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[EN] Trial Design: An interventional, phase 4, single group assignment, without masking (open label), preventive clinical trial was carried out in health workers with biological risk in their tasks, who have been filed as non-responders to conventional vaccination against Hepatitis B. Methods: 67 health workers with biological risk in their tasks, who have been filed as non-responders to conventional vaccination against Hepatitis B, were enrolled in the Clinical Trial. All participants were from 18 years up to 64 years old. Inclusion Criteria: NHS workers -including university students doing their internships in health centres dependent on the National Health System (inclusion of students is regulated and limited by specific instructions on labour prevention in each autonomous community)- classified as non-responders. The criteria defining them as non-responders to the conventional hepatitis B vaccine is anti HBsAb titers < 10 mUI/ml following the application of six doses of conventional vaccine at 20 lg doses (two complete guidelines). The objective of this study was to provide Health workersstaff with an additional protection tool against hepatitis B infection, and to evaluate the efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccine in healthy non-responders to conventional hepatitis B vaccine. The primary outcome was the measurement of antibody antiHBs before the first Fendrix dose and a month after the administration of each dose. Other outcome was collection of adverse effects during administration and all those that could be related to the vaccine and that occur within 30 days after each dose. In this study, only one group was assigned. There was no randomization or masking. Results: The participants were recruited between April 13, 2018 and October 31, 2019. 67 participants were enrolled in the Clinical Trial and included the analyses. The primary immunisation consists of 4 separate 0.5 ml doses of Fendrix , administered at the following schedule: 1 month, 2 months and 6 months from the date of the first dose. Once the positivity was reached in any of the doses, the participant finished the study and was not given the following doses. 68.66% (46 out 67) had a positive response to first dose of Fendrix. 57.14% (12 out 21) had a positive response to second dose of Fendrix . 22.22% (2 out 9) had a positive response to third dose of Fendrix and 42.96% (3 out 7) had a positive response to last dose of Fendrix. Overall, 94.02% (64 out 67) of participants had a positive response to Fendrix . No serious adverse event occurred. Conclusions: The use of Fendrix , is a viable vaccine alternative for NHS workers classified as ‘‘nonresponders”. Revaccination of healthy non-responders with Fendrix, resulted in very high proportions of responders without adverse events. Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Spanish National Trial Register (REEC), ClinicalTrials.gov and inclusion has been stopped (identifier NCT03410953; EudraCT-number 2016-004991-23). Funding: GRS 1360/A/16: Call for aid for the financing of research projects in biomedicine, health management and socio-health care to be developed in the centres of the Regional Health Management of Autonomous Community of Castile-Leon. In addition, this work has been supported by the Spanish Platform for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials, SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), funded by the Subdirectorate General for Research Evaluation and Promotion of the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), through the project PT13/0002/0039 and project PT17/0017/0023 integrated in the State Plan for R&D&I 2013–2016 and co-financed by and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

To analyze possible alterations of thyroid function related to dosimetric values in health care workers exposed to ionizing radiation.Forty-six health care workers exposed to ionizing radiation at a tertiary hospital previously exposed to ionizing radiation were included in the study. Age, sex, history of thyroid diseases, thyroid hormones, work post, service, dosimetric values of previous year, and 5 y period were considered. Alterations of thyroid function and other variables were analyzed by exact logistic regression univariate model.7.1% workers showed an increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone without free T3 or free T4 alteration. A significant relationship between workers with increased thyroid-stimulating hormone and dosimetric values of previous year (odds ratio 6.35, 95% confidence interval 1.20-98.1, p = 0.021) and previous 5 y period of radiation exposure (odds ratio 1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.12-3.34, p = 0.007) was obtained.An increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism related to radiation doses was observed in this pilot study on a group of health care workers exposed to ionizing radiation.

Incidence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is high among health care workers (HCWs). To determine whether MSDs are associated with preexisting anxiety and/or depression, a case-control study was carried out in female HCWs (56 cases/55 controls). Cases were HCWs with a first-time clinical diagnosis of MSD within the previous 2 years. Occupation, workplace, work shift, direct patient assistance, and anxiety/depression scores (Goldberg scale) were assessed. Increased risk of incident MSDs (multivariate logistic regression) was found in workers with preexisting anxiety/depression compared to those without (OR 5.01; 95% CI 2.20-12.05; p < .01). Other significant risk factors were direct patient assistance (OR 2.59; 95% CI 1.03-6.92; p = .04) and morning work shift (OR 2.47; 95% CI 0.99-6.48; p = .05). Preexisting anxiety/depression was associated with incident MSDs in HCWs, adjusting for occupational exposure risk factors.

