direct drive (LDD). Efforts are underway on OMEGA for the 100-Gbar Campaign to demonstrate and un...

Published
2017
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12. Fabrication of Large-Area Glow Discharge Polymer–Deposited Foils

Author

M. Schoff, E. R. Castillo, Michael Farrell, and N. Ravelo

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Glow discharge, Fabrication, Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Polymer, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 010309 optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Published
2016
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13. A simulation-based and analytic analysis of the off-Hugoniot response of alternative inertial confinement fusion ablator materials

Author

Omar Hurricane, Shon Prisbrey, Kuang-Jen J. Wu, M.L. Kervin, Jonathan Fry, Kevin Baker, Peter M. Celliers, Alastair Moore, M. Schoff, T. R. Dittrich, Michael Farrell, and A. Nikroo

Subjects
Shock wave, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiation, Materials science, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Shock (mechanics), law.invention, Ignition system, Optics, law, Hohlraum, 0103 physical sciences, Laser power scaling, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, business, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The attainment of self-propagating fusion burn in an inertial confinement target at the National Ignition Facility will require the use of an ablator with high rocket-efficiency and ablation pressure. The ablation material used during the National Ignition Campaign (Lindl et al. 2014) [1] , a glow-discharge polymer (GDP), does not couple as efficiently as simulations indicated to the multiple-shock inducing radiation drive environment created by laser power profile (Robey et al., 2012). We investigate the performance of two other ablators, boron carbide (B4C) and high-density carbon (HDC) compared to the performance of GDP under the same hohlraum conditions. Ablation performance is determined through measurement of the shock speed produced in planar samples of the ablator material subjected to the identical multiple-shock inducing radiation drive environments that are similar to a generic three-shock ignition drive. Simulations are in better agreement with the off-Hugoniot performance of B4C than either HDC or GDP, and analytic estimations of the ablation pressure indicate that while the pressure produced by B4C and GDP is similar when the ablator is allowed to release, the pressure reached by B4C seems to exceed that of HDC when backed by a Au/quartz layer.

Published
2016
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14. Gas Retention in Multilayer Alternate Ablator Capsules

Author

H. Xu, M. Hoppe, M. Schoff, J. Crippen, Erwin Castillo, Michael Farrell, N. Alfonso, and Claudia M. Shuldberg

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fabrication, Silicon, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, Copper, Gas retention, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Beryllium, Composite material, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The fabrication of three multilayer Omega-scale capsule designs with combinations of materials such as beryllium, silicon, tungsten, and copper were evaluated as part of the fabrication and deliver...

Published
2016
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15. Improvements in Fabrication of Elastic Scattering Foils Used to Measure Neutron Yield by the Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer

Author

Michael Farrell, M. Gatu Johnson, R. M. Bionta, Johan Frenje, H. Reynolds, and M. Schoff

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Elastic scattering, Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, Mechanical Engineering, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Nuclear physics, Recoil, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, Inertial confinement fusion, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The magnetic recoil spectrometer uses a deuterated polyethylene polymer (CD2) foil to measure neutron yield in inertial confinement fusion experiments. Higher neutron yields in recent experiments h...

Published
2016
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16. Using millimeter-sized carbon–deuterium foils for high-precision deuterium–tritium neutron spectrum measurements in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion at the OMEGA laser facility

Author

C. E. Parker, J. Katz, H. Reynolds, M. Gatu Johnson, V. Yu. Glebov, Christian Stoeckl, B Aguirre, J Armstrong, J. P. Knauer, R. D. Petrasso, C. Sorce, M. Schoff, B Sperry, Julie Fooks, William E. Martin, Chad Forrest, Johan Frenje, Fredrick Seguin, and M. Hoppe

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Laser, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Recoil, Optics, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron, Millimeter, business, Instrumentation, Inertial confinement fusion, FOIL method, Doppler broadening
Abstract

Millimeter-sized CD foils fielded close (order mm) to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions have been proposed as a game-changer for improving energy resolution and allowing time-resolution in neutron spectrum measurements using the magnetic recoil technique. This paper presents results from initial experiments testing this concept for direct drive ICF at the OMEGA Laser Facility. While the foils are shown to produce reasonable signals, inferred spectral broadening is seen to be high (∼5 keV) and signal levels are low (by ∼20%) compared to expectation. Before this type of foil is used for precision experiments, the foil mount must be improved, oxygen uptake in the foils must be better characterized, and impact of uncontrolled foil motion prior to detection must be investigated.

Published
2021
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17. Integrated performance of large HDC-capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author

S. Le Pape, Brandon Woodworth, K. Sequoia, James Sevier, C. Kong, Otto Landen, Petr Volegov, Jürgen Biener, Michael Stadermann, Alex Zylstra, Laurent Divol, C. R. Weber, Daniel Casey, M. Schoff, Matthias Hohenberger, H. Huang, Neal Rice, A. L. Kritcher, Kevin Baker, Daniel S. Clark, Debra Callahan, Harry Robey, Tilo Döppner, Jose Milovich, Omar Hurricane, David Strozzi, Denise Hinkel, Benjamin Bachmann, Christoph Wild, Arthur Pak, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. A. Thomas, A. Nikroo, and Richard Berger

Subjects
Physics, Yield (engineering), Amplitude, Hohlraum, Implosion, Radius, Radiation, Condensed Matter Physics, National Ignition Facility, Symmetry (physics), Computational physics
Abstract

We report on eight, indirect-drive, deuterium–tritium-layered, inertial-confinement-fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility to determine the largest capsule that can be driven symmetrically without relying on cross-beam energy transfer or advanced Hohlraum designs. Targets with inner radii of up to 1050 μm exhibited controllable P2 symmetry, while larger capsules suffered from diminished equatorial drive. Reducing the Hohlraum gas-fill-density from 0.45 mg/cm3 to 0.3 mg/cm3 did not result in a favorable shift of P2 amplitude as observed in preceding tuning experiments. Reducing the laser-entrance-hole diameter from 4 mm to 3.64 mm decreased polar radiation losses as expected, resulting in an oblate symmetry. The experiments exhibited the expected performance benefit from increased experimental scale, with yields at a fixed implosion velocity roughly following the predicted 1D dependence. With an inner radius of 1050 μm and a case-to-capsule-ratio of 3.0, experiment N181104 is the lowest implosion-velocity experiment to exceed a total neutron yield of 1016.

