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Raziskali in analizirali smo problematiko vetrolomov z različnih vidikov, pomembnih za naše razumevanje in upravljanje gozdnih ekosistemov. Kot primer smo uporabili ekstremni dogodek iz decembra 2017, ko je slovenski visoki dinarski kras prizadel najmočnejši vetrolom v novejši zgodovini. Da bi razumeli vzroke in ekološke posledice te obsežne motnje, smo gozdove na treh različnih lokacijah v Dinarskem območju preučevali iz različnih vidikov, ki so lahko vzroki za škodo zaradi vetroloma ali pa njegova posledica. Lastnosti tal smo izmerili okoli stoječih in podrtih dreves na vseh treh raziskovalnih lokacijah. Prav tako smo na vseh lokacijah spremljali sestavo drevesnega mladja na ploskvah, opremljenih s kemičnimi in zvočnimi odvračali za parkljarje, ter kontrolnih ploskvah brez odvračal. Ekonomske ocene zaradi izgube donosa zaradi škode smo izračunali za nacionalno raven. Na podlagi zbranih podatkov vetrolomov in meteoroloških podatkov v zadnjih 20 letih smo izdelali model potencialne ogroženosti zaradi vetrolomov. Lastnosti gozdnih tal niso vzrok za vetrolom, vendar pa spadajo med dejavnike vpliva na poškodbe dreves zaradi vetroloma. V naši raziskavi so se talne lastnosti na mestih s poškodovanimi drevesi in brez njih izkazale za statistično neznačilne in niso bile odločilen dejavnik za prevračanje dreves. Ploskve z zvočnimi odvračali so pokazale najuspešnejši razvoj mladja, tj. najmanjši upad pri jelki in največje povečanje pri plemenitih listavcih, medtem ko so ploskve s kemičnimi odvračali pokazale najmanjšo škodo zaradi objedanja. Ocenjena gospodarska izguba v višini 16,1 milijona evrov je za 6,6 % manjša od poseka v običajnih okoliščinah. Gospodarska škoda je bila zaradi narave neurja razmeroma majhna, saj je bila večina škode v obliki izruvanih dreves brez poškodovanih debel. Model nevarnosti pojava vetrolomov je pokazal, da je veliko število zaporednih dogodkov z močnimi vetrovi na vsakem odseku oslabilo sestoj, ki je bil posledično uničen ob naslednjem ekstremnem dogodku vetra in padavin. We investigated several aspects of windthrow that are relevant to our understanding and management of forest ecosystems. As an example, we used an extreme event in December 2017, when the strongest storm in recent history occurred in the Slovenian Dinaric High Karst. We examined influential factors such as soil properties, wind speed, precipitation and ecological consequences for the affected forests. Soil properties were measured around standing and fallen silver fir trees at all three research sites. Tree species composition in the regeneration was observed on plots with chemical and acoustic ungulate deterrents and on control plots without deterrents. Economic estimates of yield loss due to damage were calculated at the national level. A model of the potential threat from windthrow was also developed based on data collected from windthrow events and meteorological data over the past 20 years. Our results indicate that soil depth and mineral fraction depth were similar at sites with and without damaged trees and were not the determining factors for tree toppling. Plots with acoustic deterrents showed the most effective regeneration development, the least decline in silver fir and the greatest increase in noble hardwood seedlings, while plots with chemical deterrents showed the least browsing damage. The estimated economic loss of €16.1 million is 6.6% less than the harvest under normal conditions. The economic loss was relatively low due to the nature of the storm, with the predominant type of damage being uprooted trees with no damaged trunks. The windthrow hazard model revealed that a large number of consecutive events with strong winds in each section weakened the stand, which was subsequently knocked down during the next extreme wind and rainfall event. Bibliografija: str. 29-31. Izvleček ; Abstract.

