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We report on magnetic resonance force microscopy measurements of the Boltzmann polarization of nuclear spins in copper by detecting the frequency shift of a soft cantilever. We use the time-dependent solution of the Bloch equations to derive a concise equation describing the effect of radio-frequent (RF) magnetic fields on both on- and off-resonant spins in high magnetic field gradients. We then apply this theory to saturation experiments performed on a 100 nm thick layer of copper, where we use the higher modes of the cantilever as a source of the RF field. We demonstrate a detection volume sensitivity of only (40 nm) 3 , corresponding to about 1.6 × 10 4 polarized copper nuclear spins. We propose an experiment on protons where, with the appropriate technical improvements, frequency-shift based magnetic resonance imaging with a resolution better than (10 nm) 3 could be possible. Achieving this resolution would make imaging based on the Boltzmann polarization competitive with the more traditional stochastic spin-fluctuation based imaging, with the possibility to work at millikelvin temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the situation when the frequency of the electron spin resonance matches the fundamental frequency of the cantilever with a ferromagnetic particle attached to its tip. We suggest that in this situation, the quantum states of the oscillating cantilever may represent a qubit. We develop a scheme for manipulation with the qubit state and derive the expression describing the Rabi oscillations of the qubit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the situation when the frequency of the electron spin resonance matches the fundamental frequency of the cantilever with a ferromagnetic particle attached to its tip. We suggest that in this situation, the quantum states of the oscillating cantilever may represent a qubit. We develop a scheme for manipulation with the qubit state and derive the expression describing the Rabi oscillations of the qubit.

Single-molecule measurement techniques have illuminated unprecedented details of chemical behavior, including observations of the motion of a single molecule on a surface, and even the vibration of a single bond within a molecule. Such measurements are critical to our understanding of entities ranging from single atoms to the most complex protein assemblies. We provide an overview of the strikingly diverse classes of measurements that can be used to quantify single-molecule properties, including those of single macromolecules and single molecular assemblies, and discuss the quantitative insights they provide. Examples are drawn from across the single-molecule literature, ranging from ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy studies of adsorbate diffusion on surfaces to fluorescence studies of protein conformational changes in solution.

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) using electrostatic force modulation has been designed and developed to avoid the drawbacks of the bimorph driven system. The bimorph driven system has poor frequency response and overlap of the topographic features on magnetic structures of the MFM images. In the electrostatic force modulation system, the amplitude increases in the noncontact regime as the tip approaches due to the capacitive coupling between tip and sample. MFM using electrostatic force modulation has been applied to observe maze-like stripe domain structures on a CoCr film. The contrast mechanism and imaging stability of MFM using electrostatic force modulation are discussed by investigating the force distance curves obtained in two magnetic domain regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invention and initial demonstration of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the early 1990s launched a renaissance of mechanical approaches to detecting magnetic resonance. This article reviews progress made in MRFM in the last decade, including the demonstration of scanned probe detection of magnetic resonance (electron spin resonance, ferromagnetic resonance, and nuclear magnetic resonance) and the mechanical detection of electron spin resonance from a single spin. Force and force-gradient approaches to mechanical detection are reviewed and recent related work using attonewton sensitivity cantilevers to probe minute fluctuating electric fields near surfaces is discussed. Given recent progress, pushing MRFM to single proton sensitivity remains an exciting possibility. We will survey some practical and fundamental issues that must be resolved to meet this challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance force microscopy measurements of the electron spin resonance of a thin film of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl were performed using a low doped silicon cantilever with a high coercivity SmCo particle glued to its end. The low doping level enables amplitude modulation of the microwave field with only small spurious driving of the cantilever. Besides amplitude modulation we use frequency modulation of the microwave field at integer fractions of the cantilever resonance frequency leading to derivative signals up to the fourth derivative of the amplitude modulation response signal. The influence of the modulation depth on the line shape of the first derivative response is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) to study a 50 nm thick continuous Permalloy film. We mechanically measured the ferromagnetic resonance signal in the temperature range between 10 and 70 K in the presence of a static magnetic field applied normal to the surface of the film. The measurements show a decrease of the ferromagnetic resonance field with increasing temperature. We attribute