Published
2020
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18. Recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments on indirect-drive implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author

A. V. Hamza, Mark Herrmann, Louisa Pickworth, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Arthur Pak, C. R. Weber, Daniel Casey, V. A. Smalyuk, J. Crippen, Kevin Baker, J. E. Field, E. L. Dewald, S. W. Haan, Jose Milovich, J. L. Peterson, M. Mauldin, Tilo Döppner, Bruce Remington, Kumar Raman, Harry Robey, B. A. Hammel, N. Alfonso, M. Havre, David Martinez, Michael Farrell, L. Carlson, Laurent Divol, Neal Rice, John Kline, S. Felker, A. Fernandez, B. Bachmann, Peter M. Celliers, Otto Landen, P. K. Patel, Gareth Hall, Suzanne Ali, W. W. Hsing, Eric Loomis, S. Khan, J. Edwards, Michael Stadermann, Andrew MacPhee, A. Nikroo, Jeremy Kroll, Sebastien LePape, S. A. Yi, Alastair Moore, Laurent Masse, B. J. MacGowan, M. Schoff, and Daniel S. Clark

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiation, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ignition system, Wavelength, Acceleration, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Beryllium, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

At National Ignition Facility (NIF), yield amplification due to alpha particle heating approached ~3 in the highest performing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions, while yield amplification of ~15-30 is needed for ignition. Hydrodynamic instabilities are a major factor in degradation of implosions while understanding and mitigation of the instabilities are critical to achieving ignition. This article describes recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments with several focused platforms that have been developed to directly measure these instabilities in all phases of ICF implosions. Measurements of ripple-shock generation at OMEGA laser have indicated initial seeds for the instabilities in three ablators - plastic (CH), beryllium, and high-density carbon (HDC). Hydrodynamic Growth Radiography (HGR) platform was used to measure instability growth at the ablation front in the acceleration phase of implosions. This platform used pre-imposed 2-D perturbations for growth factor measurements at different perturbation wavelengths and was also used to measure growth of “native roughness” modulations, fill tubes, and capsule support membranes or “tents”. Also, in the acceleration phase several new experimental platforms have been or are being developed to measure instability growth at the ablator-ice interface. In the deceleration phase of implosions, “self-emission” and “self-backlighting” platforms were developed to measure perturbations near peak compression. This article reviews recent progress and results.

Published
2020
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19. Automation of NIF Target Characterization and Laser Ablation of Domes Using the 4pi System

Author

L. Carlson, H. Huang, J. Horner, M. Schoff, Abbas Nikroo, M. N. Emerich, T. Bunn, E. L. Alfonso, and Nick Antipa

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Laser ablation, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Characterization (materials science), Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, business, Inertial confinement fusion, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Capsules for inertial confinement fusion require precise measurement of isolated features and domes on the capsule’s outer surface. Features that are too large must be removed. A 4pi capsule mappin...

Published
2015
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20. Diffusion-dominated mixing in moderate convergence implosions

Author

N. Ravelo, Chad Forrest, Mark J. Schmitt, Alex Zylstra, Hans W. Herrmann, M. Hoppe, Nelson M. Hoffman, A. Leatherland, M. Schoff, Yong Ho Kim, V. Yu. Glebov, S. Gales, and K. D. Meaney

Subjects
Physics, Fusion, Turbulence, 01 natural sciences, Omega, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Deuterium, 0103 physical sciences, Convergence (routing), Atomic physics, Diffusion (business), 010306 general physics, Inertial confinement fusion, Mixing (physics)
Abstract

High-$Z$ material mixed into the fuel degrades inertial fusion implosions and can prevent ignition. Mix is often assumed to be dominated by hydrodynamic instabilities, but we report Omega data, using shells with $\ensuremath{\sim}150\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ deuterated layers to gain unprecedented resolution, which give strong evidence that the dominant mix mechanism is diffusion for these moderate temperature ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}6$ keV) and convergence ($\ensuremath{\sim}12$) implosions. Small-scale instability-driven or turbulent mix is negligible.

Published
2017

21. Review of hydrodynamic instability experiments in inertially confined fusion implosions on National Ignition Facility

Author

A. Fernandez, J. E. Field, Neal Rice, A. Nikroo, E. L. Dewald, Arthur Pak, Otto Landen, P. K. Patel, Michael Farrell, Suzanne Ali, Daniel S. Clark, C. R. Weber, Daniel Casey, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, Peter M. Celliers, Gareth Hall, Alastair Moore, V. A. Smalyuk, A. V. Hamza, Louisa Pickworth, S. Felker, Eric Loomis, M. Mauldin, Jose Milovich, B. Bachmann, M. Havre, Mark Herrmann, M. Schoff, S. Khan, Laurent Masse, B. J. MacGowan, Kumar Raman, David Martinez, Jeremy Kroll, Bruce Remington, J. Crippen, J. L. Peterson, Andrew MacPhee, Sebastien LePape, John Kline, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Laurent Divol, L. Carlson, Michael Stadermann, Kevin Baker, Harry Robey, N. Alfonso, W. W. Hsing, B. A. Hammel, and S. W. Haan

Subjects
Physics, Fusion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Plasma confinement, Condensed Matter Physics, National Ignition Facility, Instability, Inertial confinement fusion
Published
2019
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22. Progress of indirect drive inertial confinement fusion in the United States

