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Purpose To investigate the midterm safety and efficacy of computed tomography (CT)–guided percutaneous gallbladder cryoablation in swine. Materials and Methods Three swine underwent gallbladder cryoablation. Cryoprobes were positioned percutaneously at the gallbladder margins or within the gallbladder lumen under CT guidance. Two freeze/thaw cycles were performed. One animal was euthanized on postprocedure day 4 as a result of hematemesis unrelated to the ablation. The other 2 animals were euthanized at postprocedure days 30 and 48, respectively. The gallbladder and bile ducts were resected and examined microscopically. Results Gallbladder cryoablation was completed with freeze/thaw cycle durations of 7.5–10 minutes (mean, 9.4 min ± 1.3) and ablation margins of 5.8–11.5 mm (mean, 7.8 mm ± 1.9). No nontarget ablation was observed. Laboratory values at postprocedure day 4 and the time of euthanasia were within normal limits. Two of 3 animals thrived and exhibited appropriate activity and weight gain. Contrast-enhanced CT immediately before euthanasia demonstrated delayed linear enhancement of the gallbladder wall. Gross inspection at autopsy revealed fibrotic-appearing gallbladders. Cholecystography revealed no communication to the biliary tree. Histologic examination demonstrated complete gallbladder wall fibrosis. Autopsy of the animal euthanized on day 4 revealed a gastric mucosal ulcer distant from the ablation site with no gastric serosal injury. Conclusions Gallbladder cryoablation is a promising alternative to surgical cholecystectomy, with complete transmural gallbladder wall fibrosis and cystic duct occlusion seen at 30 and 48 days in swine. Further studies are required to establish procedural safety and long-term efficacy.

Obtaining a bright and low emittance electron beam directly from the photocathode is mandatory in order to design high performance free electron lasers (FELs). To achieve this goal a clear understanding of how the emission process is influenced by structure, morphology and composition of the photocathode surface is needed. This is difficult from an experimental point of view because often the atomic scale details of the surface whose emission has been measured are unknown. A predictive theoretical approach capable of determining the effects of surface structure on emission is therefore or great interest. A model to extend the well known three step model (as proposed by Berglund and Spicer) to surface calculations is discussed in this paper. It is based on a layer-by-layer decomposition of the surface electronic structure that can be calculated through reliable and efficient DFT calculations. The advantage of this approach with respect to other existing photoemission calculations is being able to correlate directly the photoemission to the electronic, atomic and chemical structure of the surface. The proposed approach retains, therefore, the simple chemical intuition in the study of surface modifications and their effect on the photoemission. The approach is validated in calculations of the emission from clean copper and silver surfaces. The ability of the model to simulate the change in photoemission in response to adsorbates is tested by simulating monolayers of oxygen, hydrogen and lithium on the copper (1 1 1) surface.

To investigate the feasibility of percutaneous gallbladder cryoablation (GBC) under CT guidance in a swine model with histopathologic correlation.Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval was obtained for this study protocol. Five pigs underwent GBC. Under CT guidance, 3-4 cryoprobes were positioned percutaneously at the gallbladder margins. Thermocouple probes were placed percutaneously at the gallbladder fundus, neck, free wall, and gallbladder fossa. Two freeze-thaw cycles ranging from 10 to 26 min were performed. The subjects were sacrificed 5 h after cryoablation. The gallbladder and bile ducts were resected, stained, and examined microscopically.GBC was completed in all subjects. A 10-mm ablation margin was achieved beyond all gallbladder walls. Thermocouple probes reached at least -20 °C. Intra-procedural body temperature decreased to a minimum of 35 °C but recovered after the procedure. Intra- and post-procedural vital signs otherwise remained within physiologic parameters. Non-target ablation occurred in the stomach and colon of the first two subjects. Histology demonstrated complete denudation of the gallbladder epithelium, hemorrhage, and edema within the muscularis layer, and preservation of the microscopic architecture of the common bile duct in all cases.Percutaneous gallbladder cryoablation is feasible, with adequate ablation margins obtained and histologic changes demonstrating transmural necrosis. Adjacent structures included in the ablation may require conservative ablation zones, hydrodissection, or continuous saline lavage.

