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Purpose: We retrospectively evaluated the association between postoperative pre-radiotherapy tumour burden and overall survival (OS) adjusted for the prognostic value of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with radio-/chemotherapy with temozolomide. Materials and methods: Patients were included from the CENTRIC (EORTC 26071-22072) and CORE trials if postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans were available within a timeframe of up to 4 weeks before radiotherapy, including both pre- and post-contrast T1w images and at least one T2w sequence (T2w or T2w-FLAIR). Postoperative (residual) pre-radiotherapy contrast-enhanced tumour (CET) volumes and non-enhanced T2w abnormalities (NT2A) tissue volumes were obtained by three-dimensional segmentation. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan Meier estimates were used to assess the association of pre-radiotherapy CET/NT2A volume with OS adjusted for known prognostic factors (age, performance status, MGMT status). Results: 408 tumour (of which 270 MGMT methylated) segmentations were included. Median OS in patients with MGMT methylated tumours was 117 weeks versus 61 weeks in MGMT unmethylated tumours (p < 0.001). When stratified for MGMT methylation status, higher CET volume (HR 1.020; 95% confidence interval CI [1.013–1.027]; p < 0.001) and older age (HR 1.664; 95% CI [1.214–2.281]; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with shorter OS while NT2A volume and performance status were not. Conclusion: Pre-radiotherapy CET volume was strongly associated with OS in patients receiving radio-/chemotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma stratified by MGMT promoter methylation status.

Purpose To investigate the incidence of postoperative hypotony, and risk factors for the development of hypotony in eyes who had undergone XEN Gel Stent implantation. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre case series, medical records of 170 consecutive eyes who had undergone XEN Gel Stent implantation with or without simultaneous phacoemulsification for primary or secondary open angle glaucoma were analysed. Primary outcome parameters were the incidence of postoperative hypotony and potential risk factors for its development, and secondary parameters were pre- and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and number of IOP-lowering eye drops. Results Postoperative hypotony ≤ 6 mmHg occurred in 57% of eyes. Hypotony was without complications in 70.1%, 13.4% had transient complications with spontaneous resolution, and 16.5% had complications requiring treatment. Mean visual acuity logMAR before surgery accounted for 0.47 ± 0.46 in all eyes and 0.47 ± 0.48 at the 4-week visit. There was no significant difference of BCVA in the group of eyes with and without postoperative hypotony before and after surgery. The mean IOP before surgery was 24.6 ± 8.4 mmHg and decreased significantly to 18.4 ± 10.2 after 4 weeks. Eyes with an axial length over 24.3 mm had a threefold increased risk for postoperative hypotony (OR 3.226, 95% confidence interval 1.121–9.279). This risk was decreased in eyes with simultaneous cataract surgery (OR 0.483, 95% confidence interval 0.258–0.903). Conclusion In our sample, postoperative hypotony was a common complication after XEN Gel Stent implantation, but serious, persistent complications were rare. A longer axial length predisposes the eye for the development of hypotony.

Background: Endovascular treatment (ET) is standard of care in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion, but data on ET in young patients remain limited. Aim: We aim to compare outcomes for young stroke patients undergoing ET in a matched cohort. Methods: We analyzed patients from an observational multicenter cohort with acute ischemic stroke and ET, the German Stroke Registry—Endovascular Treatment trial. Baseline characteristics, procedural parameters, and functional outcome at 90 days were compared between young (Results: Out of 6628 acute ischemic stroke patients treated with ET, 363 (5.5%) were young. Young patients differed with regard to prognostic outcome characteristics. Specifically, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission was lower (median 13, interquartile range (IQR) 8–17 vs. 15, IQR 9–19, p Conclusion: Young stroke patients undergoing ET have better outcomes compared to older patients, even when matched for prestroke condition, comorbidities, and stroke severity. Hence, more liberal guidelines to perform ET for younger patients may have to be established by future studies.