Author

D. Hoover, John Kline, J. A. Caggiano, D. H. Edgell, Omar Hurricane, Alex Zylstra, David Strozzi, Rebecca Dylla-Spears, J. E. Field, Michael Farrell, Laurent Divol, Andrew MacPhee, E. Piceno, O. S. Jones, Tammy Ma, C. Kong, E. J. Bond, Darwin Ho, Steven H. Batha, Steve MacLaren, E. L. Dewald, Sebastien LePape, S. Khan, James Ross, Daniel Sayre, Robert Tipton, Monika M. Biener, B. Cagadas, Jay D. Salmonson, C. F. Walters, S. A. Johnson, David N. Fittinghoff, A. Nikroo, Harry Robey, Ep. Hartouni, D. K. Bradley, H. Huang, Laurent Masse, Petr Volegov, Michael Stadermann, Hans W. Herrmann, Jürgen Biener, S. W. Haan, Don Bennett, Rpj Town, S. M. Sepke, James McNaney, C. J. Cerjan, Kevin Henderson, R. M. Bionta, V. A. Smalyuk, Nathan Meezan, N. Izumi, M. Schneider, M.R. Sacks, Louisa Pickworth, Brian Haines, Jose Milovich, A. V. Hamza, W. W. Hsing, J. D. Kilkenny, E. Woerner, P. K. Patel, Mark Eckart, Laura Robin Benedetti, B. E. Yoxall, Carlos E. Castro, J. D. Moody, J. D. Sater, B. J. Kozioziemski, M. Gatu Johnson, A. J. Mackinnon, Brian Spears, R. Seugling, David C. Clark, Robert Hatarik, Jeremy Kroll, S. A. Yi, Denise Hinkel, Cliff Thomas, Joseph Ralph, M. Wang, Otto Landen, T. Braun, J.F. Merrill, C. B. Yeamans, Matthias Hohenberger, M. Schoff, Carl Wilde, Larry L. Peterson, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, Gary Grim, J. R. Rygg, Arthur Pak, George A. Kyrala, Suhas Bhandarkar, Wolfgang Stoeffl, Debra Callahan, Neal Rice, M. Hoppe, and L. F. Berzak Hopkins

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

Indirect drive converts high power laser light into x-rays using small high-Z cavities called hohlraums. X-rays generated at the hohlraum walls drive a capsule filled with deuterium–tritium (DT) fuel to fusion conditions. Recent experiments have produced fusion yields exceeding 50 kJ where alpha heating provides ~3× increase in yield over PdV work. Closing the gaps toward ignition is challenging, requiring optimization of the target/implosions and the laser to extract maximum energy. The US program has a three-pronged approach to maximize target performance, each closing some portion of the gap. The first item is optimizing the hohlraum to couple more energy to the capsule while maintaining symmetry control. Novel hohlraum designs are being pursued that enable a larger capsule to be driven symmetrically to both reduce 3D effects and increase energy coupled to the capsule. The second issue being addressed is capsule stability. Seeding of instabilities by the hardware used to mount the capsule and fill it with DT fuel remains a concern. Work reducing the impact of the DT fill tubes and novel capsule mounts is being pursed to reduce the effect of mix on the capsule implosions. There is also growing evidence native capsule seeds such as a micro-structure may be playing a role on limiting capsule performance and dedicated experiments are being developed to better understand the phenomenon. The last area of emphasis is the laser. As technology progresses and understanding of laser damage/mitigation advances, increasing the laser energy seems possible. This would increase the amount of energy available to couple to the capsule, and allow larger capsules, potentially increasing the hot spot pressure and confinement time. The combination of each of these focus areas has the potential to produce conditions to initiate thermo-nuclear ignition.

Published
2019
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23. Experimental study of energy transfer in double shell implosions

Author

Doug Wilson, Evan Dodd, Eric Loomis, Yuan Ping, Randall B. Randolph, D. S. Montgomery, J. R. Rygg, Joshua Sauppe, Brian M. Patterson, Lindsey Kuettner, M. Schoff, Sasikumar Palaniyappan, William Daughton, John Kline, E. C. Merritt, M. Hoppe, Shahab Khan, Paul Keiter, W. C. Wan, Tana Cardenas, R. F. Sacks, F. Fierro, Peter Amendt, Steven H. Batha, and V. A. Smalyuk

Subjects
Physics, Internal energy, Shell (structure), Implosion, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Hohlraum, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Radiation trapping, 010306 general physics, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

Advances in target fabrication have made double shell capsule implosions a viable platform to study burning fusion plasmas. Central to the double shell capsule is a high-Z (e.g., Au) metal pusher that accesses the volume-burn regime by reducing radiative losses through radiation trapping and compressing a uniform fuel volume at reduced velocities. A double shell implosion relies on a series of energy transfer processes starting from x-ray absorption by the outer shell, followed by transfer of kinetic energy to an inner shell, and finally conversion of kinetic energy to fuel internal energy. We present simulation and experimental results on momentum transfer to different layers in a double shell. We also present the details of the development of the NIF cylindrical hohlraum double shell platform including an imaging shell design with a mid-Z inner shell necessary for imaging the inner shell shape and the trajectory with the current 2DConA platform capability. We examine 1D energy transfer between shell layers using trajectory measurements from a series of surrogate targets; the series builds to a complete double shell layer by layer, isolating the physics of each step of the energy transfer process. The measured energy transfer to the foam cushion and the inner shell suggests that our radiation-hydrodynamics simulations capture most of the relevant collision physics. With a 1 MJ laser drive, the experimental data indicate that 22% ± 3% of the ablator kinetic energy couples into inner shell KE, compared to a 27% ± 2% coupling in our xRAGE simulations. Thus, our xRAGE simulations match experimental energy transfer to ∼5%, without inclusion of higher order 2D and 3D effects.

Published
2019
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24. Atomic Layer Deposition Coating for Permeation Half-Life Control of GDP Ablator Capsules

Author

H. Huang, Abbas Nikroo, A. Alberti, M. Schoff, and D. A. Steinman

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydrogen, 020209 energy, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Atomic layer deposition, Coating, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Diffusion (business), Composite material, Inertial confinement fusion, Civil and Structural Engineering, chemistry.chemical_classification, Glow discharge, Mechanical Engineering, Polymer, Permeation, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, engineering
Abstract

The atomic layer deposition technique generates very thin Al2O3 films to control the hydrogen diffusion half-life of glow discharge polymer (GDP) inertial confinement fusion shells. The films gener...