Twin and family studies have demonstrated that a large part of a population's variance in bone mineral density (BMD) is attributable to genetic factors. A polymorphism in the collagen type I alpha1 (COLIA1) gene has recently been associated with low bone mass and fracture incidence. We analyzed the relationship between COLIA1 gene polymorphism, lumbar spine and hip BMD, and fracture prevalence in a population of 319 postmenopausal women classified by WHO standards, including 98 nonosteoporotic women (NOPW) and 221 osteoporotic postmenopausal women (OPW), divided into 139 osteoporotic women without fracture (OPWnF) and 82 osteoporotic women with fracture (OPWwF). The COLIA1 genotype was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and BalI endonuclease digestion. Genotype frequencies for the total group were 49.2% GG homozygotes, 39.5% GT heterozygotes, and 11.3% TT homozygotes. We found significant differences in the percentage of homozygous TT between NOPW and OPW (6.1% and 13.6%, respectively). Significantly, the occurrence of genotype TT in OPWnF was 6.2%, and 28% in OPWwF. We observed no associations between the COLIA1 genotype and lumbar spine and hip BMD. The prevalence of fractures varied significantly by genotype: GG, 26.1%; GT, 15.9%; and TT, 58.3%. Logistic regression analysis of fracture prevalence showed that, for prevalent fractures, the women with the TT genotype had a 5.9-fold increased risk when compared with the other genotypes (GG + GT). When prevalence was adjusted for age, body mass index, and BMD, the fracture risk was 4.8 for the TT group vs. the genotype GG, whereas it was 0.6 for the GT genotype. In conclusion, we found the COLIA1 Sp1 TT genotype to be associated with an increased fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Interestingly, this genotype-dependent risk could not be explained completely by BMD differences.

Bone loss with aging may be due, at least in part, to inadequate bone formation. Moreover, the process of bone aging is known to follow a different pattern throughout the skeleton. In this study, we examined the cell proliferation rate (area under the cell growth curve, AUC) and the secretion of C-terminal type I procollagen (PICP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OC) in primary cultures of osteoblastic cells from human trabecular bone. Osteoblastic cells were obtained for 168 donors (100 women and 68 men). Ninety-eight bone samples were obtained from subjects undergoing knee arthroplastia, 52 aged 50-70 years (64 +/- 5) and 46 over age 70 (73 +/- 2). Another 70 bone samples were obtained from subjects undergoing hip arthroplastia; 51 were 50-70 years old (64 +/- 4) and 19 were over 70 (75 +/- 5). Osteoblastic cells from the older donors had a lower proliferation rate and OC secretion than those from younger subjects. However, ALP secretion was higher in the former subjects, whereas PICP secretion was unchanged. Osteoblastic cells from hip had a lower proliferation rate than those from knee. PICP secretion was also lower and ALP secretion was higher in the former cells. In age-matched cell cultures, osteoblastic cells from the knee had higher proliferation rate and PICP secretion than osteoblastic cells from the hip. However, ALP secretion was lower in knee osteoblastic cells than those from hip only in the younger group. With aging, ALP secretion was found to increase in knee osteoblactic cells, whereas OC secretion decreased in osteoblastic cell cultures from the hip. Our findings suggest that bone loss with aging may be accounted for, at least in part, by a decreased osteoblastic cell proliferation and an increased osteoblastic maturation. In addition, our data indicate that these changes with aging do not occur similarly at different skeletal sites.