Zusammenfassung(Peri)orbitale Infektionen umfassen ein weites Spektrum vom klinisch häufigen Hordeolum bis zur seltenen, aber bedrohlichen nekrotisierenden Fasziitis. Im ophthalmopathologischen Labor machen diese Entitäten dennoch einen relativ kleinen Anteil der Diagnosen aus, was vor allem daran liegt, dass (peri)orbitale Infektionen i. d. R. klinisch – ggf. mit Unterstützung der Radiologie und Mikrobiologie – diagnostiziert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird exemplarisch an einigen Diagnosen die Rolle der ophthalmopathologischen Diagnostik bei (peri)orbitalen Infektionen aufgezeigt. Das infektiöse Hordeolum sollte vom nicht infektiösen Chalazion differenziert werden. Hinter einer nodulären Lidverdickung, die als Chalazion eingeordnet und behandelt wird, kann sich eine maligne Neoplasie verbergen. Die Kanalikulitis wird klinisch häufig erst verzögert korrekt diagnostiziert und behandelt. Histologisch können hier sowohl der Erreger Actinomyces als auch Dakryolithen dargestellt werden. Die nekrotisierende Fasziitis ist eine fulminant verlaufende Infektion der Faszien und kann zu Nekrosen und reduziertem Allgemeinzustand bis hin zu Sepsis und Tod führen. Im Rahmen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie kam es vor allem in Indien gehäuft zu Mukormykose-Fällen. Diese Superinfektion wird durch Immunsuppression und Steroideinsatz begünstigt. Histologisch ist die Mukormykose durch eine Infiltration der Gefäßwände durch die Schimmelpilze gekennzeichnet. Die Ophthalmopathologie kann zur Diagnostik und dem Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankungen beitragen.

The precisions of existing gravitational calibrators for gravitational wave observatories are limited by their dependence on the relative position between the calibrators and the observatory's test masses. Here we present a novel geometry consisting of four quadrupole rotors placed at the vertices of a rectangle centered on the test mass. The phases and rotation directions are selected to produce a pseudo plane-wave sinusoidal gravitational acceleration with amplitude of ~ 100 fm/s^2. We show that this acceleration only has minimal dependence on the test mass position relative to the rotor array and can yield 0.15% acceleration amplitude uncertainty while tolerating a 1-cm test mass position uncertainty. The acceleration can be directed precisely along the optical axis of the interferometer arm and applies no torque on the test mass. In addition, the small size of the rotors has significant engineering and safety benefits.

Equal compensation across assets for the same risk exposures is a bedrock of asset pricing theory and empirics. Yet real-world frictions can violate this equality and create apparently high Sharpe ratio opportunities. We develop new methods for asset pricing with cross-sectional heterogeneity in compensation for risk. We extend k-means clustering to group assets by risk prices and introduce a formal test for whether differences in risk premiums across market segments are too large to occur by chance. We find significant evidence of cross-sectional variation in risk prices for almost all combinations of test assets, factor models, and time periods considered.

An end-fire dielectric rod antenna is proposed as a heating device for integration with an array of electroporation electrodes in order to enable efficient delivery of DNA into the cells that comprise subcutaneous tumors. A 5-7 °C temperature elevation of tumors that are located near the fat-muscle boundary and 3-7 mm below the skin surface can be achieved in a short period of time without damaging surrounding tissues. This capability is demonstrated through a combination of a directional antenna applicator operating at 8 GHz, and utilization of forced air cooling of the outer surface (skin layer). The directionality of the antenna is improved by cladding its high permittivity core with 3D printed, low permittivity dielectric material. Experimental data using a pork skin-fat-muscle tissue show that the desired temperature elevation at the tumor location is obtained after 2.5 W RF illumination for 3 minutes, which is in good agreement with electro-thermal simulations. With the addition of realistic human body model parameters to the same simulation setup, the results indicate that tumors can be uniformly heated with 3 minutes of illumination at 2.5 W input power while keeping the surrounding healthy tissues at a safe temperature.