this behavior to the temperature-dependent changes of the saturation magnetization. Our experiments demonstrate the potential of MRFM to perform quantitative ferromagnetic resonance measurements as a function of temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probes for magnetic force microscopy (MFM) were prepared by pinning iron-filled multiwall carbon nanotubes to conventional scanning force microscopy probes. These nanotube MFM probes reveal a great potential for high spatial resolution of both topography and magnetic stray field. The ends of the high aspect ratio iron nanowires within the nanotubes can be considered as stationary effective magnetic monopole moments which opens the possibility of quantitative stray field measurements in a straightforward manner. The carbon shells around the iron nanowires provide wear resistance and oxidation protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domain structure of furnace-cooled (FC) and post-annealed (PA) Fe–x at. % Ga (x=12, 20, and 25) crystals has been investigated by magnetic force microscopy. For both FC and PA Fe–12 at. % Ga, the domains were found to be well-aligned and oriented along the [100] direction. For Fe–20 at. % Ga, although a preferred [100] orientation remained, a difference in morphology was found between FC and PA conditions—in the PA condition, clear dendritic domains were observed. For both FC and PA Fe–25 at. % Ga, a much reduced [100] preferred domain orientation was found, the domain size was notably reduced, and dendrite formation was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a detailed investigation of the magnetic properties of cobalt nanospheres grown on cantilever tips by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). The cantilevers are extremely soft and the cobalt nanospheres are optimized for magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) experiments, which implies that the cobalt nanospheres must be as small as possible while bearing high saturation magnetization. It was found that the cobalt content and the corresponding saturation magnetization of the nanospheres decrease for nanosphere diameters less than 300 nm. Electron holography measurements show the formation of a magnetic vortex state in remanence, which nicely agrees with magnetic hysteresis loops performed by local magnetometry showing negligible remanent magnetization. As investigated by local magnetometry, optimal behavior for high-resolution MRFM has been found for cobalt nanospheres with a diameter of ≈200 nm, which present atomic cobalt content of ≈83 atom % and saturation magnetization of 106 A/m, around 70% of the bulk value. These results represent the first comprehensive investigation of the magnetic properties of cobalt nanospheres grown by FEBID for application in MRFM.

The focus of this paper is on the investigation of local and global bifurcations in a continuum mechanics-based resonator model proposed for measurement of electron spin via magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM). The resonator model, derived using the extended Hamilton's principle incorporating the Bloch equations for magnetization, is investigated analytically and numerically. Analysis of both adiabatic and non-adiabatic equilibrium configurations enables formulation of the dynamical system bifurcation structure and identification of the parameter space required for stable MRFM operation. A multiple-scales analysis of the limiting adiabatic model enables estimation of the local bifurcation thresholds for bistable solutions and prediction of the frequency shift that enables spin detection. Orbital instabilities of the adiabatic model reveal a global bifurcation structure where lengthy chaotic transients occur below a homoclinic jump-to-contact threshold which is determined via a Melnikov–Holmes analysis. Both local and global bifurcations are verified numerically in the non-adiabatic model and reveal a dense power spectra for the magnetic moments. The computation of the parameter space governing the model orbital instabilities enables a consistent estimation of robust MRFM operation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is a three-dimensional molecular imaging instrument with nanometer resolution. It combines magnetic resonance imaging technology with scanning probe microscopy. It has three-dimensional detection ability of magnetic resonance imaging and nano-resolution ability of scanning probe microscopy. It can detect single nucleus spin. However, there are some problems in the practical application of magnetic resonance force microscopy, such as slow scanning speed, susceptibility to noise and slow imaging speed. To solve these problems, it depends on the application of effective and exquisite signal processing methods and image processing methods. This paper studies some signal processing and image processing methods involved in magnetic resonance force microscopy, including four aspects: parameter estimation of noisy sinusoidal signal, application of ARMA model in system identification of micro-cantilever, restoration of spin density image of sample, design of spread spectrum and despreading scheme. In order to recover the spin density image from the degraded image, the imaging mechanism of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) and the method of restoring the spin density image are studied in this paper. According to the imaging mechanism of magnetic resonance force microscopy, the expression of point spread function is derived. When the point spread function is easy to obtain, considering the ill-conditioned nature of the image restoration problem, a non-blind image restoration algorithm based on sparsity constraints is used to restore the image; when the point spread function is not