We have studied the direct effects of polyethylene particles on osteoblastic function in primary human bone cell cultures. The cells were obtained from trabecular bone fragments of patients undergoing knee reconstructive surgery. When the cells reached confluency, they were subcultured into two flasks, one untreated (control culture) and the other treated with polyethylene particles, and incubated until confluency. Osteoblastic function was evaluated by assaying osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and C-terminal procollagen type I, with and without 1,25(OH)2D stimulation, in the cell-conditioned medium. We found that addition of polyethylene to these osteoblastic cell cultures induced higher levels of secreted osteocalcin after 1, 25(OH)2D stimulation. Alkaline phosphatase levels increased whereas C-terminal procollagen type I levels decreased in the cell conditioned medium after polyethylene was added to the cultures. Treatment of the control cultures with 1,25(OH)2D stimulated alkaline phosphatase levels and decreased C-terminal procollagen type I. However, these osteoblastic markers in 1,25(OH)2D-treated cells did not change in cultures with polyethylene. This study demonstrates that polyethylene particles have a direct effect on osteoblastic markers in human bone cells in culture.

In this study, we have analyzed the direct effect of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (polyethylene) on the osteoblastic cell growth in primary cultures. The cells were cultured from human bone samples obtained during reconstructive joint surgery. When cell cultures reached confluence (4-6 weeks) they were separated into three subcultures. One subculture was without particle addition (plain culture). In the other two subcultures, polyethylene or alumina was added. Two different sizes of particles were used,80 and160 microm. The subcultures were incubated until confluence. Proliferation of each subculture was measured by cell counts after 3, 6, 9 and 13 days, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Polyethylene particles of160 microm induced a decrease in growth, whereas alumina of the same size did not. Polyethylene and alumina particles of80 microm induced an inhibition in the osteoblastic cell growth;80 microm polyethylene induced a higher inhibition than alumina of the same particle size. In conclusion, we have observed a direct effect of polyethylene on osteoblastic cell growth. This study shows that polyethylene may decrease the growth rate of human osteoblastic cells in primary cultures. Smaller particles produce a more marked reduction.

Objectives To evaluate calcidiol serum levels in a group of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPO) patients and the effect of oral calcidiol treatment on serum levels and peritoneal losses. Study design Twenty patients (13 female, 7 male) were studied for 12 –60 months. Their ages ranged 22 72 years (mean 46±15). Serum calcidiol, total protein and urea were determined at baseline and after the administration per os of 0.133 mcg/day of calcidiol for 10 days. At the same time, calcidiol and total protein were measured in peritoneal effluent at baseline and at 5,10, and 40 days after starting this treatment. Results A significant and direct correlation between the calcidiol dialysis/plasma ratio and the peritoneal protein losses was found, both before and 40 days after calcidiol administration when calcidiol serum levels were the lowest. As calcidiol serum levels rose to the normal range in the course of the study, peritoneal losses of this metabolite increased slightly and correlated with calcidiol serum levels and urea mass transfer coefficient (MTC); the significant correlation between calcidiol serum levels and peritoneal protein losses disappeared. Conclusions When serum calcidiol levels are low, calcidiol peritoneal losses in patients on CAPO correlate with protein peritoneal losses. However, when serum calcidiollevels rise, the calcidiol peritoneal losses correlate with calcidiol serum levels and urea MTC, and not with protein peritoneal losses.

Vitamin D deficiency has been frequently observed in the elderly population in Europe. However few information is available about the vitamin D status in postmenopausal women in the Mediterranean countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D status assessed by serum 25(OH)D3 (calcidiol) in postmenopausal women who attended a Rheumatology practice in Madrid area, and to evaluate calcidiol serum levels through one year after two forms of vitamin D administration.Calcidiol serum levels were measured in 171 postmenopausal women (111 with osteoporosis and 60 without osteoporosis). 82 women with calcidiol serum levels10 ng/ml were distributed in two groups: Group I received 800 U/day of vitamin D3 associated with calcium (1 g/day) and group II, one dose of 80,000 U vitamin D orally as calcidiol and latter a daily dose of 800 U vitamin D3 plus 1 g calcium. Calcidiol serum levels were measured by RIA in both groups at basal condition and after three, six and twelve months under treatment.Three cut-offs were considered: 10, 15 and 20 ng/ml of calcidiol. Percentages of postmenopausal women with vitamin D deficiency for such cut-offs were: 35.3%, 64.1% and 87.1%, respectively. After three months of treatment, women from group II showed calcidiol serum levels higher than group I. At six and twelve months calcidiol serum levels were similar in both groups.A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was observed in a group of postmenopausal women who attended a rheumatology practice in Madrid area. Both forms of vitamin D administration seem not sufficient to maintain the adequate calcidiol serum levels in postmenopausal deficient women. A dose of 80,000 U of calcidiol twice a year should be considered.