In this article, the first W-band laser-enhanced direct print additive manufacturing (LE-DPAM) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) chip-carrier assembly is demonstrated. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is 3-D printed using fused deposition modeling to form substrate layers, and DuPont CB028 conductive paste is microdispensed to form transmission lines and on-chip interconnects. These processes are combined with picosecond-pulsed laser micromachining using two wavelengths in the infrared (IR) (1064 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (355 nm) regions to create features as small as 5 μm for printed layers with a high 6:1 aspect ratio and to improve the effective conductivity of the printed traces. The laser machining process is also adopted to fabricate vertical interconnections (vias) over multilayer substrates while also suppressing higher order modes. Four different dc-to-110-GHz transmission-line configurations have been investigated, including a coplanar waveguide (CPW), a grounded CPW (GCPW), a novel multilayer CPW-microstrip transition, and a GCPW-microstrip transition with attenuation 10 dB. This process is extended to embed a W-band MMIC low-noise amplifier (LNA) die inside a laser-machined cavity with a carrier-chip gap less than 5 μm. Also, RF/dc interconnects were microdispensed to connect the transmission lines on the substrate and MMIC die. Chip-to-board transition loss as low as 0.03 dB per interconnect with return loss >7.5 dB was achieved with performance that is comparable to that of the probed MMIC die. The MMIC chip-carrier assembly provides a low-cost, versatile yet simple on-demand laser-enhanced additive manufacturing process to package a wideband MMIC die using a single automated LE-DPAM platform.

Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and other 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing pseudomonads of the P. fluorescens complex possess both biocontrol and growth-promoting properties and play an important role in suppression of take-all of wheat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. However, P. brassicacearum can also reduce seed germination and cause root necrosis on some wheat cultivars. We evaluated the effect of Q8r1-96 and DAPG on the germination of 69 wheat cultivars that have been or currently are grown in the PNW. Cultivars varied widely in their ability to tolerate P. brassicacearum or DAPG. The frequency of germination of the cultivars ranged from 0 to 0.87 and 0.47 to 0.90 when treated with Q8r1-96 and DAPG, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of germination of cultivars treated with Q8r1-96 in assays conducted in vitro and in the greenhouse. The correlation was greater for spring than for winter cultivars. In contrast, the effect of Q8r1-96 on seed germination was not correlated with that of DAPG alone, suggesting that DAPG is not the only factor responsible for the phytotoxicity of Q8r1-96. Three wheat cultivars with the greatest tolerance and three cultivars with the least tolerance to Q8r1-96 were tested for their ability to support root colonization by strain Q8r1-96. Cultivars with the greatest tolerance supported significantly greater populations of strain Q8r1-96 than those with the least tolerance to the bacteria. Our results show that wheat cultivars differ widely in their interaction with P. brassicacearum and the biocontrol antibiotic DAPG.

The Cenozoic Himalaya-Tibet orogen is generally regarded as the archetypal continental collision zone and is often used as an analogue for interpreting ancient orogenic events. However, given the wide diversity observed in present-day collisional mountain belts, the extent to which such inferences can be made remains debated. In this Review, we compare the metamorphic and magmatic record of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen to four ancient orogens — the Palaeozoic Caledonian orogen, the Meso-Neoproterozoic Grenville and Sveconorwegian orogens, and the Palaeoproterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen — to establish the controls on the underlying dynamics and the nature of the resulting rock record. The similarities in rock records, and, thus, thermal conditions, are interpreted to result from comparable foreland strengths, resulting in similar maximum crustal thicknesses. Apparent differences in the records are mainly attributed to variation in exposed structural level rather than fundamentally different tectonic processes. We, therefore, suggest that foreland rheology is a critical factor in determining the effectiveness of orogen comparisons. Future research is required to investigate the causes and consequences of lateral variability in mountain belts, in particular, focussing on the record of orogens smaller than those considered here, and to understand if and why mountain building processes have varied through Earth history. The links between modern collisional mountain belts and those preserved in the geological record are debated. This Review compares the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen with four ancient mountain belts and uses their similarities and differences to investigate the factors that control mountain building.