V prispevku predstavimo podlago za izdelavo usmeritev pri gospodarjenju z navadno smreko v Sloveniji. Izvedli smo več ločenih analiz z istim ciljem: pripraviti strokovno utemeljene in s podatki podprte usmeritve za gospodarjenje z navadno smreko v Sloveniji v prihodnjih desetletjih. Tako smo v tem prispevku združili rezultate meritev nacionalne gozdne inventure, analizo priraščanja smreke, analize vrstne pestrosti ter pregled osnutkov načrtov za gozdnogospodarska območja. Namen tega prispevka je predstavitev rezultatov štirih ločenih sklopov analiz podatkov, ki so predstavljali osnovo za izdelavo usmeritev pri gospodarjenju z navadno smreko, objavljenih v naslednjem prispevku. In our article, we present the foundation for the preparation of the guidelines for Norway spruce management in Slovenia. We performed several separate analyses following the same goal: to prepare professionally founded and data-supported guidelines for Norway spruce management in Slovenia in the future decades. Thus, in this article, we combined the measurement results of the national forest inventory, spruce increment analysis, species diversity analyses, and overview of the drafts of the forest management regions plans. This article aims to present the results of the four separate data analysis complexes representing the foundation for the preparation of the guidelines in the Norway spruce management, published in the next article. Bibliografija: str. 349-350. Izvleček ; Abstract.

We investigated several aspects of windthrow that are relevant to our understanding and management of forest ecosystems. As an example, we used an extreme event in December 2017, when the strongest storm in recent history occurred in the Slovenian Dinaric High Karst. We examined influential factors such as soil properties, wind speed, precipitation and ecological consequences for the affected forests. Soil properties were measured around standing and fallen silver fir trees at all three research sites. Tree species composition in the regeneration was observed on plots with chemical and acoustic ungulate deterrents and on control plots without deterrents. Economic estimates of yield loss due to damage were calculated at the national level. A model of the potential threat from windthrow was also developed based on data collected from windthrow events and meteorological data over the past 20 years. Our results indicate that soil depth and mineral fraction depth were similar at sites with and without damaged trees and were not the determining factors for tree toppling. Plots with acoustic deterrents showed the most effective regeneration development, the least decline in silver fir and the greatest increase in noble hardwood seedlings, while plots with chemical deterrents showed the least browsing damage. The estimated economic loss of €16.1 million is 6.6% less than the harvest under normal conditions. The economic loss was relatively low due to the nature of the storm, with the predominant type of damage being uprooted trees with no damaged trunks. The windthrow hazard model revealed that a large number of consecutive events with strong winds in each section weakened the stand, which was subsequently knocked down during the next extreme wind and rainfall event. Raziskali in analizirali smo problematiko vetrolomov z različnih vidikov, pomembnih za naše razumevanje in upravljanje gozdnih ekosistemov. Kot primer smo uporabili ekstremni dogodek iz decembra 2017, ko je slovenski visoki dinarski kras prizadel najmočnejši vetrolom v novejši zgodovini. Da bi razumeli vzroke in ekološke posledice te obsežne motnje, smo gozdove na treh različnih lokacijah v Dinarskem območju preučevali iz različnih vidikov, ki so lahko vzroki za škodo zaradi vetroloma ali pa njegova posledica. Lastnosti tal smo izmerili okoli stoječih in podrtih dreves na vseh treh raziskovalnih lokacijah. Prav tako smo na vseh lokacijah spremljali sestavo drevesnega mladja na ploskvah, opremljenih s kemičnimi in zvočnimi odvračali za parkljarje, ter kontrolnih ploskvah brez odvračal. Ekonomske ocene zaradi izgube donosa zaradi škode smo izračunali za nacionalno raven. Na podlagi zbranih podatkov vetrolomov in meteoroloških podatkov v zadnjih 20 letih smo izdelali model potencialne ogroženosti zaradi vetrolomov. Lastnosti gozdnih tal niso vzrok za vetrolom, vendar pa spadajo med dejavnike vpliva na poškodbe dreves zaradi vetroloma. V naši raziskavi so se talne lastnosti na mestih s poškodovanimi drevesi in brez njih izkazale za statistično neznačilne in niso bile odločilen dejavnik za prevračanje dreves. Ploskve z zvočnimi odvračali so pokazale najuspešnejši razvoj mladja, tj. najmanjši upad pri jelki in največje povečanje pri plemenitih listavcih, medtem ko so ploskve s kemičnimi odvračali pokazale najmanjšo škodo zaradi objedanja. Ocenjena gospodarska izguba v višini 16,1 milijona evrov je za 6,6 % manjša od poseka v običajnih okoliščinah. Gospodarska škoda je bila zaradi narave neurja razmeroma majhna, saj je bila večina škode v obliki izruvanih dreves brez poškodovanih debel. Model nevarnosti pojava vetrolomov je pokazal, da je veliko število zaporednih dogodkov z močnimi vetrovi na vsakem odseku oslabilo sestoj, ki je bil posledično uničen ob naslednjem ekstremnem dogodku vetra in padavin.