We evaluated urinary excretion of free pyridinoline (PYD)-deoxypyridinoline (DPD) by an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, free and total PYD by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), free DPD by ELISA, chemiluminiscent immunoassay (CLEIA) and HPLC, total DPD by HPLC, and N-telopeptides (NTX) and C-telopeptides (CTX) by ELISA in 234 women distributed into three groups: 43 healthy young women (aged 26.2 +/- 2.5 years), 56 control postmenopausal women (aged 55.9 +/- 4.5 years) and 133 untreated osteoporotic women (aged 55.1 +/- 4.0 years). The control postmenopausal women had increased values of all markers considered, except NTX, compared with healthy young women. The osteoporotic postmenopausal women had significantly increased values compared with control postmenopausal women for free DPD by HPLC and free DPD by ELISA or CLEIA. HPLC, ELISA and CLEIA showed adequate correlation to measure free PYD and DPD. Control postmenopausal women had significantly decreased values of the fraction of free PYD and DPD (48.4% and 32.0%, respectively), as did the osteoporotic postmenopausal women (48.0% and 46.1%), compared with healthy young women (55.3% and 57.0%). We found a significant negative correlation comparing age with fraction of free PYD and DPD, but a positive correlation with total PYD and DPD, considering or not the osteoporotic postmenopausal women. T-score and Z-score values derived from healthy young women and control postmenopausal women for PYD, DPD, NTX and CTX measured by immunoassays were calculated to detect changes in bone turnover, DPD by ELISA or CLEIA showing the highest Z-score. The sensitivity and specificity of the different assays were evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. With a specificity of 90% the sensitivity of the markers considered was low (from 33% for DPD by CLEIA to 11% for PYD-DPD by ELISA), but increased considerably with a specificity of 75%. In conclusion, urinary pyridinium crosslink derivatives increase with age and after the menopause, and rise slightly in women with osteoporosis, there being a negative correlation among age and the fraction of free PYD and DPD of the total urinary excretion. Among the resorption markers most often available in clinical laboratories, free DPD by ELISA or CLEIA was the best at discriminating osteoporotic postmenopausal women from aged-matched control postmenopausal women.

Age-related bone loss may be a consequence of a lack of osteoblastic formation and/or function. In vitro, the osteoblastic response to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , an important regulator of osteoblastic function, appears to depend on the stage of osteoblastic maturation. In this study, we examined the response to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 of C-terminal type I procollagen (PICP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OC) secretion in primary cultures of osteoblastic cells from human trabecular bone (hOB). Forty-four bone samples were obtained from subjects undergoing knee arthroplastia, 20 aged 50–70 (64 ± 5), and 24 >70 (73 ± 2) years. Another 33 bone samples were obtained from subjects undergoing hip arthroplastia, 21 were aged 50–70 (64 ± 4) and 12 >70 (75 ± 5) years. Pooling knee and hip hOB cell cultures, we found that PICP secretion decreased after 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in hOB cells from the older group (>70 years). Treatment with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 increased ALP secretion in these cells only in the younger group (50–70 years), whereas it increased OC secretion in hOB cells in both age groups. By pooling hOB cell cultures from both age groups we found that knee hOB cells increased OC secretion, and decreased PICP secretion, after 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . This metabolite also increased OC secretion in hip hOB cells. Considering the influence of donor age at the same skeletal site, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 was found to stimulate ALP secretion only in knee hOB cells in the younger group. In contrast, this metabolite decreased ALP secretion in hip hOB cells in the older group. PICP secretion decreased after 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 only in hOB cells in the older group, at both skeletal sites. In age-matched cultures, OC secretion was lower in hip hOB cells compared with those from the knee in the older group, but was similar in these cell cultures from both skeletal sites in the younger group. OC secretion after 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 stimulation did not show age differences in knee hOB cells, but was lower in hip hOB in the older group. In summary, our results demonstrate that the response of various osteoblastic markers to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in primary cultures of hOB cells depends on the donor age and skeletal site of origin.