Nematodes feed mainly on bacteria and sense volatile signals through their chemosensory system to distinguish food from pathogens. Although nematodes recognizing bacteria by volatile metabolites are ubiquitous, little is known of the associated molecular mechanism. Here, we show that the antinematode bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 exhibits an attractive effect on Caenorhabditis elegans via volatile metabolites, of which furfural acetone (FAc) acts as a broad-spectrum nematode attractant. We show that the attractive response toward FAc requires both the G-protein-coupled receptors STR-2 in AWC neurons and SRA-13 in AWA and AWC neurons. In the downstream olfactory signaling cascades, both the transient receptor potential vanilloid channel and the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel are necessary for FAc sensation. These results indicate that multiple receptors and subsequent signaling cascades contribute to the attractive response of C. elegans to FAc, and FAc is the first reported ligand of SRA-13. Our current work discovers that P. polymyxa KM2501-1 exhibits an attractive effect on nematodes by secreting volatile metabolites, especially FAc and 2-heptanone, broadening our understanding of the interactions between bacterial pathogens and nematodes.

Physical chemistry, chemical physics 24(44), 27121 - 27127 (2022). doi:10.1039/D2CP02408J special issue: "Ions, electrons, coincidences and dynamics: Festschrift for John H.D. Eland", During the last decade, X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have enabled the study of light–matter interaction under extreme conditions. Atoms which are subject to XFEL radiation are charged by a complex interplay of (several subsequent) photoionization events and electronic decay processes within a few femtoseconds. The interaction with molecules is even more intriguing, since intricate nuclear dynamics occur as the molecules start to dissociate during the charge-up process. Here, we demonstrate that by analyzing photoelectron angular emission distributions and kinetic energy release of charge states of ionic molecular fragments, we can obtain a detailed understanding of the charge-up and fragmentation dynamics. Our novel approach allows for gathering such information without the need of complex ab initio modeling. As an example, we provide a detailed view on the processes happening on a femtosecond time scale in oxygen molecules exposed to intense XFEL pulses., Published by RSC Publ., Cambridge

Our research sought to explore post-traumatic growth experience among Chinese women with breast cancer. Constructivist grounded theory methodology was utilised to understand Chinese women’s post-tr...

Meloidogyne incognita causes large-scale losses of agricultural crops worldwide. The natural metabolite furfural acetone has been reported to attract and kill M. incognita, but whether the attractant and nematicidal activities of furfural acetone on M. incognita function simultaneously in the same system, especially in three-dimensional spaces or in soil, is still unknown. Here, we used 23% Pluronic F-127 gel and a soil simulation device to demonstrate that furfural acetone has a significant attract-and-kill effect on M. incognita in both three-dimensional model systems. At 24 h, the chemotaxis index and the corrected mortality of nematodes exposed to 60 mg/ml of furfural acetone in 23% Pluronic F-127 gel were as high as 0.82 and 74.44%, respectively. Soil simulation experiments in moist sand showed that at 48 h, the chemotaxis index and the corrected mortality of the nematode toward furfural acetone reached 0.63 and 82.12%, respectively, and the effect persisted in the presence of tomato plants. In choice experiments, nematodes selected furfural acetone over plant roots and were subsequently killed. In pot studies, furfural acetone had a control rate of 82.80% against M. incognita. Collectively, these results provide compelling evidence for further investigation of furfural acetone as a novel nematode control agent.

Background Transition to practice can be exceedingly stressful for newly qualified nurses as they grapple with the “reality shock” of everyday practice as an RN. Transition to practice programs were implemented as a support strategy to ease the transition from student to RN and are designed to increase graduates' confidence and competence, improve their professional adjustment, and increase their retention. Method This rapid review was framed by the Cochrane Methods Rapid Review, supported by the PRISMA statement checklist, aiming to identify and describe the benefits of transition to practice programs for newly graduated RNs and their impact on workforce retention. Results The literature revealed that mixed evidence exists regarding the value and benefits of graduate nurse transition programs to both the graduate and the health service. Conclusion There are multiple inconsistencies across clinical settings, organizations, and preceptor-ship/mentoring training, among others, particularly in relation to duration of the program and the amount of formalized contact/study days. [ J Contin Educ Nurs . 2022;53(10):442–450.]