Na primeru flore slovenskih gozdov smo obravnavali štiri funkcionalne znake rastlin: specifična listna površina (SLP), vsebnost suhe snovi v listih (VSS), višina rastlin (VIŠ) in masa semen oz. spor (MAS). Prva dva znaka nakazujeta ekonomiko lista (način in učinkovitost izrabe virov), druga dva pa velikost rastlinskih organov. Preučili smo povezave med znaki rastlin in njihovimi fitoindikacijskimi vrednostmi za ekološke dejavnike svetloba (L), temperatura (T), kontinentalnost (K), vlažnost tal (F), reakcija tal (R) in hranila (N). Ugotovili smo statistično značilne korelacije: med SLP in R, N, L, F ter K; med VSS in R ter N; med VIŠ in N, T, R ter F; med MAS in K, R, N ter T. Vzdolž prve osi ordinacijskega prostora smo prepoznali spekter listne ekonomike, ki poteka od vrst z večjimi vrednostmi SLP na produktivnejših, a hkrati senčnih rastiščih, do rastlin z večjimi vrednostmi VSS, prilagojenih na stresne ekološke razmere (npr. nizka reakcija tal ali pomanjkanje hranil oz. vode). Največji prispevek k pojasnjevanju variabilnosti v funkcionalnih lastnostih gozdnih rastlin je imel znak VIŠ, najmanjšega pa znak MAS. Ugotovitve so primerljive z dosedanjimi raziskavami, saj oba izbrana koncepta omogočata prepoznavanje pestrosti oblik in funkcij rastlin na globalni ravni. Using Slovenian forest flora as an example, we investigated four plant functional traits: specific leaf area (SLP), leaf dry matter content (VSS), plant height (VIŠ) and seed/spore mass (MAS). The first two traits define the leaf economics spectrum (way and efficiency of resource utilization), whereas the other two are linked to the size of plant organs. This study tested the correlations between plant traits and their phytoindication values for the ecological factors of light (L), temperature (T), continentality (K), soil moisture (F), soil reaction (R) and nutrients (N). We found statistically significant correlations between SLP and R, N, L, F and K; between VSS and R and N; between VIŠ and N, T, R and F; and between MAS and K, R, N and T. Along the first axis of the ordination space, we identified a leaf economics spectrum ranging from species with higher SLP values growing on more productive but also more shaded sites to plants with higher VSS values adapted to more stressful conditions (e.g. low soil reaction or low availability of nutrients and water, respectively). The VSS trait contributed the most to explaining the variability in the functional profile of forest plants, while the MAS trait contributed the least. These findings are comparable with previous studies, as the selected concepts allow for the identification of diversity of plant form and function on a global scale. Bibliografija: str. 24-26. Izvleček ; Abstract.

Ov. nasl. Avtorji navedeni v kolofonu.

Ov. nasl. Avtorji navedeni v kolofonu.

Ov. nasl. Avtorji navedeni v kolofonu.