This work reports the first images obtained by combining an infrared aperture scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) with a quantum cascade laser (QCL). The future potential of this set-up is demonstrated by a preliminary study on an OE33 human oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell in which the cell is imaged at 1751 cm-1, 1651 cm-1, 1539 cm-1 and 1242 cm-1. In addition to the 1651 cm-1 image, three other images were acquired within the Amide I band (1689 cm-1, 1675 cm-1 and 1626 cm-1) chosen to correspond to secondary structures of proteins. The four images obtained within the Amide I band show distinct differences demonstrating the potential of this approach to reveal subtle changes in the chemical composition of a cell.

A single human oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell (OE33) has been imaged using aperture infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR-SNOM) in transmission and reflection and also by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy in transmission only. This work presents the first images obtained in both transmission and reflection of the same specimen using the aperture IR SNOM technique. The results have been used to compare the two SNOM modes and also the two techniques, which have complementary capabilities. The SNOM technique necessitates a very stable source and a careful choice of wavelengths, since it is too slow to yield images at the thousands ofwavelengths obtained with FTIR. However the SNOM technique is not diffraction limited and with careful fabrication of tips can yield images with high spatial resolution. There is no significant correlation between the SNOM images obtained in transmission and reflection and the correlations between images obtained at different wavelengths vary with the different imaging modes. These results are attributed to the strong dependence of the evanescent wave on both the wavelength and the distance between the tip and the source of the signal within the sample. While both transmission and reflection SNOM images show some correlation with topography this is not a dominant effect. These results indicate that with suitable calibration a combination of reflection and transmission aperture IR-SNOM measurements has the potential to reveal information on the depth distribution of the chemical structure of a specimen.

The development of more accurate and sensitive diagnostic techniques is a key factor in efforts to improve cancer survival rates. The technique of infrared aperture fibre scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR-SNOM), together with radiation from the infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) on ALICE at Daresbury Laboratory (UK), has been used to obtain IR images of a crypt-like feature and the surrounding tissue; the tissue was taken from a patient with oesophageal adenocarcinoma and with a history of Barrett's oesophagus. We have shown that the DNA signal is enhanced relative to other contributions in the region of the crypt, and the glycoprotein signal shows a less pronounced increase in the region of the crypt. The Amide II signal is found to be anti-correlated with the DNA and glycoprotein profiles. The absorbance of the Amide II signal is found to differ for three different types of cancer tissue. High-resolution IR images of the crypt reveal additional structure that would not be resolved in diffraction-limited techniques.

This case series describes early experience, intraprocedural safety, and technical success of the MVP Micro Vascular Plug (MVP; Covidien, Irvine, California) for embolization of 20 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) using 23 plugs in seven patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. There was no device migration, and all devices were successfully detached electrolytically. Immediate cessation of flow through the feeding artery was achieved in 21 of 23 (91%) deployments. There was one minor complication. This series demonstrates the MVP to be safe and technically successful in the treatment of PAVMs.

An Infra-Red (IR) oscillator Free-Electron Laser (FEL) was installed into the test facility ALICE (Accelerators and Lasers In Combined Experiments) at Daresbury Laboratory at the end of 2009. First lasing was achieved at a wavelength of 8 μ m in October 2010. This is the first demonstration in the UK of a FEL operating in the Compton regime. This paper describes the installed hardware, the pre-alignment techniques, the diagnostics used to detect and characterise the IR output, the first measurements of the FEL output parameters and the plans for future development and exploitation of the FEL.

A description is given of the terahertz beamline and tissue culture facility that is being commissioned on the ALICE accelerator at the Daresbury laboratory

This work reports the use of an infrared spectroscopic version of scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR-SNOM) and shows that it is possible to reveal subcellular entities via their chemical constituents in a label-free human oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell (OE33). This work presents the first high spatial resolution (similar to 0.15 mu m) study of features imaged at various wavelengths within a cancer cell. The clear illumination of sub-micron sized moieties within a cell is a major step forward and is a key requirement for understanding cancer and for the study of other diseases and healthy tissue. The stable and tuneable light source was provided by the infrared free electron laser on the ALICE accelerator at Daresbury. The images reveal a structure with a size and wavelength absorption that are consistent with a chromosome and open the possibility of observing other localized structures, such as microvesicles, that play an important role in the development and spread of cancers.