Published
2013
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25. Fabrication of Thin CH and CD Films and Patterned Films Using a Heat Press Technique for the NIF and OMEGA Magnetic Recoil Neutron Spectrometer

Author

Daniel Jasion, R. M. Jimenez, Michael Farrell, K. M. Saito, J. F. Hund, R. R. Paguio, and M. Schoff

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fabrication, Spectrometer, Mechanical Engineering, Analytical chemistry, Polyethylene, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Recoil, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Neutron, FOIL method, Heat press, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Deuterated polyethylene films as thin as 50 μm have been produced using a four-post heated press method. These films are then cut into the desired shape (foil) and are used for the magnetic recoil ...

Published
2013
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26. Systematic Fuel Cavity Asymmetries in Directly Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions

Author

D.T. Michel, Peter Hakel, Christian Stoeckl, R. C. Shah, K. Silverstein, Roberto Mancini, J F Benage, F. J. Marshall, Thomas J. Murphy, M. Hoppe, B. Yaakobi, M. Schoff, J. Fooks, Igor V. Igumenshchev, Brian Haines, Frederick J. Wysocki, V. Y. Glebov, and Grigory Kagan

Subjects
Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, Mode (statistics), General Physics and Astronomy, Implosion, 01 natural sciences, Omega, Asymmetry, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Inertial confinement fusion, Layer (electronics), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, A titanium
Abstract

We present narrow-band self-emission x-ray images from a titanium tracer layer placed at the fuel-shell interface in 60-laser-beam implosion experiments at the OMEGA facility. The images are acquired during deceleration with inferred convergences of ∼9-14. Novel here is that a systematically observed asymmetry of the emission is linked, using full sphere 3D implosion modeling, to performance-limiting low mode asymmetry of the drive.

Published
2017
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27. The National Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Program

Author

Christian Stoeckl, Milton J. Shoup, K. P. Youngblood, R. W. Short, T. R. Boehly, C. R. Gibson, D. Jacobs-Perkins, Joseph Ralph, Mark Bonino, J. Peebles, Michael Stadermann, T. C. Sangster, D.T. Michel, John H. Kelly, J. Ulreich, J.A. Marozas, R. Luo, R. S. Craxton, W. T. Shmayda, A. Shvydky, J. R. Rygg, N. Petta, L. Gonzalez, Riccardo Betti, R. Janezic, Suxing Hu, R. Taylor, Terrance J. Kessler, Tim Collins, W. Sweet, Susan Regan, Johan Frenje, C. Sorce, A. Nikroo, A. Bose, Mark J. Schmitt, T. Bernat, J. Hund, F. J. Marshall, M. Schoff, V. Yu. Glebov, M. Mauldin, Jason Bates, R. Chapman, John Palastro, Thomas Chapman, David Turnbull, K. A. Bauer, Andrew J. Schmitt, A. A. Solodov, Igor V. Igumenshchev, R. D. Petrasso, V. N. Goncharov, Gilbert Collins, D. H. Edgell, Jonathan D. Zuegel, K. M. Woo, H. Huang, L. Carlson, M. Gatu Johnson, M. D. Wittman, A. L. Greenwood, Siddharth Sampat, Michael Farrell, D. Cao, J.F. Myatt, Ronald M. Epstein, T. Z. Kosc, P. B. Radha, Pierre Michel, V. Gopalaswamy, Max Karasik, R. L. McCrory, P. M. Nilson, Matthias Hohenberger, Russell Follett, P. W. McKenty, S. P. Obenschain, Dustin Froula, W. Seka, Clement Goyon, C. Taylor, Michael Rosenberg, Chad Forrest, R. C. Shah, D. R. Harding, J.G. Shaw, W. Theobald, J. D. Moody, J. A. Delettrez, E. M. Campbell, S. J. Loucks, Suhas Bhandarkar, and J. P. Knauer

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High power lasers, Nuclear engineering, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Inertial confinement fusion, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Published
2018
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28. Measurement of apparent ion temperature using the magnetic recoil spectrometer at the OMEGA laser facility

Author

J. Katz, C. K. Li, Fredrick Seguin, C. E. Parker, V. Yu. Glebov, T. C. Sangster, C. Robillard, R. Paguio, Chad Forrest, Johan Frenje, M. Schoff, M. Gatu Johnson, R. D. Petrasso, and C. Stoeckl

Subjects
Materials science, Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Omega, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Full width at half maximum, Optics, Recoil, law, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, Plasma diagnostics, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) at the OMEGA laser facility has been routinely used to measure deuterium-tritium (DT) yield and areal density in cryogenically layered implosions since 2008. Recently, operation of the OMEGA MRS in higher-resolution mode with a new smaller, thinner (4 cm2, 57 μm thick) CD2 conversion foil has also enabled inference of the apparent DT ion temperature (Tion) from MRS data. MRS-inferred Tion compares well with Tion as measured using neutron time-of-flight spectrometers, which is important as it demonstrates good understanding of the very different systematics associated with the two independent measurements. The MRS resolution in this configuration, ΔEMRS = 0.91 MeV FWHM, is still higher than that required for a high-precision Tion measurement. We show how fielding a smaller foil closer to the target chamber center and redesigning the MRS detector array could bring the resolution to ΔEMRS = 0.45 MeV, reducing the systematic Tion uncertainty by more than a factor of 4.The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) at the OMEGA laser facility has been routinely used to measure deuterium-tritium (DT) yield and areal density in cryogenically layered implosions since 2008. Recently, operation of the OMEGA MRS in higher-resolution mode with a new smaller, thinner (4 cm2, 57 μm thick) CD2 conversion foil has also enabled inference of the apparent DT ion temperature (Tion) from MRS data. MRS-inferred Tion compares well with Tion as measured using neutron time-of-flight spectrometers, which is important as it demonstrates good understanding of the very different systematics associated with the two independent measurements. The MRS resolution in this configuration, ΔEMRS = 0.91 MeV FWHM, is still higher than that required for a high-precision Tion measurement. We show how fielding a smaller foil closer to the target chamber center and redesigning the MRS detector array could bring the resolution to ΔEMRS = 0.45 MeV, reducing the systematic Tion uncertainty by more than a factor...

