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Reverse osmosis and microfiltration are two membrane-based separation techniques that have gained popularity over the past few decades. A fundamental barrier to improving the overall efficiency of membrane separation is membrane fouling. The accumulation of foulants causes a reduction in permeate flux, a loss of selectivity and permeability, and a reduction in the membrane's lifespan. Numerous chemical and physical surface changes have been studied to enhance membrane antifouling properties. Additionally, research has concentrated on creating membranes that use cutting-edge materials to improve their antifouling capability. This paper focuses on a wide-ranging and thorough analyses of the different types of fouling during wastewater treatment based on current research results regarding fouling control strategy and the potential of new methods for wastewater treatment. It is a further step forward for the evaluation of mitigation measures for emerging membrane fouling problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the challenges and limitations faced at the basic level for the recycling of paper in an academic institute. It focuses on encouraging recycled paper use rather than bringing traditional virgin paper to prevent the rate of deforestation for reducing global warming. Data was collected from the academic institute via questionnaire and on-site observation and found that the institute was producing approximately 16 tons of wastepaper in a year. Besides that, another purpose of this research is to estimate the energy and assess the environmental effect by using the life cycle assessment as a tool. The results of this study revealed that traditional virgin paper derived from wood proves to be costly and less environmentally friendly than recycled paper. It also revealed that Traditional virgin paper has greater global warming, human toxicity, smog, acidification, and eutrophication potential than recycled paper. This study concludes that recycled paper does not only prove economically beneficent for any institution, but also beneficial for environment as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials have played a unique role for effective filtration. Due to the effectiveness of large surface area to volume ratio, nanofibers have ability to absorb contaminants from air easily. Due to the fabrication of cellulose acetate on face mask some harmful bacteria and air particulates are not able to enter nose and mouth. However, without fabrication of cellulose acetate nanofibers the bacteria and air particulates may easily pass through the face mask due to their larger pores diameter. The advantage of fabrication is that the pore size of middle layer of face mask which is used for filtration has been reduced that increases the filtration efficiency. In this article middle layer of commercial disposable face mask having larger pores diameter used for filtration purpose has been replaced by development of cellulose acetate nanofibers having thickness of 60 µm, 35µm and 15µm.Morphology of membrane was characterized by SEM, chemical structure through FTIR, mechanical strength through tensile tester, air permeability through air permeability tester M021Sand smoke test was performed through self-designed smoke tester. It was found that membrane with thickness of 60 µm have highest filtration efficiency but air permeability was compromised but nanofiber membrane with thickness between 15-35 µm have better air permeability and filtration resistance than commercial face mask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]