Advances in computed tomography (CT) angiography have increased the sensitivity and specificity of detecting small branch arterial injuries in the extremities of trauma patients. However, it is unclear whether these patients should undergo surgery, angioembolization, or conservative watchful waiting. We hypothesized that uncomplicated small arterial branch injuries can be managed successfully with watchful waiting. A 10-year retrospective review of extremity CT angiograms with search findings of arterial "active extravasation" or "pseudoaneurysm" was performed at a level 1 county trauma center. Subgroup analysis was performed on those with isolated extremity injury and those with concurrent injuries. A total of 31 patients had CT-detected active extravasation (84 %) or pseudoaneurysm (16 %), 71 % of which were isolated vascular injuries. Of the patients evaluated, 71 % (n = 22) were managed with watchful waiting, 19 % (n = 6) with angioembolization, and 10 % (n = 3) with surgery. Watchful waiting complications included progression to alternative treatment (n = 1) and blood transfusions (n = 2). Complications of surgery included the inability to find active bleeding (n = 1) and postoperative psychosis (n = 1). Complications of angioembolization were limited to a postprocedure blood transfusion (n = 1). Patients with isolated vascular injuries had an average length of stay of 2.9 days, with management averages of the following: 2.7 days with watchful waiting (n = 16), 3.3 days with angioembolization (n = 3), and 3.7 days with surgery (n = 3). CT angiography has greatly increased the reported incidence of traumatic arterial injury in the extremity. We propose that small branch arterial injuries in the extremities can be managed successfully with watchful waiting and do not often require immediate embolization.

Far-infrared light, which can probe the vibrations of chemisorption bonds, is not absorbed by many catalytic feed gases and is therefore ideally suited to study surface chemistry in the presence of such gas. We describe a new instrument for conducting in situ synchrotron reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy at pressures up to at least I atmosphere on samples which can be prepared and characterised pre- and post-reaction by conventional UHV surface science techniques. The system performance is illustrated by the oxidation of Cu(1 0 0) under 200 mbar of oxygen. Cu2O begins to grow at 390 K and is the only oxide detectable up to 508 K. Only when the substrate temperature exceeds 508 K does oxidation proceed to CuO.

In recent years there has been an increase in interest in the study of model Ziegler-Natta catalysts used for the polymerisation of ethene and propene. Particular attention has focused on catalysts consisting of TiCl4 on activated MgCl2 accompanied by a co-catalyst, usually triethylaluminium (AlEt3). As part of a wider project on the characterisation of model Ziegler-Natta catalysts we have investigated the interaction of TiCl4 with metallic Mg films grown on a An surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and far infrared reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Somewhat surprisingly, the infrared spectra show little variation as a function of exposure to TiCl4. A very broad asymmetric vibrational band grows in with maximum intensity at 382 cm(-1). Three prominent low frequency shoulders are observed at approximately 360, 320, and 260 cm(-1). For monolayer coverages of Mg the main band at 382 cm(-1) is narrower, less asymmetric and accompanied by a prominent shoulder at 398 cm(-1), which increases with increasing exposure to TiCl4. TiCl4 exposure in the presence of 5 x 10(-8) Torr of ethyl benzoate results in a change in line shape with low frequency broadening and a small shift in the frequency of the band. These spectra are discussed in the light of the possible constituent species making up the surface layer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synchrotron Far-IR RAIRS data for atomic O and a range of complex oxygen-containing molecular species on Cu(1 1 0) and Cu(1 0 0) surfaces are presented. For the latter group of adsorbates, it can be seen that instrument upgrades have enabled the monitoring of low intensity bands with high resolution. Atomic oxygen adsorbed in the long-bridge position in the (2 × 1) reconstructed phase on Cu(1 1 0) gives rise to a ν Cu–O stretching vibration at 389 cm −1 . The adsorption of the diketones, methylacetoacetate and acetylacetone, on Cu(1 1 0) yields a pure ν Cu–O vibration at ∼300 cm −1 for the ν Cu–OC unit of a delocalised keto-enol chelate. The monotartrate form of ( R , R )-tartaric acid adsorbed via its carboxylate group on Cu(1 1 0) shows a ν Cu–O stretching vibration at 378 cm −1 . This is almost identical to the ν Cu–O stretching frequency of formate adsorbed via its carboxylate unit at Cu(1 0 0) and Cu(1 1 0) surfaces. For formate, the high resolution of the IR technique has enabled the asymmetry of the absorption band to be detected, suggesting the presence of heterogeneity in the adlayer. Finally, even with this limited data set, the ν Cu–O stretching frequency seems to be a very sensitive indicator of bonding mode, with the atomic species, the OCO unit and the OCCCO unit, giving rise to frequencies in defined regions of the spectrum.