Prispevek predstavlja mnenja in poznavanje tujerodnih drevesnih vrst (TDV) deležnikov, ki pri svojem delu prihajajo v stik s TDV v gozdnih, urbanih in periurbanih območjih v Sloveniji. Mnenja smo pridobili s spletno anketo v letu 2020, ki je bila v okviru projekta ALPTREES del raziskave v vsaki od petih partnerskih držav (Slovenija, Avstrija, Nemčija, Italija in Francija) alpskega prostora. Analizirali smo odgovore slovenskih deležnikov in tako pridobili informacije o poznavanju, dojemanju in odnosu deležnikov do TDV. S spletnim anketiranjem smo dobili odgovore na vprašanja 120 posameznikov. Z analizo odgovorov smo ugotovili, da večina anketirancev prepoznava TDV in invazivne tujerodne drevesne vrste (ITDV) v Sloveniji. Na splošno anketiranci menijo, da TDV prinašajo tveganje v alpski prostor. Anketiranci so kot najbolj razširjene TDV ocenili robinijo (Robinia pseudoacacia), veliki pajesen (Ailanthus altissima), pavlovnijo (Paulownia tomentosa), navadno ameriško duglazijo (Pseudotsuga menziesii), rdeči hrast (Quercus rubra) in zeleni bor (Pinus strobus). Med najbolj invazivne TDV uvrščajo robinijo, veliki pajesen, pavlovnijo, octovec (Rhus typhina) in ameriški javor oz. negundovec (Acer negundo). Slaba polovica anketirancev je izrazila srednje veliko zaskrbljenost glede vpliva ITDV, kar četrtina vprašanih pa je zaradi TDV zelo zaskrbljena. The article presents the opinions and knowledge about non-native tree species (NNT) of the stakeholders who get in contact with NNT at their work in the forest, urban, and peri-urban areas in Slovenia. We obtained the opinions through an online survey in 2020 it took place in the framework of the ALPTREES project and was a part of the research in each of the five partner countries (Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Italy, and France) in the alpine space. We analyzed Slovenian stakeholders responses to obtain information on the stakeholders’ knowledge, understanding, and approach to NNT. Through an online survey, we obtained responses from 120 individuals. Analyzing the answers, we found that the majority of the respondents recognize NNT and invasive non-native tree species (INNT) in Slovenia. Generally, the respondents believe NNT bring risk into the alpine space. The respondents considered black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) to be the most widespread species. They place black locust, tree of heaven, princess tree, staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), and boxelder (Acer negundo) among the most invasive ones. Just under half of the respondents expressed moderate concern about the impact of INNT, a quarter of the respondents was very concerned about NNT.

Na primeru flore slovenskih gozdov smo obravnavali štiri funkcionalne znake rastlin: specifična listna površina (SLP), vsebnost suhe snovi v listih (VSS), višina rastlin (VIŠ) in masa semen oz. spor (MAS). Prva dva znaka nakazujeta ekonomiko lista (način in učinkovitost izrabe virov), druga dva pa velikost rastlinskih organov. Preučili smo povezave med znaki rastlin in njihovimi fitoindikacijskimi vrednostmi za ekološke dejavnike svetloba (L), temperatura (T), kontinentalnost (K), vlažnost tal (F), reakcija tal (R) in hranila (N). Ugotovili smo statistično značilne korelacije: med SLP in R, N, L, F ter K med VSS in R ter N med VIŠ in N, T, R ter F med MAS in K, R, N ter T. Vzdolž prve osi ordinacijskega prostora smo prepoznali spekter listne ekonomike, ki poteka od vrst z večjimi vrednostmi SLP na produktivnejših, a hkrati senčnih rastiščih, do rastlin z večjimi vrednostmi VSS, prilagojenih na stresne ekološke razmere (npr. nizka reakcija tal ali pomanjkanje hranil oz. vode). Največji prispevek k pojasnjevanju variabilnosti v funkcionalnih lastnostih gozdnih rastlin je imel znak VIŠ, najmanjšega pa znak MAS. Ugotovitve so primerljive z dosedanjimi raziskavami, saj oba izbrana koncepta omogočata prepoznavanje pestrosti oblik in funkcij rastlin na globalni ravni. Using Slovenian forest flora as an example, we investigated four plant functional traits: specific leaf