(Peri)orbital infections comprise a multitude of diagnoses, ranging from common hordeolum to rare but life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis. However, these disease entities are rarely diagnosed by an ophthalmic pathologist because (peri)orbital infections are usually diagnosed clinically, with the help of imaging and microbiological techniques when indicated. In this review article, the role of ophthalmopathology in the diagnosis of (peri)orbital infections is illustrated on the basis of several exemple diagnoses. An infectious hordeolum must be distinguished from a noninfectious chalazion. A nodular thickening of the eyelid, which is diagnosed and treated as a chalazion, can hide a malignant neoplasia. The correct diagnosis and treatment of canaliculitis is often delayed. In this context the most common causative organism, Actinomyces, can be depicted histologically, as can lacrimal stones/dacryoliths. Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly worsening infection of the fascia, which can lead to necrosis, sepsis, and death. During the Sars-CoV2 pandemic, an increased incidence of mucormycosis cases was observed, especially in India. This superinfection was facilitated by the widespread use of steroids and immunosuppression. Histologically, it is possible to visualize infiltration of vessel walls by the fungus. Ophthalmopathology contributes to the diagnosis and to understanding the pathophysiology of these diseases.(Peri)orbitale Infektionen umfassen ein weites Spektrum vom klinisch häufigen Hordeolum bis zur seltenen, aber bedrohlichen nekrotisierenden Fasziitis. Im ophthalmopathologischen Labor machen diese Entitäten dennoch einen relativ kleinen Anteil der Diagnosen aus, was vor allem daran liegt, dass (peri)orbitale Infektionen i. d. R. klinisch – ggf. mit Unterstützung der Radiologie und Mikrobiologie – diagnostiziert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird exemplarisch an einigen Diagnosen die Rolle der ophthalmopathologischen Diagnostik bei (peri)orbitalen Infektionen aufgezeigt. Das infektiöse Hordeolum sollte vom nicht infektiösen Chalazion differenziert werden. Hinter einer nodulären Lidverdickung, die als Chalazion eingeordnet und behandelt wird, kann sich eine maligne Neoplasie verbergen. Die Kanalikulitis wird klinisch häufig erst verzögert korrekt diagnostiziert und behandelt. Histologisch können hier sowohl der Erreger Actinomyces als auch Dakryolithen dargestellt werden. Die nekrotisierende Fasziitis ist eine fulminant verlaufende Infektion der Faszien und kann zu Nekrosen und reduziertem Allgemeinzustand bis hin zu Sepsis und Tod führen. Im Rahmen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie kam es vor allem in Indien gehäuft zu Mukormykose-Fällen. Diese Superinfektion wird durch Immunsuppression und Steroideinsatz begünstigt. Histologisch ist die Mukormykose durch eine Infiltration der Gefäßwände durch die Schimmelpilze gekennzeichnet. Die Ophthalmopathologie kann zur Diagnostik und dem Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankungen beitragen.

Background Survival in patients with IDH1/2-mutant (mt) anaplastic astrocytomas is highly variable. We have used the prospective phase 3 CATNON trial to identify molecular factors related to outcome in IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytoma patients. Methods The CATNON trial randomized 751 adult patients with newly diagnosed 1p/19q non-codeleted anaplastic glioma to 59.4 Gy radiotherapy +/− concurrent and/or adjuvant temozolomide. The presence of necrosis and/or microvascular proliferation was scored at central pathology review. Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays were used for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and the determination of copy number variations (CNV). Two DNA methylation-based tumor classifiers were used for risk stratification. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed using 1 of the 2 glioma-tailored NGS panels. The primary endpoint was overall survival measured from the date of randomization. Results Full analysis (genome-wide DNA methylation and NGS) was successfully performed on 654 tumors. Of these, 432 tumors were IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytomas. Both epigenetic classifiers identified poor prognosis patients that partially overlapped. A predictive prognostic Cox proportional hazard model identified that independent prognostic factors for IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytoma patients included; age, mini-mental state examination score, treatment with concurrent and/or adjuvant temozolomide, the epigenetic classifiers, PDGFRA amplification, CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion, PI3K mutations, and total CNV load. Independent recursive partitioning analysis highlights the importance of these factors for patient prognostication. Conclusion Both clinical and molecular factors identify IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytoma patients with worse outcome. These results will further refine the current WHO criteria for glioma classification.