We present a study of the coverage and temperature dependence of the Pt–CO stretching vibration of CO adsorbed on both the reconstructed Pt{1 1 0}-(1×2) and the unreconstructed Pt{1 1 0}-(1×1) surfaces. The metal–carbon stretching vibration is shown to be a sensitive probe of the structure of the underlying Pt{1 1 0} surface. As a function of coverage, the position of the adsorption peak shifts from 471 to 480 cm?1 at 310 K, accompanying the adsorbate induced lifting of the reconstruction. At 115 K, where the reconstruction is not lifted, the absorption band remains centered at 466 cm?1, however the FWHM increases from 6 cm?1 at 0.05 L to 15 cm?1 at saturation. The band at 466 cm?1 is attributed to initial adsorption into atop sites on the atomic ridges followed by adsorption into atop sites on the (1 1 1) microfacets. The sensitivity of the synchrotron far-infrared RAIRS technique has allowed the lifting of the reconstruction to be followed as a function of temperature and, for the first time, allowed detection of localised lifting of the (1×2) reconstruction at a temperature 50 K lower than previously reported.

Synchrotron far-IR light has allowed the rapid collection of high quality reflection-absorption infrared spectra of the metal-adsorbate stretching vibrations of CO adsorbed in atop (464 cm(-1)) and bridging (3 76 cm(-1)) sites on Pt{1 1 1} at half monolayer coverage at 260 K. In contrast to earlier reports we find no evidence for a Fermi resonance induced splitting of the absorption band assigned to the bridge bonded species.

This report describes the conceptual design of a proposed free electron laser test facility called CLARA that will be a major upgrade to the existing VELA accelerator test facility at Daresbury Laboratory in the UK. CLARA will be able to test a number of new free electron laser schemes that have been proposed but require a proof of principle experiment to confirm that they perform as predicted. The primary focus of CLARA will be on ultra short photon pulse generation which will take free electron lasers into a whole new regime, enabling a new area of photon science to emerge.

Far-infrared RAIRS spectroscopy employing synchrotron radiation as a soul ee, has been used to study the interaction of SnCl4, and water on thin-him silica and carbon surfaces. This has been made possible by growing the thin films on a highly reflecting tungsten substrate, enabling the conventional RAIRS geometry to be used. In addition to the observation of a strongly chemisorbed species on the silica surface the spectra from both surfaces indicate the presence of a more weakly bound complex containing both water and SnCl4. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Far-infra red RAIRS spectroscopy employing synchrotron radiation as a source, has been used to study the interaction of SnCl4 on a thin-him silica surface. This has been made possible by growing the silica film on a highly reflecting tungsten substrate, enabling the conventional RAIRS geometry to be used. We show that reasonable S/N RAIRS spectra can be obtained in this region, even from films up to 1000 thick, enabling subtle details in the spectrum of the chemisorbed species to be obtained. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Far-IR Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) has been used to probe submonolayers and multilayers of polyfunctional organic adlayers deposited under clean controlled conditions on small-area single-crystal surfaces, using the newly commissioned Daresbury 13.3 far-IR synchrotron beamline. We show that the current performance of the beamline allows us to monitor fractions of monolayers of formate species on Cu(110), formed at 300 K from the deprotonation of formic acid. Two distinct vCu-O vibrations are observed for coverages up to 0.25 monolayer. We attribute the two bands to at least two chemically distinct species, each possessing a local site symmetry of C2v and bonded to the metal surface via the two oxygen atoms. The two types of formate species are thought to arise from local density fluctuations in formate coverage across the adlayer which leads to local changes in the Cu-O bond. In addition, we also report far-IR RAIRS spectra of biomolecule/metal interfaces created by depositing thin films (3–10 layers) of the chiral amino-acid, L-methionine, on Cu(110) at 300 K. The multilayer spectra closely resemble the far-IR spectra obtained from crystalline L-methionine, suggesting that the thin layer consists of the zwitterionic species. These thin biofilms are stable on the surface to > 330 K. No growth of metal-ligand vibrations in the multilayer phase is observed, demonstrating that corrosive chemisorption processes that create Cu-methionine complexes in the multilayer by leaching of surface Cu atoms do not occur in these conditions.