area (SLP), leaf dry matter content (VSS), plant height (VIŠ) and seed/spore mass (MAS). The first two traits define the leaf economics spectrum (way and efficiency of resource utilization), whereas the other two are linked to the size of plant organs. This study tested the correlations between plant traits and their phytoindication values for the ecological factors of light (L), temperature (T), continentality (K), soil moisture (F), soil reaction (R) and nutrients (N). We found statistically significant correlations between SLP and R, N, L, F and K between VSS and R and N between VIŠ and N, T, R and F and between MAS and K, R, N and T. Along the first axis of the ordination space, we identified a leaf economics spectrum ranging from species with higher SLP values growing on more productive but also more shaded sites to plants with higher VSS values adapted to more stressful conditions (e.g. low soil reaction or low availability of nutrients and water, respectively). The VSS trait contributed the most to explaining the variability in the functional profile of forest plants, while the MAS trait contributed the least. These findings are comparable with previous studies, as the selected concepts allow for the identification of diversity of plant form and function on a global scale.

Prispevek predstavlja mnenja in poznavanje tujerodnih drevesnih vrst (TDV) deležnikov, ki pri svojem delu prihajajo v stik s TDV v gozdnih, urbanih in periurbanih območjih v Sloveniji. Mnenja smo pridobili s spletno anketo v letu 2020, ki je bila v okviru projekta ALPTREES del raziskave v vsaki od petih partnerskih držav (Slovenija, Avstrija, Nemčija, Italija in Francija) alpskega prostora. Analizirali smo odgovore slovenskih deležnikov in tako pridobili informacije o poznavanju, dojemanju in odnosu deležnikov do TDV. S spletnim anketiranjem smo dobili odgovore na vprašanja 120 posameznikov. Z analizo odgovorov smo ugotovili, da večina anketirancev prepoznava TDV in invazivne tujerodne drevesne vrste (ITDV) v Sloveniji. Na splošno anketiranci menijo, da TDV prinašajo tveganje v alpski prostor. Anketiranci so kot najbolj razširjene TDV ocenili robinijo (Robinia pseudoacacia), veliki pajesen (Ailanthus altissima), pavlovnijo (Paulownia tomentosa), navadno ameriško duglazijo (Pseudotsuga menziesii), rdeči hrast (Quercus rubra) in zeleni bor (Pinus strobus). Med najbolj invazivne TDV uvrščajo robinijo, veliki pajesen, pavlovnijo, octovec (Rhus typhina) in ameriški javor oz. negundovec (Acer negundo). Slaba polovica anketirancev je izrazila srednje veliko zaskrbljenost glede vpliva ITDV, kar četrtina vprašanih pa je zaradi TDV zelo zaskrbljena. The article presents the opinions and knowledge about non-native tree species (NNT) of the stakeholders who get in contact with NNT at their work in the forest, urban, and peri-urban areas in Slovenia. We obtained the opinions through an online survey in 2020; it took place in the framework of the ALPTREES project and was a part of the research in each of the five partner countries (Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Italy, and France) in the alpine space. We analyzed Slovenian stakeholders responses to obtain information on the stakeholders’ knowledge, understanding, and approach to NNT. Through an online survey, we obtained responses from 120 individuals. Analyzing the answers, we found that the majority of the respondents recognize NNT and invasive non-native tree species (INNT) in Slovenia. Generally, the respondents believe NNT bring risk into the alpine space. The respondents considered black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) to be the most widespread species. They place black locust, tree of heaven, princess tree, staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), and boxelder (Acer negundo) among the most invasive ones. Just under half of the respondents expressed moderate concern about the impact of INNT, a quarter of the respondents was very concerned about NNT. Besedilo v slov. Bibliografija: str. 19-20. Izvleček ; Abstract ; Povzetek ; Summary.