Published
2018
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29. Performance and Mix Measurements of Indirect Drive Cu-Doped Be Implosions

Author

G. Glendinning, R. J. Wallace, Abbas Nikroo, W. Theobald, V. Y. Glebov, C. Shuldberg, Daniel Casey, V. A. Smalyuk, Christian Stoeckl, Otto Landen, Bruce Remington, Johan Frenje, Omar Hurricane, M. Schoff, Kuang-Jen J. Wu, and D. T. Woods

Subjects
Yield (engineering), Materials science, Opacity, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, Nova (laser), Laser, law.invention, Ignition system, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Atomic physics, Beryllium, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The ablator couples energy between the driver and fusion fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Because of its low opacity, high solid density, and material properties, beryllium has long been considered an ideal ablator for ICF ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility. We report here the first indirect drive Be implosions driven with shaped laser pulses and diagnosed with fusion yield at the OMEGA laser. The results show good performance with an average DD neutron yield of ∼2×10^{9} at a convergence ratio of R_{0}/R∼10 and little impact due to the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and mix. In addition, the effect of adding an inner liner of W between the Be and DD is demonstrated.

Published
2015
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30. Discriminative validity of the behavior assessment system for children-parent rating scales in children with recurrent abdominal pain and matched controls

Author

Kristin M. Schoff, Paul M. Robins, A. Shayne Abelkop, and Joseph J. Glutting

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Psychometrics, Discriminant validity, Parent Rating Scales, Test validity, Standard score, medicine.disease, Education, Discriminant function analysis, Rating scale, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Psychiatry, Psychology, Somatization, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Examined discriminative validity of the Parent Rating Scale (PRS) of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992, Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services). Two groups were compared: a cohort with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) (n= 49) and children from the BASC-PRS standardization sample (n = 49) matched on the background characteristics of age, race/ethnicity, and gender. A multivariate, two-group discriminant function analysis was used to compare groups across standard scores from the nine clinical scales of the PRS. Results demonstrated that children with RAP could be differentiated (Wilks λ = .642, F = 6.45, df (9, 88), p < .001), and demonstrated higher scores on the Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, Attention Problems, and Withdrawal scales. Subsequent jackknifed classification analysis, diagnostic efficiency statistics, and an odds ratio for the classification analysis added to the overall validity of results. The practical utility of the BASC-PRS is further supported in light of expanding roles for school psychologists in the assessment and treatment of children with health problems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 145–154, 2003.

Published
2003
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31. Development of an inertial confinement fusion platform to study charged-particle-producing nuclear reactions relevant to nuclear astrophysics

Author

T. G. Parham, D. M. Holunga, A. M. McEvoy, E. M. Garcia, Hans W. Herrmann, B. Rosse, Hong Sio, Chad Forrest, Yongho Kim, C. K. Li, Michael Rosenberg, Shahab Khan, T. Kohut, M. Schoff, J.-L. Bourgade, C. J. Cerjan, Johan Frenje, A. D. Bacher, Fredrick Seguin, J. D. Kilkenny, V. Yu. Glebov, W. Seka, Gerald M. Hale, P. B. Radha, R. S. Craxton, M. S. Rubery, P. W. McKenty, J. Pino, H. G. Rinderknecht, R. Janezic, M. Hoppe, Robert Hatarik, Harry Robey, R. D. Petrasso, O. Landoas, J. A. Caggiano, E. P. Hartouni, A. Nikroo, Bruce Remington, Carl R. Brune, F. J. Marshall, D. Dearborn, Alex Zylstra, Daniel Sayre, M. Gatu Johnson, M. Hohensee, R. M. Bionta, Daniel Casey, Brandon Lahmann, J. P. Knauer, Mark J. Schmitt, Laurent Masse, D. P. McNabb, Michael Farrell, T. C. Sangster, Robert Tipton, Christian Stoeckl, Matthias Hohenberger, J. J. Sanchez, and Mark W. Paris

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Physics, Muon-catalyzed fusion, Thermonuclear fusion, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Helium-3, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear astrophysics, Nuclear fusion, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

This paper describes the development of a platform to study astrophysically relevant nuclear reactions using inertial-confinement fusion implosions on the OMEGA and National Ignition Facility laser facilities, with a particular focus on optimizing the implosions to study charged-particle-producing reactions. Primary requirements on the platform are high yield, for high statistics in the fusion product measurements, combined with low areal density, to allow the charged fusion products to escape. This is optimally achieved with direct-drive exploding pusher implosions using thin-glass-shell capsules. Mitigation strategies to eliminate a possible target sheath potential which would accelerate the emitted ions are discussed. The potential impact of kinetic effects on the implosions is also considered. The platform is initially employed to study the complementary T(t,2n)α, T(3He,np)α and 3He(3He,2p)α reactions. Proof-of-principle results from the first experiments demonstrating the ability to accurately measur...

Published
2017
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33. High-resolution measurements of the DT neutron spectrum using new CD foils in the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility

Author

M. Schoff, J. D. Kilkenny, M. Hoppe, Daniel Casey, R. D. Petrasso, Robert Hatarik, H. Reynolds, M. Gatu Johnson, Mark Eckart, E. P. Hartouni, Gary Grim, C. K. Li, K. Skulina, Daniel Sayre, C. B. Yeamans, Johan Frenje, Fredrick Seguin, R. Bionta, and Michael Farrell

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Orders of magnitude (temperature), 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Recoil, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Neutron, National Ignition Facility, Instrumentation, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility measures the DT neutron spectrum from cryogenically layered inertial confinement fusion implosions. Yield, areal density, apparent ion temperature, and directional fluid flow are inferred from the MRS data. This paper describes recent advances in MRS measurements of the primary peak using new, thinner, reduced-area deuterated plastic (CD) conversion foils. The new foils allow operation of MRS at yields 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously possible, at a resolution down to ∼200 keV FWHM.

