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An edible film serves to protect and improve food quality. One of the ingredients that can be used is pectin. However, edible films made from pectin have fragile mechanical properties, so snakefruit peel is added as a filler to improve mechanical properties. Edible films were prepared with concentrations from 0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 6% (wt), pectin, glycerol (C3H8O3), calcium hloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) and Tween 80. It was stirred with magnetic stirrer, printed and dried in an oven to test the properties. As a result, the addition of snakefruit peel affected the thickness, swelling, degradation and antimicrobial. The thickness obtained is between 0.024 mm - 0.0172 mm. The swelling results obtained ranged from 0.0409 - 0.0137. The best degradation results were obtained on day 5th, with varying concentrations of 6% snakefruit peel. The results of the study on antimicrobial activity showed that maximal inhibition with varying concentrations of 6% snakefruit peel with an inhibition zone of 20.8 mm.

This study aims to determine the effect of nanocrystalline cellulose and potassium chloride (KCl) to bioplastics from avocado seed starch and glycerol as plasticizer. In this study, nanocrystal cellulose obtained from palm fruit fiber was hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at a concentration of 50%. The starch used in this study was obtained from the avocado seed extraction process. On producing bioplastic, the casting method was used with the addition of nanocrystal cellulose as filler of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (%w), KCl as dispersing agent of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (%w), and glycerol as plasticizer by 30 (%w). Based on the density test, the optimum value was obtained at 2% of nanocrystal cellulose and 2% of KCl with the value around 0.041 gram/cm3. The best water absorption values were 57.1% and 53.8% which obtained at 2% of nanocrystal cellulose and 1% of KCl. Scanning Electron Microscope test results showed uniformly distributed nanocrystal cellulose granules filling the surface of the bioplastic. The addition of KCl as dispersion agent give a good impact.

The characteristics of activated zeolite were evaluated using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Detector Dispersive (SEM-EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Zeolite was activated by hydrolysis method using 2 M HCl solution. Zeolite is a mineral contain an alumina silicate with porous structure. The existing pores will be maximized by applying the activation process. The purpose of this study is to obtain a comparison of the characteristics of zeolite with and without activation. Functional group characteristics obtained from FTIR have shown the intensity of some groups decreases due to the impurities of the missing metals. The morphological characteristics using SEM-EDS showed the surface morphological differences between silica without and with activation, where the surface of the silica activated showed a clearer pores. Furthermore, characterization using XRD has shown an increase in the degree of crystallinity of zeolite.

Biocomposite can be synthesized from biopolymer materials such as pectin. Pectin can be obtained from extraction process of orange peel waste. Orange peel waste is an agricultural waste which contains 42.5% pectin. The higher of pectin contents on orange peel waste can be used as matrix to increase the gelling, biodegradability tensile and physical properties based on starch biocomposite. The aim of this research is to find out the effect of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and glycerol additions based on pectin-starch biocomposite. Casting solution method was used to produce pectin-starch biocomposite, with the variation amounts of 1-4 wt% nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and 10-40 wt% glycerol as plasticizer. The characteristics of biocomposite such as fourier transform infrared (FTIR), density, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found from fourier transform infrared (FTIR) that there are slightly sharper peaks of hydroxyl group (O-H) stretching, carbonyl group (C=O) and C-O-H group by the addition of NCC and glycerol. The optimum result of density was obtained at 2 wt% of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and 30 wt% of glycerol content. The addition of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) would decrease the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), but the higher of glycerol content, the higher of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of biocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a good dispersion of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) in the pectin-starch matrix. It was caused that pectin would act as compatibilizer to help glycerol on increasing physical interaction between pectin, starch and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).

The value of rattan biomass as bio waste can be improved by utilizing and recycling these bio waste for the production of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). To achieve this aim, these research prepared nanocrystalline cellulose from rattan biomass by using sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The samples were designated as follows: NCC50 from a 50% acid concentration, NCC55 from a 55% acid concentration, NCC60 from a 60% acid concentration and NCC65 from a 65% acid concentration of sulfuric acid. The results indicated that the yield of the nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was 43% under the optimum conditions of 60% of sulfuric acid concentration. The functional groups and crystallinity index of nanocrystalline celluloses (NCCs) were showed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR shows that nanocrystalline celluloses (NCCs) have the typical chemical structure of cellulose. X-ray diffraction indicates that crystallinity index was increased by sulfuric acid addition until 60% sulfuric acid addition with the amount of 87.94%.

Cellulose has potential applications in new high-performance materials with low environmental impact. Rattan biomass is a fiber waste from processing industry of rattan which contains 37,6% cellulose. The high cellulose contents of rattan biomass make it a source of cellulose nanocrystals as a filler in biocomposite. Isolation of alpha cellulose from biomass rattan was prepared by using three stages: delignification, alkalization, and bleaching. It was delignificated with 3,5% HNO3 and NaNO2, precipitated with 17,5% NaOH, bleaching process with 10% H2O2. Nanocrystals obtained through the hydrolysis of alpha cellulose using 45% H2SO4 and followed by mechanical processes of ultrasonication, centrifugation, and filtration with a dialysis membrane. Sago starch biocomposites were prepared using a solution casting method, which includes 1–4 wt % cellulose nanocrystals rattan biomass as fillers, 10-40 wt% citric acid as co-plasticizer and 30 wt% glycerol as plasticizer. The results of TEM and FTIR characteristic of cellulose nanocrystals show spherical like shape FTIR and chemical composition analysis demonstrated that lignin and hemicellulose structures were successfully removed. Biocomposite characteristic consists of density and water absorption. The results showed the highest density values were 0,266 gram/cm3 obtained at an additional of 3% cellulose nanocrystals rattan biomass and 30% citric acid. The lowest water absorption was 7,893% obtained at an additional of 4% cellulose nanocrystals rattan biomass and 10% citric acid.

Biocomposite containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from rattan biomass as fillers and citric acid as co-plasticizer. Rattan biomass is a fiber waste from processing industry of rattan which contains 37.6% cellulose. Isolation of alpha cellulose from rattan biomass was prepared by using three stages: delignification, alkalization, and bleaching. It was delignificated with 3.5% HNO3 and NaNO2, precipitated with 17.5% NaOH, bleaching process with 10% H2O2. The preparation of CNC includes acid hydrolysis using 45% H2SO4 and followed by mechanical processes of ultrasonication, centrifugation, and filtration with a dialysis membrane. Biocomposite was prepared using a solution casting method, which includes 1–4 wt % CNC as fillers, 10-40 wt% citric acid as co-plasticizer and 30 wt% glycerol as plasticizer. The results of TGA, SEM and XRD characteristic of CNC show that CNC has low residue mass, rod like and network like shape with crystallinity index 84.46%. Biocomposite characteristic consists of SEM, tensile strength and elongation at break. The resultshows that biocomposites by addition of CNC and citric acid have a smooth surface and homogeneous distribution of fillers. The tensile strength of biocomposites was increased by addition CNC and citric acid. The addition of CNC decreases the elongation at break but by addition of citric acid, the elongation at break was increased.