The design criteria used in the development of IR station 13.3 at the Daresbury SRS are reviewed particularly in terms of its principle application to reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). An example of current performance is given in the form of a RAIR spectrum of chlorine atoms adsorbed on Ag (100). The application of the station to infrared microscopy is reviewed and IR spectra from a thin polymer laminate are used to compare performance with that using a conventional infrared source.

We show that the combination of a scanning near field optical microscope and an infra-red free electron laser yields chemical images with sub-cellular spatial resolution that have the potential to provide a diagnostic for oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Measurement of the resonant photoelectrons at the photon energy of the absorption edge gives a powerful extension of magnetic circular x-ray dichroism (MCXD). Because each type of core hole produced in absorption emits electrons in different directions decaying to different final states we can obtain more detailed information on the core hole produced by the absorption step and this gives improved knowledge of the original valence shell polarization. This can be used to tell apart the spin magnetic moment and magnetic dipole term.

Recent measurements have shown that high-resolution silicon detectors are beginning to resolve x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) produced in the detectors themselves. Unless calibrated, such structure threatens to ‘pollute’ spectroscopic measurements. An experiment has begun map this structure to systematically in an x-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) over the energy range 300–2100 eV. The program is novel in that the synchrotron radiation source has to be operated with a ring current reduced by five orders of magnitude so that individual photons can be recorded by the CCD. Results of the detailed spectroscopic response around the nitrogen, oxygen and silicon K edges are presented. The measured quantum efficiency shows considerable near-edge structure which is modified by the presence of the various insulation layers used in MOS construction, reflecting the chemical rather than elemental nature of the interaction environment. It is pointed out that the measurement of XAFS in x-ray CCDs is potentially a powerful diagnostic tool with which to explore surface structures.

X-ray absorption spectra are reported for the first time for the (NO)2 dimer at both the nitrogen and oxygen K edges, the data being obtained from (NO)2 multilayers formed on Ag{111}. The spectra display distinctive features which suggest an electronic structure for excited states of this species. Density functional theory studies of the core-hole excited states provide the basis for spectral assignments at the nitrogen K edge, allowing the identification of the N 1s electron promotion into the 2b1, 2a2, 7b2, 8a1 and 8b2 orbitals. Correlations are found between the experimental integrated oscillator strengths of the two π* states, at the nitrogen K edge, and the N-localized 2p coefficients of the unoccupied orbitals of the (1A1) state.

Oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy has been employed to study the atomic structure near the surface of powdered and polished sodium disilicate glass. In the absence of lubricants, grinding in air produces substantial quantities of sodium carbonate. This is also present for surfaces polished in water but vanishes for surfaces polished in oil. Results are interpreted in terms of the modified random network (MRN) model in which microsegregated alkalis decorate newly created glass surfaces, reacting variously with oxygen, carbon dioxide and water.

Understanding the influence of exposure of biological systems to THz radiation is becoming increasingly important. There is some evidence to suggest that THz radiation can influence important activities within mammalian cells. This study evaluated the influence of the high peak power, low average power THz radiation produced by the ALICE (Daresbury Laboratory, UK) synchrotron source on human epithelial and embryonic stem cells. The cells were maintained under standard tissue culture conditions, during which the THz radiation was delivered directly into the incubator for various exposure times. The influence of the THz radiation on cell morphology, attachment, proliferation and differentiation was evaluated. The study demonstrated that there was no difference in any of these parameters between irradiated and control cell cultures. It is suggested that under these conditions the cells are capable of compensating for any effects caused by exposure to THz radiation with the peak powers levels employed in these studies.

The Ni 3p photoemission of ferromagnetic nickel shows a magnetic ciruclar dichroism which is much larger than expected from the value of the bulk orbital moment. We argue that this can only be explained when the orbital moment at the surface is strongly enhanced as predicted recently by band structure calculations.

A vertically dispersing high‐energy spherical grating monochromator (HESGM) has been installed on the synchrotron radiation source (SRS) at the Daresbury Laboratory. The instrument has no entrance slit and provides a high intensity source of x rays of energy 250–1400 eV focused into a small spot suitable for surface spectroscopy. Photoabsorption features of 240 meV have been resolved, but the resolution of the instrument is dependent on the SRS stored beam current. The degree of linear polarization has been measured at the carbon K edge to be 0.80.