easy to obtain, the blind image restoration algorithm is used to restore the image, and the point spread function and the spin density image are restored at the same time. A scheme of spread spectrum and despreading is proposed, which can spread the input signal of magnetic resonance force microscopy and despread the output signal. In this paper, the theory of signal processing is used to study the anti-jamming performance of this scheme. Compared with the scheme without spreading spectrum, it is found that the proposed scheme has better anti-jamming performance under certain conditions. Finally, simulation experiments are used to prove the effectiveness of this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The flux crosstalk in SQUID-detected MRFM can be reduced significantly using balancing techniques. • Dissipation of the balancing technique is sufficiently low. • milliKelvin operating temperatures are possible for MRFM when using a SQUID-based detection scheme. Abstract One of the major challenges in performing SQUID-detected Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM) at milliKelvin temperatures is the crosstalk between the radiofrequency (RF) pulses used for the spin manipulation and the SQUID-based detection mechanism. Here we present an approach based on balancing the flux crosstalk using an on-chip feedback coil coupled to the SQUID. This approach does not require any additional components near the location of the sample, and can therefore be applied to any SQUID-based detection scheme to cancel predictable RF interference. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by showing that we can almost completely negate flux crosstalk with an amplitude of up to several Φ 0 . This technical achievement allows for complicated magnetic resonance protocols to be performed at temperatures below 50 mK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Microscale 3D imaging by force-detected NMR yields 5 μm3 voxel size at RT. • Fourier- and Hadamard-encoding makes use of multiplex effect for enhanced SNR. • Wire-bonded microcoils allow more accurate imaging and enhanced setup handling. Abstract Three-dimensional spatially resolved full-volume imaging by magnetic resonance force microscopy at room temperature is described. Spatial resolution in z-dimension is achieved by using the magnetic-field gradient of a ferromagnetic particle that is also used for the force detection of the magnetic resonance. The gradient of the radiofrequency pulses generated by two separate wire-bonded microcoils is used for spatial resolution in x- and y-dimension. To enhance the sensitivity of our measurement Hadamard- and Fourier-encoding schemes are applied due to their multiplex effect. Measurements were taken on a patterned (NH 4) 2 SO 4 crystal sample. From the calculated magnetic field distributions, a 3D image was reconstructed with a voxel volume of about 5 μm3 (1.2 μm × 3.0 μm × 1.4 μm in x-, y- and z-dimension). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which determined the sensitivity and spatial resolution for electron-spin-resonance detection. Utilization of magnetic resonance force microscopy in the study; Parameters for the analysis of electron spin magnetization; Influence of experimental parameters on sensitivity and spatial resolution.

Focuses on a study which examined magnetic forces couple to the motion of microscale cantilever beams in magnetic resonance force microscopy experiments. Review of related literature; Theoretical background; Methodology; Findings and conclusions.

Provides information on a study that described the imaging principles and experimental methods of magnetic resonance force microscopy. Experimental procedure; Results and discussion.

We report imaging and dynamical measurements using a 3He nuclear magnetic resonance force microscopy probe. Relaxation-time measurements and a one-dimensional image were obtained for 1H nuclei in a micron-scale crystal of (NH4)2SO4. The force detection was made possible by a small Permalloy magnet, which supplied a field gradient of 500 T/m. These experiments were performed in the sample-on-oscillator configuration at room temperature, where the oscillator had a resonance frequency of 1.5 kHz and a spring constant of 0.03 N/m. The proton magnetic moments underwent cyclic adiabatic inversions (CAIs) under the influence of a frequency-modulated rf field. Scanning the position of the magnet with respect to the sample provided a micron-scale image with a signal-to-noise ratio of 4.3. A spin nutation signal was also obtained; those data imply a rotating rf field of 14 G. Using a 90°-τ-180°-t-90°-CAI sequence, a spin echo was mapped out, with a full width at half maximum of 8 μs. We also discuss future applications of this instrument toward relaxation measurements of single-crystal MgB2 at low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Detection of picoliter amounts of liquids enabled by force-detected NMR. • Micro-capillaries provide stable vacuum protection for liquid samples. • Molecular self-diffusion influences the spatial and spectral resolution. • T 1 relaxation measurements distinguish between different liquids. Abstract We demonstrate the detection of picoliter amounts of water and triethylenetetramine by a magnetic-resonance-force-microscopy (MRFM) setup operated in the gradient-on-cantilever geometry at room temperature. A magnetic field gradient is produced by a ferromagnetic SmCo particle glued to the tip of a micromechanical resonator (cantilever). The liquids are enclosed in a micro-capillary to protect them from the high vacuum environment needed for sensitive detection. We describe simple spectroscopic experiments as proton T 1 – relaxation, Rabi nutation curves and Hahn-echo measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a