V prispevku predstavimo podlago za izdelavo usmeritev pri gospodarjenju z navadno smreko v Sloveniji. Izvedli smo več ločenih analiz z istim ciljem: pripraviti strokovno utemeljene in s podatki podprte usmeritve za gospodarjenje z navadno smreko v Sloveniji v prihodnjih desetletjih. Tako smo v tem prispevku združili rezultate meritev nacionalne gozdne inventure, analizo priraščanja smreke, analize vrstne pestrosti ter pregled osnutkov načrtov za gozdnogospodarska območja. Namen tega prispevka je predstavitev rezultatov štirih ločenih sklopov analiz podatkov, ki so predstavljali osnovo za izdelavo usmeritev pri gospodarjenju z navadno smreko, objavljenih v naslednjem prispevku. In our article, we present the foundation for the preparation of the guidelines for Norway spruce management in Slovenia. We performed several separate analyses following the same goal: to prepare professionally founded and data-supported guidelines for Norway spruce management in Slovenia in the future decades. Thus, in this article, we combined the measurement results of the national forest inventory, spruce increment analysis, species diversity analyses, and overview of the drafts of the forest management regions plans. This article aims to present the results of the four separate data analysis complexes representing the foundation for the preparation of the guidelines in the Norway spruce management, published in the next article.

Large-scale forest disturbances (LSFD) are an essential component of forest ecosystem dynamics. The effects of rapid loss of forest cover and other changes in forest ecosystems are inextricably linked to hydrologic processes such as evapotranspiration, soil and recharge processes. Among all hydrogeological systems, karst aquifers are important because of their exceptionally rich and unique biodiversity, biomass, and groundwater resources. At the same time, they are characterized by specific hydrological processes that make them highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Therefore, this study paid special attention to the effects of LSFD on karst hydrology. Using the PRISMA checklist, a thorough literature review of studies published between 2001 and 2020 was compiled into a comprehensive matrix dataset. In addition, an initial assessment of the global and regional distribution of forests on carbonate rocks was made based on publicly available geodatabases of forests and karst aquifers. The compiled information provides the first global overview of hydrological processes affected by LSFD, and identifies important knowledge gaps and future research challenges. The matrix dataset contained 117 full-text articles with a total of 160 case studies. Most publications were from 2011 to 2017, with more than half of the studies at the plot level and more than one-third at the catchment level. Studies on the effects of fires and pest and diseases infestations predominated. However, no articles were found on the effects of ice storms on hydrology in general or on the effects of pest and disease infestations on hydrology in karst areas. Of the 45.6 M km2 of forested land worldwide, 6.3 M km2 or 13.9% of all forests are underlain by carbonate rocks. Carbonate rocks cover about 15% of the land surface, which means that 31.3% of the world's karst aquifers are covered by forest. 29% of all case studies were conducted in karst areas, which is a high proportion compared to the proportion of forests in karst areas. However, these studies are unevenly distributed geographically. Most studies were conducted at the plot level, and only 21% of studies focused on natural LSFD, so forest management and land use change studies predominated. Although studies on the effects of LSFD on evapotranspiration processes between vegetation, air and soil are fairly well represented, infiltration and recharge processes in karst areas remain poorly understood and knowledge is lacking, particularly on groundwater flow and related hydrological processes. Regional studies and impacts on groundwater resources are also insufficient. The results indicate an urgent need for an integrated holistic interdisciplinary approach and a comprehensive understanding of the individual influencing factors, which would allow more accurate modelling of hydrological processes in forested karst aquifers. Bibliografija: str. 17-21. Abstract.