The observed enhancement in the 3d, 3p, and 3s photoemission structures at resonance with the 2p absorption edge of nickel is analyzed using a cluster calculation including multiplet structure. The result strongly supports the view of a localized electronic structure for nickel metal. It is found that the peak splitting in the 3s photoemission is due to d mixing, whereas the 3p photoemission shows the influence of both d mixing and electrostatic interaction.

The high brilliance of modern synchrotron radiation sources results in a significant intensity advantage over conventional sources in the far infrared region of the spectrum. For applications with inherently low etendue, such as reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) of surfaces, this advantage extends into the mid‐infrared (IR) region, to 1000 cm−1 or higher. The spectroscopic region between 100 and 1000 cm−1 is of particular interest in surface science since it includes the vibrational modes of the majority of direct bonds between the surface and adsorbate, but the low intensity of conventional sources renders investigations of this region difficult. In this paper, we discuss the design criteria of the new Daresbury infrared beamline.

The authors have determined the molecular orientation of CO adsorbed on the Cu(110) surface at 150 K as being within 20 degrees of the surface normal, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the near-edge region. Measurements were carried out in the (011) azimuth, using Auger yield detection. They discuss the difficulties of using NEXAFS spectroscopy whilst performing Auger yield measurements with a fixed electron energy analyser.

We report Ni L2.3 X-ray absorption spectra as measured from bulk ingots of Ni2Si and NiSi2. A similar amount of unoccupied 3d character if found in the electronic structure of both silicides regardless of the differences occuring in the coordination local to the Ni sites. This is discussed in terms of the results of calculations of the partial density of states of Ni silicides and contrasted with recently reported ultraviolet inverse photoemission data which suggest complete depletion of the unoccupied Ni 3d-related states upon moving from Ni2Si to NiSi2.

The main characteristics of the UK Fourth Generation Light Source (4GLS) are described. It is explained how the output of 4GLS could be used in studies of biological systems using Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS). (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Epitaxial ultrathin titanium dioxide films of 0.3 to approximately 7 nm thickness on a metal single crystal substrate have been investigated by high resolution vibrational and electron spectroscopies. The data complement previous morphological data provided by scanned probe microscopy and low energy electron diffraction to provide very complete characterization of this system. The thicker films display electronic structure consistent with a stoichiometric TiO(2) phase. The thinner films appear nonstoichiometric due to band bending and charge transfer from the metal substrate, while work function measurements also show a marked thickness dependence. The vibrational spectroscopy shows three clear phonon bands at 368, 438, and 829 cm(-1) (at 273 K), which confirms a rutile structure. The phonon band intensity scales linearly with film thickness and shift slightly to lower frequencies with increasing temperature, in accord with results for single crystals.

Infrared and THz radiation has been available to users of conventional electron accelerator light sources for over a quarter of a century. A new generation of accelerators with sub-picosecond electron bunches provide a massive increase in the power output in the THz region due to coherent enhancement. In this paper, the source properties of the ERLP under construction at Daresbury and the proposed 4GLS sources are discussed. 4GLS will allow multiple beams from THz to soft X-ray to interact with the samples with controlled delay between the ultra short pulses, allowing new scientific possibilities.

There is a general interest in developing a new research field linking new powerful sources of THz radiation with key contemporary challenges in protein science; Specifically, the highly controversial role of fast protein promoting vibrations in biological catalysis. However, the 1-10 THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum is particularly difficult to access experimentally due to the low intensity of conventional laboratory based sources. Therefore we developed a THz radiation station using the existing accelerator based sources on the SRS at Daresbury. We recorded spectra incorporating the low frequency collective vibrations of small molecules as well as some proteins in the solid state. Our experiments were carried out using non-coherent radiation from the modified THz testing facility (TTF) on the SRS at Daresbury.

The Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) is currently being constructed at Daresbury Laboratory primarily to gain understanding of accelerator physics issues for the proposed Fourth Generation Light Source (4GLS). The radiation from two sources on ERLP, THz radiation from the last bending magnet in the bunch compressor, and the IR FEL radiation, will be used for machine diagnostics. Radiation from these sources will be transported into a ‘diagnostic room’ for power and spectral analysis. The THz radiation will also be used for end user experiments. The layout of the optical transport and detection systems will be presented. Results will also be given for the predicted performance of the optical beamline obtained using wavefront propagation.