magnetic resonance force microscope, we compare the ferromagnetic resonance spectra of individual micron size disks with identical diameter, 1 μm, but different layer structures. For a disk composed of a single 43.3-nm-thick Permalloy (Py) layer, the lowest energy mode in the perpendicular configuration is the uniform precession. The higher energy modes are standing spin waves confined along the diameter of the disk. For a Cu (30 nm)/Py (100 nm)/Cu (30 nm) multilayer structure, it has been interpreted that the lowest energy mode becomes a precession localized at the Cu/Py interfaces. When the multilayer is changed to Py (100 nm)/Cu (10 nm)/Py (10 nm), this localized mode of the thick layer becomes coupled to the precession of the thin layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Raman spectroscopy in the high‐wavenumber spectral region (HWR) is particularly suited for fiber‐optic in vivo medical applications. The most‐used fiber‐optic materials have negligible Raman signal in the HWR. This enables the use of simple and cheap single‐fiber‐optic probes that can be fitted in endoscopes and needles. The HWR generally shows less tissue luminescence than the fingerprint region. However, the luminescence can still be stronger than the Raman signal. Hardware‐ and software‐based strategies have been developed to correct for these luminescence signals. Typically, hardware‐based strategies are more complex and expensive than software‐based solutions. Effective software strategies have almost exclusively been developed for the fingerprint region. First‐order polynomial baseline fitting (PBF) is the most common background/luminescence estimation employed for the HWR. The goal of this study was to characterize the luminescence background signals of HW spectra of human oral tissue and compare the performance of two algorithms for correction of these background signals: PBF and multiple regression fitting (MRF). In the MRF method, we introduce here, prior knowledge of the range of Raman signals that can be obtained from the tissues of interest is explicitly used. MRF is more robust than PBF because it does not require an a priori choice of the polynomial order for fitting the background signal. This is important because, as we show, no single polynomial order can optimally characterize all backgrounds that are encountered in HW tissue spectra. We conclude that MRF should be the preferred method for background subtraction in the HWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ferromagnetic resonance in an array of permalloy microstrips 3000 × 500 × 30 nm in size ordered on a rectangular grid 3.5 × 6 μm in size has been investigated by magnetic resonance force microscopy. The dependences of magnetic resonance force microscopy spectra of a sample on the probe-sample distance are analyzed. The possibility of detection of a ferromagnetic resonance spectrum of a single microstrip is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic segmentation of an image scene provides semantic information of image regions while less information of objects. In this paper, we propose a method of hierarchical semantic segmentation, including scene level and object level, which aims at labeling both scene regions and objects in an image. In the scene level, we use a feature-based MRF model to recognize the scene categories. The raw probability for each category is predicted via a one-vs-all classification mode. The features and raw probability of superpixels are embedded into the MRF model. With the graph-cut inference, we get the raw scene-level labeling result. In the object level, we use a constraint-based geodesic propagation to get object segmentation. The category and appearance features are utilized as the prior constraints to guide the direction of object label propagation. In this hierarchical model, the scene-level labeling and the object-level labeling have a mutual relationship, which regions and objects are optimized interactively. The experimental results on two datasets show the well performance of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate temperature measurement of a sample attached to the end of a cantilever using cantilever magnetometry of solid air "contamination" of the sample surface. In experiments like our magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), the sample is mounted at the end of a thin cantilever with small thermal conductance. Thus, the sample can be at a significantly different temperature than the bulk of the instrument. Using cantilever magnetometry of the oxygen paramagnetism in solid air provides the temperature of the sample, without any modifications to our MRFM apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally excited magnetic fluctuations are fundamental to the behavior of small ferromagnetic particles and have practical consequences for the proposed detection of individual spins by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM). In particular, fluctuating fields from a nearby magnetic tip can increase the relaxation rate of spins in a sample if there is significant spectral density of field fluctuation at the Larmor frequency of the target spin. As an initial step toward understanding this issue, magnetic field fluctuations have been simulated which emanate from a magnetic tip with dimensions 60 nm×60 nm×2 μm. It was found that the fluctuations in a cobalt magnetic tip were too strong for MRFM experiments aimed at detecting individual electron spins. However, the results obtained for a PrFeB tip fell within the tolerance required. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Accounting for dephasing losses during rapid-passage experiments is challenging. • Treat with Bloch equations, coordinate transformations, and a Magnus expansion. • Obtain analytic equations accounting for both adiabaticity and T 2 dephasing losses. • Need a larger B 1 than expected in electron-spin magnetic resonance force microscopy. • A compromise B 1 may be required to limit T 2 and adiabatic losses during passage. Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana (LZSM) transitions occur between quantum states when parameters in the system's Hamiltonian are varied continuously and rapidly. In magnetic resonance, losses in adiabatic rapid passage can be understood using the physics of LZSM transitions. Most treatments of LZSM transitions ignore the T 2 dephasing of coherences, however. Motivated by ongoing work in magnetic resonance force microscopy, we employ the Bloch equations, coordinate transformation, and the Magnus expansion to derive expressions for the final magnetization following a rapid field sweep at fixed irradiation intensity that include T 2 losses. Our derivation introduces an inversion-function, Fourier transform method for numerically evaluating highly oscillatory integrals. Expressions for the final magnetization are given for low and high irradiation intensity, valid in the T 2 ≪ T 1 limit. Analytical results are compared to numerical simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Our relatively straightforward calculation reproduces semiquantitatively the well known LZSM result in the T 2 → 0 limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we formulate an initial-boundary-value-problem describing the three-dimensional motion of a cantilever in a Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy setup. The equations of motion are then reduced to a modal dynamical system using a Galerkin ansatz and the respective nonlinear forces are expanded to cubic order. The direct application of the asymptotic multiple scales method to the truncated quadratic modal system near a 2:1 internal resonance revealed conditions for periodic and quasiperiodic energy transfer between the transverse in-plane and out-of-plane modes of the MRFM cantilever. However, several discrepancies are found when comparing the asymptotic results to numerical simulations of the full nonlinear system. Therefore, we employ the reconstitution multiple scales method to a modal system incorporating both quadratic and cubic terms and derive an internal resonance bifurcation structure that includes multiple coexisting in-plane and out-of-plane solutions. This structure is verified and reveals a strong dependency on initial conditions in which orbital instabilities and complex out-of-plane non-stationary motions are found. The latter are investigated via numerical integration of the corresponding slowly-varying evolution equations which reveal that breakdown of quasiperiodic tori is associated with symmetry-breaking and emergence of irregular solutions with a dense spectral content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider theoretically extension of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) replacing a ferromagnetic probe on a cantilever tip (CT) with a paramagnetic one (PMRFM). The dynamics of the interaction between the paramagnetic probe and a local magnetic moment in a sample is analyzed, using a quasi-classical approach. We show that the application of a proper sequence of electromagnetic pulses provides a significant deflection of the CT from the initial equilibrium position. Periodic application of these sequences of pulses results in quasi-periodic CT deflections from the equilibrium, which can be used for detection of the magnetic moment in a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of compact, low-cost magnetic resonance imaging instruments would further broaden the substantial impact of this technology. We report highly sensitive detection of magnetic resonance using low-stress silicon nitride (SiN x ) membranes. We use these membranes as low-loss, high-frequency mechanical oscillators and find they are able to mechanically detect spin-dependent forces with high sensitivity enabling ultrasensitive magnetic resonance detection. The high force detection sensitivity stems from their high mechanical quality factor Q ∼ 10 6 [1,2] combined with the low mass of the resonator. We use this excellent mechanical force sensitivity to detect the electron spin magnetic resonance using a SiN x membrane as a force detector. The demonstrated force sensitivity at 300 K is 4 fN/ Hz , indicating a potential low temperature (4 K) sensitivity of 25 aN/ Hz . Given their sensitivity, robust construction, large surface area and low cost, SiN x membranes can potentially serve as the central component of a compact room-temperature ESR and NMR instrument having spatial resolution superior to conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-stream recycling has helped divert millions of metric tons of waste from landfills in the U.S., where recycling rates for municipal solid waste are currently over 30%. However, material recovery facilities (MRFs) that sort the municipal recycled streams do not recover 100% of the incoming material. Consequently, they landfill between 5% and 15% of total processed material as residue. This residue is primarily composed of high-energy-content non-recycled plastics and fiber. One possible end-of-life solution for these energy-dense materials is to process the residue into Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) that can be used as an alternative energy resource capable of replacing or supplementing fuel resources such as coal, natural gas, petroleum coke, or biomass in many industrial and power production processes. This report addresses the energetic and environmental benefits and trade-offs of converting non-recycled post-consumer plastics and fiber derived from