Vitamin D appears to be implicated in the loss of bone mass and its most severe complication is the hip fracture. A change is produced in the metabolism of vitamin D in elderly people although its study has received little attention in many countries.With the aim of evaluating vitamin D and its metabolites in the elderly people with hip fracture in our geographic environment (Madrid, Spain), 58 patients with hip fracture over the age of 70, and 39 subjects without a fracture or the similar age were studied. Both groups were evaluated during the season of minimum solar irradiation. The plasma concentrations of intact PTH and the serum concentrations of calcidiol and calcitriol were studied in all the patients.The patients with hip fracture presented significantly lower concentrations of calcidiol (11.7 +/- 6.4 vs. 18.4 +/- 12.7 nmol/l) and calcitriol (60.1 +/- 24.7 vs. 76.1 +/- 25.0 pmol/l) than in elderly persons without fracture, with similar PTH values being observed in both groups (4.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 5.1 +/- 2.3 pmol/l).Although Madrid, Spain is considered to be a geographical area of high solar irradiation, the elderly population studied presented a vitamin D deficiency which was found to be greater in those with hip fracture.

To evaluate calcidiol serum levels in a group of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and the effect of oral calcidiol treatment on serum levels and peritoneal losses.Twenty patients (13 female, 7 male) were studied for 12-60 months. Their ages ranged 22-72 years (mean 46 +/- 15). Serum calcidiol, total protein and urea were determined at baseline and after the administration per os of 0.133 mcg/day of calcidiol for 10 days. At the same time, calcidiol and total protein were measured in peritoneal effluent at baseline and at 5, 10, and 40 days after starting this treatment.A significant and direct correlation between the calcidiol dialysis/plasma ratio and the peritoneal protein losses was found, both before and 40 days after calcidiol administration when calcidiol serum levels were the lowest. As calcidiol serum levels rose to the normal range in the course of the study, peritoneal losses of this metabolite increased slightly and correlated with calcidiol serum levels and urea mass transfer coefficient (MTC); the significant correlation between calcidiol serum levels and peritoneal protein losses disappeared.When serum calcidiol levels are low, calcidiol peritoneal losses in patients on CAPD correlate with protein peritoneal losses. However, when serum calcidiol levels rise, the calcidiol peritoneal losses correlate with calcidiol serum levels and urea MTC, and not with protein peritoneal losses.

The relationship between vitamin D and bone density was studied in 150 selected, mature (45-74), postmenopausal women with a lumbar spine Z score below 0. Vitamin D status was evaluated using calcidiol serum levels. Serum calcitriol and parathyroid hormone (PTH) values were also evaluated in some subjects. Bone mass was evaluated by ascertaining bone density and Z and T scores in the lumbar spine and femur region. The reference group consisted of 25 premenopausal women. The postmenopausal group was divided into subgroups according to age, i.e., under or over 60 years old. Additionally, the whole group was also subdivided according to their lumbar spine Z scores into group I (Z-1), group II (Z-1;-2), and group III (Z-2). Group III of postmenopausal women had higher PTH and lower calcitriol levels than premenopausal women. Calcidiol serum levels were lower in postmenopausal women groups II or III than in the group I and premenopausal women. Calcidiol serum levels and the bone mass values for the lumbar spine were correlated positively in all the postmenopausal women; in the women over 60 years of age, calcidiol levels also correlated with the bone mass values expressed as the bone density in three femur regions: femoral neck, trocanter, and Ward's triangle. In conclusion, mature post-menopausal woman showed high PTH levels and low calcidiol and calcitriol values. Calcidiol status is significantly related to bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and in women over 60 years, calcidiol levels also correlated with bone density in the femur regions.

Microalbuminuria has been shown to be important for the diagnosis and prognosis of glomerular nephropathy. A few studies in normal healthy children were performed. The concentration of albumin was determined in 171 samples of the first morning urine by an immunoturbidimetric method. Microalbumin/creatinine ratio values were 4.07 +/- 0.11 mg/mmol, 1.16 +/- 0.10 mg/mmol and 0.88 +/- 0.11 mg/mmol in children of ages 4 days-1 year, 1-7 years and 7-15 years, respectively. We found a negative inverse correlation (r = 0.31; p0.05) between age and microalbumin/creatinine ratio.