In the current world environment, the rapidly changing dynamics of organizational adversaries are increasing the difficulty for Military Analysts and Planners to accurately predict potential actions. As an integral part of the planning process, we need to assess our planning strategies against the range of potential adversarial actions. This dynamic world environment has established a necessity to develop tools to assist in establishing hypotheses for future adversary actions. Our research investigated the feasibility to utilize an adversarial tool as the core element within a predictive simulation to establish emergent adversarial behavior. It is our desire to use this intelligent adversary to generate alternative futures in performing Course of Action (COA) analysis. Such a system will allow planners to gauge and evaluate the effectiveness of alternative plans under varying actions and reactions. This research focuses on one of many possible techniques required to address the technical challenge of generating intelligent adversary behaviors. This development activity addresses two research components. First, establish an environment in which to perform the feasibility experiment and analysis. The proof of concept performed to analyze and assess this feasibility of utilizing an adversarial inferencing system to provide emergent adversary behavior is discussed. Second, determine if the appropriate interfaces can be reasonably established to provide integration with an existing force structure simulation framework. The authors also describe the envisioned simulation system and the software development performed to extend the inferencing engine and system interface toward that goal. The experimental results of observing emergent adversary behavior by applying the simulated COAs to the adversary model will be discussed. The research addresses numerous technological challenges in developing the necessary methodologies and tools for a software-based COA analysis framework utilizing intelligent adversarial intent. Keywords : Predictive Battlespace Simulation, Adversary Behavior, Inferred Behavior, Course of Action Analysis

The Fear Survey Schedule-III (FSS-III) was administered to a total of 5491 students in Australia, East Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, and Venezuela, and submitted to the multiple group method of confirmatory analysis (MGM) in order to determine the cross-national dimensional constancy of the five-factor model of self-assessed fears originally established in Dutch, British, and Canadian samples. The model comprises fears of bodily injury-illness-death, agoraphobic fears, social fears, fears of sexual and aggressive scenes, and harmless animals fears. Close correspondence between the factors was demonstrated across national samples. In each country, the corresponding scales were internally consistent, were intercorrelated at magnitudes comparable to those yielded in the original samples, and yielded (in 93% of the total number of 55 comparisons) sex differences in line with the usual finding (higher scores for females). In each country, the relatively largest sex differences were obtained on harmless animals fears. The organization of self-assessed fears is sufficiently similar across nations to warrant the use of the same weight matrix (scoring key) for the FSS-III in the different countries and to make cross-national comparisons feasible. This opens the way to further studies that attempt to predict (on an a priori basis) cross-national variations in fear levels with dimensions of national cultures.

Tapasin mediates the binding of MHC class I molecules to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Deletion mutants of tapasin were used to examine the effect of tapasin on interactions within the MHC class I complex. Binding to TAP is mediated by the C-terminal region of tapasin. Michaelis-Menten analysis of peptide transport shows that this interaction is sufficient to increase TAP levels without significantly affecting the intrinsic translocation rate. Weak interactions exist between MHC class I molecules and TAP in the absence of tapasin, and between free heavy chains and TAP-tapasin complexes in the absence of beta2-microglobulin. The N-terminal 50 residues of tapasin constitute the key element which converts the sum of these weak interactions into a stable complex.

The design criteria used in the development of IR station 13.3 at the Daresbury SRS are reviewed particularly in terms of its principle application to reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). An example of current performance is given in the form of a RAIR spectrum of chlorine atoms adsorbed on Ag (100). The application of the station to infrared microscopy is reviewed and IR spectra from a thin polymer laminate are used to compare performance with that using a conventional infrared source.

Using the sum rules for magnetic X-ray dichroism we obtain trends for the spin—orbit interaction and the z-components of the orbital magnetic moments of Co in Co/Pd multilayers with perpendicular easy axis of magnetization. We found a correlation between the spin magnetic dipole term Tz, which is related to the spin—orbit interaction, and the crystal-field. This is the first experimental evidence that the origin of the perpendicular easy axis of the magnetization in magnetic layers is determined by a fine interplay between the crystal-field and spin—orbit coupling.