MRF residue streams into SRF for use in a cement kiln. An experimental test burn of 118 Mg of SRF in the precalciner portion of the cement kiln was conducted. The SRF was a blend of 60% MRF residue and 40% post-industrial waste products producing an estimated 60% plastic and 40% fibrous material mixture. The SRF was fed into the kiln at 0.9 Mg/h for 24 h and then 1.8 Mg/h for the following 48 h. The emissions data recorded in the experimental test burn were used to perform the life-cycle analysis portion of this study. The analysis included the following steps: transportation, landfill, processing and fuel combustion at the cement kiln. The energy use and emissions at each step is tracked for the two cases: (1) The Reference Case, where MRF residue is disposed of in a landfill and the cement kiln uses coal as its fuel source, and (2) The SRF Case, in which MRF residue is processed into SRF and used to offset some portion of coal use at the cement kiln. The experimental test burn and accompanying analysis indicate that using MRF residue to produce SRF for use in cement kilns is likely an advantageous alternative to disposal of the residue in landfills. The use of SRF can offset fossil fuel use, reduce CO 2 emissions, and divert energy-dense materials away from landfills. For this test-case, the use of SRF offset between 7700 and 8700 Mg of coal use, reduced CO 2 emissions by at least 1.4%, and diverted over 7950 Mg of energy-dense materials away from landfills. In addition, emissions were reduced by at least 19% for SO 2 , while NOX emissions increased by between 16% and 24%. Changes in emissions of particulate matter, mercury, hydrogen chloride, and total-hydrocarbons were all less than plus or minus 2.2%, however these emissions were not measured at the cement kiln. Co-location of MRFs, SRF production facilities, and landfills can increase the benefits of SRF use even further by reducing transportation requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Inflammatory pseudotumor" (IPT) has infrequently been reported in the medical journals. A retrospective analysis was conducted among more than 2,000 bladder tumor cases from January 1999 to December 2012 looking for patients with IPT in the final diagnosis. Six patients were found with median tumor size of 3.5 cm (range: 3-8 cm); computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging was used to diagnose the tumor. All patients had complete resection of the tumors. On a median follow-up of 6 years (range: 2-10 years), no recurrences for IPT have been observed in all patients. We concluded that IPT is a rare disease of the urinary bladder and should be regarded with a high degree of suspicion. Although an extensive workup may be needed for definite diagnosis, it is worth to avoid unnecessary chemoradiotherapy or radical surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the degradation of the magnetic moment of a 300 nm thick FePt film induced by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. A 1 µm×8 µm rod is milled out of a film by a FIB process and is attached to a cantilever by electron beam induced deposition. Its magnetic moment is determined by frequency-shift cantilever magnetometry. We find that the magnetic moment of the rod is µ=1.1±0.1×10-12 Am², which implies that 70% of the magnetic moment is preserved during the FIB milling process. This result has important implications for atom trapping and magnetic resonance force microscopy, which are addressed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vision ability is fundamentally important for a mobile robot. Many aspects have been investigated during the past few years, but there still remain questions to be answered. This work mainly focuses on the task of road detection, which is considered as the first step for a robot to become moveable. The proposed method combines the depth clue with traditional RGB information and is divided into three steps: depth recovery and superpixel generation, weakly supervised SVM classification and context-aware label transfer. The main contributions made in this paper are (1) Design a novel superpixel based context-aware descriptor by utilizing depth map. (2) Conduct label transfer in an efficient nearest neighbor search and a temporal MRF model. (3) Update the learned model adaptively with the changing scene. Experimental results on a publicly available dataset justify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a method for accelerated nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance imaging by detecting several signals in parallel. Our technique relies on phase multiplexing, where the signals from different nuclear spin ensembles are encoded in the phase of an ultrasensitive magnetic detector. We demonstrate this technique by simultaneously acquiring statistically polarized spin signals from two different nuclear species (¹H, 19F) and from up to six spatial locations in a nanowire test sample using a magnetic resonance force microscope. We obtain one-dimensional imaging resolution better than 5 nm, and subnanometer positional accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We obtained the NMR spectrum and the spin–lattice relaxation time ( T 1 ) for thin film samples by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM). The samples were CaF 2 thin films which were 50 nm and 150 nm thick. T 1 was measured at 18 K using a cyclic adiabatic inversion method at a fixed frequency. A comparison of the bulk and two thin films showed that T 1 becomes shorter as the film thickness decreases. To make the comparison as accurate as possible, all three samples were loaded onto different beams of a multi-cantilever array and measured in the same experimental environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]