Prepoznavanje invazivnih tujerodnih vrst (ITV) na terenu in hiter odziv na nove najdbe ITV v gozdovih sta med ključnimi izzivi gozdarske stroke. Z namenom krepitve zmogljivosti za zgodnje zaznavanje tujerodnih vrst v gozdovih je bilo v okviru projekta Osveščanje, usposabljanje in ukrepanje za invazivne tujerodne vrste v gozdu (LIFE ARTEMIS), ki je potekal v letih 2016-2020, 33 izobraževanj po Sloveniji in eno v tujini. Skupno se je izobraževanj udeležilo 1.059 udeležencev. Izobraževanja so bila izvedena za izvajalce usposabljanj, strokovnjake, lastnike gozdov, prostovoljce in zaposlene v podjetjih, povezanih z gozdom. Izobraževalni cilji usposabljanj so bili doseženi. Analiza samoocenjevalnih vprašalnikov udeležencev izobraževanj je pokazala, da so bili pred usposabljanjem malo do srednje usposobljeni, po usposabljanju pa srednje do dobro. Pred usposabljanjem je manj kot polovica anketirancev vedela, kako se odzvati, ko opazijo ITV v gozdu. Po usposabljanju pa je to vedelo več kot 90 % anketiranih. Po usposabljanju za prenos sistema za zgodnje obveščanje in hitro odzivanje (ZOHO) v druge evropske države je več kot 80 % anketiranih odgovorilo, da so se naučili nekaj novega o ITV, 79 % anketiranih pa si želi tudi v prihodnje sodelovati v sistemu ZOHO. Udeleženci si v prihodnje želijo predvsem dodatnih znanj na področju prepoznavanja ITV ter več terenskih izobraževanj. V prispevku predstavljamo rezultate spremljanja uspešnosti usposabljanj in razpravo o morebitni potrebi po dodatnih usposabljanjih na področju obveščanja in hitrega odzivanja za tujerodne vrste v gozdnem prostoru. Identifying alien invasive species (IAS) in the field and fast response to new IAS findings in forests represent one of the key challenges of modern forestry. Aiming to intensify the capacities for early detection of non-native species in forests, 33 training courses in Slovenia and one abroad were performed in the framework of the project Awareness, Training, and Actions for Non-Native Species in Forests (LIFE ARTEMIS) project taking place in years 2016-2020. A total of 1,059 participants attended the training courses. The training courses were performed for the training performers, professionals, forest owners, volunteers, and employees in the companies, connected with the forest. The training goals of these training courses were achieved. The analysis of the self-evaluation questionnaires showed that the participants had been little to fairly trained before the training and fairly to well-trained afterwards. Before the training, less than half of the respondents had known how to respond when noticing IAS in the forest. After the training, over 90 % of the respondents knew it. After the training for transferring the early warning and rapid response (EWRR) system into other European countries, over 80 % of the respondents answered that they learned something new about IAS. 79 % of the respondents wish to take part in the EWRR system also in the future. The participants want, above all, additional knowledge in the field of IAS detection and more field training in the future. In our article, we present the results of the training success monitoring and the discussion about an eventual need for additional training in the field of informing and fast response for non-native species in the forest space.

Stanje ohranjenosti sestojev habitatnega tipa 91E0* Obrečna vrbovja, jelševja in jesenovja (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) je v Sloveniji precej zaskrbljujoče. V Sloveniji je bilo njegovo stanje ocenjeno kot slabo, trend pa negativen, kar pomeni dodatno možnost poslabšanja. Omenjeni gozdni habitatni tip sodi med prioritetne ali prednostne habitatne tipe, za katere je predvidena posebna skrb Evropske skupnosti. Zaradi njegove majhnosti in fragmentiranosti je pogosto spregledan in tudi neustrezno obravnavan. Z namenom, da bi izboljšali njegovo prepoznavnost in spoznali njegove značilnosti na terenu, smo mu v okviru LIFE integriranega projekta za okrepljeno upravljanje Nature 2000 v Sloveniji namenili posebno pozornost. V raziskavi smo z uporabo metode terenskega kartiranja podrobneje proučili stanje sestojev habitatnega tipa 91E0* v območju Natura 2000 Ličenca pri Poljčanah. Na tak način smo ugotovili, kakšna je površina sestojev tega habitatnega tipa in jo primerjali z obstoječimi conami habitatnega tipa 