Published
2016
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34. Off-Hugoniot characterization of alternative inertial confinement fusion ablator materials

Author

Abbas Nikroo, Peter M. Celliers, T. R. Dittrich, Kuang-Jen J. Wu, Shon Prisbrey, Michael Farrell, Kevin Baker, Alastair Moore, M. Schoff, Jonathan Fry, Omar Hurricane, and M.L. Kervin

Subjects
History, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Analytical chemistry, Boron carbide, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computer Science Applications, Education, Carbide, Shock (mechanics), law.invention, Ignition system, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Hohlraum, law, 0103 physical sciences, Laser power scaling, 010306 general physics, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract

The ablation material used during the National Ignition Campaign, a glow- discharge polymer (GDP), does not couple as efficiently as simulations indicated to the multiple- shock inducing radiation drive environment created by laser power profile [1]. We investigate the performance of two other ablators, boron carbide (B4C) and high-density carbon (HDC) and compare with GDP under the same hohlraum conditions. Ablation performance is determined through measurement of the shock speed produced in planar samples of the ablator subjected to the identical multiple-shock inducing radiation drive environments that are similar to a generic three-shock ignition drive. Simulations are in better agreement with the off-Hugoniot performance of B4C than either HDC or GDP.

Published
2016
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35. Control of weed plants with application of herbecides by contact

Author

C. S. Pereira, G. Wiest, V. H. Zanetti, M. Schoffen, and A. A. Silva

Subjects
glycine max (l) merrill, herbicide, weeds, phytotoxicity, General Works
Abstract

Weeds cause losses between 60 and 80% when not controlled. The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of contact control technology, using rollers on the application tips with different coating materials. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications, with ten treatments as follows: Witness without control; roll coated with polyethylene sponge applying a syrup with ½; 1 x; 1.5x and 2.0x doses of glyphosate herbicides, with the recommended doses 1500 g kg-1 glyphosate and 400 g L-1 clethodim; roll covered with wool sponge applying a syrup with ½; 1 x; 1.5x and 2.0x doses of glyphosate herbicides, with the recommended doses 1500 g kg-1 glyphosate and 400 g L-1 clethodim; roller coated with synthetic acrylic wool sponge, applying syrup with ½; 1 x; 1.5x and 2.0x doses of glyphosate herbicides, with the recommended doses 1500 g kg-1 glyphosate and 400 g L-1 clethodim and by application with a 20 L hand sprayer. polyethylene sponge, wool roll and synthetic wool roll. The experiment was installed in a commercial area in the area next to the UFMT / Sinop Campus in Sinop - MT. The vegetative evaluations of the R1 crop were performed by determining the plant height, chlorophyll index (chlorophyllG®), leaf area, shoot dry mass and at the end the yield variables. Due to the late weed control there was no difference between treatments on vegetative growth as well as on soybean crop yield. There was no perception of injury to soybean crop with the application of treatments.

Published
2020
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36. Urease inhibitor on performance of corn hybrids in second crop in Sinop-MT

Author

C. S. Pereira, G. Wiest, I. V. A. Fiorini, M. Schoffen, V. H. Zanetti, and A. A. Silva

Subjects
zea mays, no-till, urea, nitrate, ammonium. demand of nitrogen in maize. grain yield., General Works
Abstract

Nitrogen is the most demanded element with the most complex management and with the highest responses in productivity in the corn crop, of the principal source of nitrogen supplies, but the urea is inefficient due to its volatilization. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and the efficiency of the urease inhibitor in formulations containing urea, applied in five different commercial corn hybrids in Sinop - MT. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme with three replications. The first factor consisted of three cover fertilizations: control (without application of fertilizer); fertilization with 250 kg ha-1 of urea and fertilization with 250 kg ha-1 of urea with the presence of the urease inhibitor (UREMAX®) NBPT. The second factor was five corn hybrids: 2B433, DKB255, DKB335, NS45 and SYN522. It was found that all hybrids had greater growth and productivity when they received the urease inhibitor, in relation to the treatment without coverage. The hybrids DKB 255, 2B433 and SYN 522, the treatment with UREMAX® reached the highest productivity. The most prominent hybrid in productivity was DKB 255, which reached 9600 kg ha-1, with UREMAX® in cover fertilization, about 31% more than the treatment without urea coverage, and with gains of 18% in relation to urea.

Published
2020
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37. Introduction

Author

Anthony Saunders and John M. Schoff

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Finance
Published
1994
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38. Charge transfer to ground-state ions produces free electrons

Author

D. You, H. Fukuzawa, Y. Sakakibara, T. Takanashi, Y. Ito, G. G. Maliyar, K. Motomura, K. Nagaya, T. Nishiyama, K. Asa, Y. Sato, N. Saito, M. Oura, M. Schöffler, G. Kastirke, U. Hergenhahn, V. Stumpf, K. Gokhberg, A. I. Kuleff, L. S. Cederbaum, and K Ueda

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Slow electrons, which cause radiation damage, are efficiently produced by interatomic neutralization processes. Here, the authors show experimental evidence for the efficient neutralization of the ionic states produced in Auger decay, using large neon–krypton clusters as a prototype system.

Published
2017
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39. Fabrication and metrology challenges in making thin, hollow, silver spherical halfraum targets for epec experiments on the national ignition facility

Author

Mark May, E. M. Giraldez, Nick Teslich, E. C. Losbanos, Paul B. Mirkarimi, M. Schoff, J. Emig, K. B. Fournier, R. J. Wallace, John D. Sain, H. Huang, J. Jaquez, and M. Vu

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, Materials science, National security, business.industry, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Energy coupling, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Metrology, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Energy partitioning, General Materials Science, National Ignition Facility, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Energy partitioning, energy coupling (EPEC) is one of the new experimental platforms being investigated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to provide valuable data for national security applic...

40. Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author

Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Allen A, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Archuleta TN, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Arsenlis A, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AAS, Aybar N, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger RL, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Boyle D, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs R, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman TD, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christiansen NS, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins GW, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Danly C, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Do A, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, Drury O, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Durocher M, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Fehrenbach T, Feit M, Felker B, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geddes CGR, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani FR, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Higginson DP, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins LF, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KH, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Ivanovich I, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Krauland CM, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kur E, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lagin L, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langenbrunner J, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, Managan R, Mancini R, Manes K, Maney D, Manha D, Mannion OM, Manuel AM, Manuel MJ, Mapoles E, Mara G, Marcotte T, Marin E, Marinak MM, Mariscal DA, Mariscal EF, Marley EV, Marozas JA, Marquez R, Marshall CD, Marshall FJ, Marshall M, Marshall S, Marticorena J, Martinez JI, Martinez D, Maslennikov I, Mason D, Mason RJ, Masse L, Massey W, Masson-Laborde PE, Masters ND, Mathisen D, Mathison E, Matone J, Matthews MJ, Mattoon C, Mattsson TR, Matzen K, Mauche CW, Mauldin M, McAbee T, McBurney M, Mccarville T, McCrory RL, McEvoy AM, McGuffey C, Mcinnis M, McKenty P, McKinley MS, McLeod JB, McPherson A, Mcquillan B, Meamber M, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Meissner R, Mehlhorn TA, Mehta NC, Menapace J, Merrill FE, Merritt BT, Merritt EC, Meyerhofer DD, Mezyk S, Mich RJ, Michel PA, Milam D, Miller C, Miller D, Miller DS, Miller E, Miller EK, Miller J, Miller M, Miller PE, Miller T, Miller W, Miller-Kamm V, Millot M, Milovich JL, Minner P, Miquel JL, Mitchell S, Molvig K, Montesanti RC, Montgomery DS, Monticelli M, Montoya A, Moody JD, Moore AS, Moore E, Moran M, Moreno JC, Moreno K, Morgan BE, Morrow T, Morton JW, Moses E, Moy K, Muir R, Murillo MS, Murray JE, Murray JR, Munro DH, Murphy TJ, Munteanu FM, Nafziger J, Nagayama T, Nagel SR, Nast R, Negres RA, Nelson A, Nelson D, Nelson J, Nelson S, Nemethy S, Neumayer P, Newman K, Newton M, Nguyen H, Di Nicola JG, Di Nicola P, Niemann C, Nikroo A, Nilson PM, Nobile A, Noorai V, Nora RC, Norton M, Nostrand M, Note V, Novell S, Nowak PF, Nunez A, Nyholm RA, O'Brien M, Oceguera A, Oertel JA, Oesterle AL, Okui J, Olejniczak B, Oliveira J, Olsen P, Olson B, Olson K, Olson RE, Opachich YP, Orsi N, Orth CD, Owen M, Padalino S, Padilla E, Paguio R, Paguio S, Paisner J, Pajoom S, Pak A, Palaniyappan S, Palma K, Pannell T, Papp F, Paras D, Parham T, Park HS, Pasternak A, Patankar S, Patel MV, Patel PK, Patterson R, Patterson S, Paul B, Paul M, Pauli E, Pearce OT, Pearcy J, Pedretti A, Pedrotti B, Peer A, Pelz LJ, Penetrante B, Penner J, Perez A, Perkins LJ, Pernice E, Perry TS, Person S, Petersen D, Petersen T, Peterson DL, Peterson EB, Peterson JE, Peterson JL, Peterson K, Peterson RR, Petrasso RD, Philippe F, Phillion D, Phipps TJ, Piceno E, Pickworth L, Ping Y, Pino J, Piston K, Plummer R, Pollack GD, Pollaine SM, Pollock BB, Ponce D, Ponce J, Pontelandolfo J, Porter JL, Post J, Poujade O, Powell C, Powell H, Power G, Pozulp M, Prantil M, Prasad M, Pratuch S, Price S, Primdahl K, Prisbrey S, Procassini R, Pruyne A, Pudliner B, Qiu SR, Quan K, Quinn M, Quintenz J, Radha PB, Rainer F, Ralph JE, Raman KS, Raman R, Rambo PW, Rana S, Randewich A, Rardin D, Ratledge M, Ravelo N, Ravizza F, Rayce M, Raymond A, Raymond B, Reed B, Reed C, Regan S, Reichelt B, Reis V, Reisdorf S, Rekow V, Remington BA, Rendon A, Requieron W, Rever M, Reynolds H, Reynolds J, Rhodes J, Rhodes M, Richardson MC, Rice B, Rice NG, Rieben R, Rigatti A, Riggs S, Rinderknecht HG, Ring K, Riordan B, Riquier R, Rivers C, Roberts D, Roberts V, Robertson G, Robey HF, Robles J, Rocha P, Rochau G, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez S, Rosen MD, Rosenberg M, Ross G, Ross JS, Ross P, Rouse J, Rovang D, Rubenchik AM, Rubery MS, Ruiz CL, Rushford M, Russ B, Rygg JR, Ryujin BS, Sacks RA, Sacks RF, Saito K, Salmon T, Salmonson JD, Sanchez J, Samuelson S, Sanchez M, Sangster C, Saroyan A, Sater J, Satsangi A, Sauers S, Saunders R, Sauppe JP, Sawicki R, Sayre D, Scanlan M, Schaffers K, Schappert GT, Schiaffino S, Schlossberg DJ, Schmidt DW, Schmit PF, Smidt JM, Schneider DHG, Schneider MB, Schneider R, Schoff M, Schollmeier M, Schroeder CR, Schrauth SE, Scott HA, Scott I, Scott JM, Scott RHH, Scullard CR, Sedillo T, Seguin FH, Seka W, Senecal J, Sepke SM, Seppala L, Sequoia K, Severyn J, Sevier JM, Sewell N, Seznec S, Shah RC, Shamlian J, Shaughnessy D, Shaw M, Shaw R, Shearer C, Shelton R, Shen N, Sherlock MW, Shestakov AI, Shi EL, Shin SJ, Shingleton N, Shmayda W, Shor M, Shoup M, Shuldberg C, Siegel L, Silva FJ, Simakov AN, Sims BT, Sinars D, Singh P, Sio H, Skulina K, Skupsky S, Slutz S, Sluyter M, Smalyuk VA, Smauley D, Smeltser RM, Smith C, Smith I, Smith J, Smith L, Smith R, Smith R, Schölmerich M, Sohn R, Sommer S, Sorce C, Sorem M, Soures JM, Spaeth ML, Spears BK, Speas S, Speck D, Speck R, Spears J, Spinka T, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stahl B, Stahoviak J, Stanley J, Stanton LG, Steele R, Steele W, Steinman D, Stemke R, Stephens R, Sterbenz S, Sterne P, Stevens D, Stevers J, Still CH, Stoeckl C, Stoeffl W, Stolken JS, Stolz C, Storm E, Stone G, Stoupin S, Stout E, Stowers I, Strauser R, Streckart H, Streit J, Strozzi DJ, Stutz J, Summers L, Suratwala T, Sutcliffe G, Suter LJ, Sutton SB, Svidzinski V, Swadling G, Sweet W, Szoke A, Tabak M, Takagi M, Tambazidis A, Tang V, Taranowski M, Taylor LA, Telford S, Theobald W, Thi M, Thomas A, Thomas CA, Thomas I, Thomas R, Thompson IJ, Thongstisubskul A, Thorsness CB, Tietbohl G, Tipton RE, Tobin M, Tomlin N, Tommasini R, Toreja AJ, Torres J, Town RPJ, Townsend S, Trenholme J, Trivelpiece A, Trosseille C, Truax H, Trummer D, Trummer S, Truong T, Tubbs D, Tubman ER, Tunnell T, Turnbull D, Turner RE, Ulitsky M, Upadhye R, Vaher JL, VanArsdall P, VanBlarcom D, Vandenboomgaerde M, VanQuinlan R, Van Wonterghem BM, Varnum WS, Velikovich AL, Vella A, Verdon CP, Vermillion B, Vernon S, Vesey R, Vickers J, Vignes RM, Visosky M, Vocke J, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Von Rotz R, Vu HX, Vu M, Wall D, Wall J, Wallace R, Wallin B, Walmer D, Walsh CA, Walters CF, Waltz C, Wan A, Wang A, Wang Y, Wark JS, Warner BE, Watson J, Watt RG, Watts P, Weaver J, Weaver RP, Weaver S, Weber CR, Weber P, Weber SV, Wegner P, Welday B, Welser-Sherrill L, Weiss K, Wharton KB, Wheeler GF, Whistler W, White RK, Whitley HD, Whitman P, Wickett ME, Widmann K, Widmayer C, Wiedwald J, Wilcox R, Wilcox S, Wild C, Wilde BH, Wilde CH, Wilhelmsen K, Wilke MD, Wilkens H, Wilkins P, Wilks SC, Williams EA, Williams GJ, Williams W, Williams WH, Wilson DC, Wilson B, Wilson E, Wilson R, Winters S, Wisoff PJ, Wittman M, Wolfe J, Wong A, Wong KW, Wong L, Wong N, Wood R, Woodhouse D, Woodruff J, Woods DT, Woods S, Woodworth BN, Wooten E, Wootton A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Yu J, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, and Zylstra AB