This article presents a comprehensive study of the design and performance of a multilayer dielectric rod waveguide (MDRW) with a rectangular cross section. The design is comprised of a high permittivity core encased by a low permittivity cladding. A mathematical model is proposed to predict the fundamental mode cutoff frequency in terms of the core dimensions and the core and cladding permittivity. The model is useful for design purposes and it offers an excellent match to full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation results. The MDRW performance is measured for the extended Ku -band (10–18 GHz) considering straight and bent waveguides with different radius of curvatures. The particular multilayer configuration shows a 16.7% and 24% extension of the 1 dB low-band cutoff frequency for a $10\times10$ mm2 and $20\times20$ mm2 cladding area, respectively, when compared to a single layer dielectric rod waveguide (DRW) design of the same core dimensions. MDRW bends also exhibit a significant reduction of the 1 dB low-band cutoff frequency from 20% to 40% when compared to single-layer designs, for the different radius of curvature bends.

Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, a stress-induced fibrotic matrix process, is the most common recognizable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide. The recent identification of PEX-associated gene variants uncovered the vitamin A metabolic pathway as a factor influencing the risk of disease. In this study, we analyzed the role of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway in the PEX-associated matrix metabolism and evaluated its targeting as a potential candidate for an anti-fibrotic intervention. We provided evidence that decreased expression levels of RA pathway components and diminished RA signaling activity occur in an antagonistic crosstalk with TGF-β1/Smad signaling in ocular tissues and cells from PEX patients when compared with age-matched controls. Genetic and pharmacologic modes of RA pathway inhibition induced the expression and production of PEX-associated matrix components by disease-relevant cell culture models in vitro. Conversely, RA signaling pathway activation by natural and synthetic retinoids was able to suppress PEX-associated matrix production and formation of microfibrillar networks via antagonization of Smad-dependent TGF-β1 signaling. The findings indicate that deficient RA signaling in conjunction with hyperactivated TGF-β1/Smad signaling is a driver of PEX-associated fibrosis, and that restoration of RA signaling may be a promising strategy for anti-fibrotic intervention in patients with PEX syndrome and glaucoma.

Background Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is the mainstay of secondary prevention in ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, in AF patients with large vessel occlusion stroke treated by endovascular therapy (ET) and acute carotid artery stenting (CAS), the optimal antithrombotic medication remains unclear. Methods This is a subgroup analysis of the German Stroke Registry—Endovascular Treatment (GSR-ET), a prospective multicenter cohort of patients with large vessel occlusion stroke undergoing ET. Patients with AF and CAS during ET were included. We analyzed baseline and periprocedural characteristics, antithrombotic strategies and functional outcome at 90 days. Results Among 6635 patients in the registry, a total of 82 patients (1.2%, age 77.9 ± 8.0 years, 39% female) with AF and extracranial CAS during ET were included. Antithrombotic medication at admission, during ET, postprocedural and at discharge was highly variable and overall mortality in hospital (21%) and at 90 days (39%) was high. Among discharged patients (n = 65), most frequent antithrombotic regimes were dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT, 37%), single APT + OAC (25%) and DAPT + OAC (20%). Comparing DAPT to single or dual APT + OAC, clinical characteristics at discharge were similar (median NIHSS 7.5 [interquartile range, 3–10.5] vs 7 [4–11], p = 0.73, mRS 4 [IQR 3–4] vs. 4 [IQR 3–5], p = 0.79), but 90-day mortality was higher without OAC (32 vs 4%, p = 0.02). Conclusions In AF patients who underwent ET and CAS, 90-day mortality was higher in patients not receiving OAC. Registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03356392.