Abstract

On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G&#95;{target} of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding "scientific breakeven" (or G&#95;{target}>1) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the Lawson criterion for fusion ignition as reported in a previous NIF implosion [H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This achievement is the culmination of more than five decades of research and gives proof that laboratory fusion, based on fundamental physics principles, is possible. This Letter reports on the target, laser, design, and experimental advancements that led to this result.

Published
2024
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41. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment.

Author

Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AS, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger R, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman T, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins G, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Feit M, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani F, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, 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Abstract

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Published
2022
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42. Time-Resolved Fuel Density Profiles of the Stagnation Phase of Indirect-Drive Inertial Confinement Implosions.

Author

Tommasini R, Landen OL, Berzak Hopkins L, Hatchett SP, Kalantar DH, Hsing WW, Alessi DA, Ayers SL, Bhandarkar SD, Bowers MW, Bradley DK, Conder AD, Di Nicola JM, Di Nicola P, Divol L, Fittinghoff D, Gururangan G, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hargrove DR, Hartouni EP, Heebner JE, Herriot SI, Hermann MR, Holder JP, Holunga DM, Homoelle D, Iglesias CA, Izumi N, Kemp AJ, Kohut T, Kroll JJ, LaFortune K, Lawson JK, Lowe-Webb R, MacKinnon AJ, Martinez D, Masters ND, Mauldin MP, Milovich J, Nikroo A, Okui JK, Park J, Prantil M, Pelz LJ, Schoff M, Sigurdsson R, Volegov PL, Vonhof S, Zobrist TL, Wallace RJ, Walters CF, Wegner P, Widmayer C, Williams WH, Youngblood K, Edwards MJ, and Herrmann MC

Abstract

The implosion efficiency in inertial confinement fusion depends on the degree of stagnated fuel compression, density uniformity, sphericity, and minimum residual kinetic energy achieved. Compton scattering-mediated 50-200 keV x-ray radiographs of indirect-drive cryogenic implosions at the National Ignition Facility capture the dynamic evolution of the fuel as it goes through peak compression, revealing low-mode 3D nonuniformities and thicker fuel with lower peak density than simulated. By differencing two radiographs taken at different times during the same implosion, we also measure the residual kinetic energy not transferred to the hot spot and quantify its impact on the implosion performance.

Published
2020
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43. Diffusion-dominated mixing in moderate convergence implosions.

Author

Zylstra AB, Hoffman NM, Herrmann HW, Schmitt MJ, Kim YH, Meaney K, Leatherland A, Gales S, Forrest C, Glebov VY, Schoff M, Hoppe M, and Ravelo N

Abstract

High-Z material mixed into the fuel degrades inertial fusion implosions and can prevent ignition. Mix is often assumed to be dominated by hydrodynamic instabilities, but we report Omega data, using shells with ∼150nm deuterated layers to gain unprecedented resolution, which give strong evidence that the dominant mix mechanism is diffusion for these moderate temperature (≲6 keV) and convergence (∼12) implosions. Small-scale instability-driven or turbulent mix is negligible.

Published
2018
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