91E0*. Ugotavljali smo pojavljanje ključnih drevesnih vrst oz. drevesno sestavo sestojev, njihovo pomlajevanje ter vrste pritiskov in groženj za habitatni tip 91E0* na tem območju. Izmed različnih znanih podtipov habitatnega tipa 91E0* smo na tem območju našli predvsem podtip nižinsko črnojelševje, pa tudi fragmente podtipa vrbovja s topolom. Ponekod so se tudi v gozdu pojavljali manjši sestoji vrb in ozkolistnega jesena. Ugotovili smo, da površine sestojev habitatnega tipa 91E0* na območju Natura 2000 Ličenca pri Poljčanah dejansko zavzemajo le približno četrtino površine obstoječih con habitatnega tipa. Analiza drevesne sestave sestojev je pokazala predvsem vraščanje smreke v sestojih črnojelševja, le-ta naravno ni prisotna v tem habitatnem tipu. Ugotovili smo, da je na proučevanem območju pomlajevanje črne jelše zelo okrnjeno. Na slabšanje stanja sestojev črnojelševja še dodatno vplivajo različni pritiski in grožnje, kot so bližina kmetijskih površin, odpadki, fragmentacija sestojev črnojelševja, širjenje invazivnih tujerodnih rastlin, vodne regulacije, bližina prometnic, izsuševanje rastišč idr. Stanje ohranjenosti sestojev tega habitatnega tipa je bilo posledično v večini primerov ocenjeno kot neugodno do slabo. Z namenom, da bi se stanje obrečnih gozdov na območju Ličence pri Poljčanah izboljšalo, smo v prispevku predlagali nekaj konkretnih ohranitvenih ukrepov The conservation status of the habitat type 91E0* Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- -Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) is rather alarming in Slovenia. In Slovenia, its status has been assessed as bad and the trend as negative which implies an additional possibility of deterioration. The above-mentioned forest habitat is the priority or preferential habitat type for which a special EU care is foreseen. Due to its small size and fragmentation, it is often overlooked and inappropriately treated. In order to improve its recognizability and get to know its characteristics in the field, we gave it a special attention in the framework of the LIFE Integrated Project for Enhanced Management of Natura 2000 in Slovenia. In our research, we studied the status of the habitat type 91E0* in Natura 2000 area Ličenca pri Poljčanah in detail by using the field mapping method. In this manner, we determined the area of stands of this habitat type and compared it with the existing habitat type 91E0* zones. We were detecting the occurrence of key tree species or, respectively, tree composition of stands, their regeneration and kinds of pressures and threats for the 91E0* habitat type in this area. Among the various known sub-types of the habitat type 91E0*, we found primarily the black alder (Alnus glutinosa) forest subtype, but also fragments of the subtype with willows and poplar. In some places, smaller stands of willows (Salix spp.) and narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) were also found in the forest. We discovered that the habitat type 91E0* area in the Natura 2000 Ličenca pri Poljčanah actually occupies only around a fourth of the existing habitat type zones area. The analysis of the tree composition showed mainly the ingrowth of spruce in the black alder forests, which is not naturally present in this habitat type. We discovered that the regeneration of the black alder is very reduced in the studied area. The decline of the black alder stands is additionally influenced by diverse pressures and threats, e. g. the vicinity of the agricultural lands, waste, fragmentation of black alder stands, spreading of the non-native invasive plants, water regulations, vicinity of the traffic roads, sites drainage, etc. Consequently, the conservation status of the stands of this habitat type has been in most cases evaluated as unfavorable to bad. In order to improve the status of the riparian forests in the Ličenca pri Poljčanah area we also presented suggestions for concrete conservation measures.

Timber harvesting constitutes extensive anthropogenic disturbance in temperate forests, producing a broad range of ecological impacts that most often enhance the demographic processes of vegetation. This study monitored post-harvest herb layer demography over a 6-year period in mesic Dinaric fir-beech forests (Slovenia), a vascular plant diversity hotspot among European forests. Three experimental harvesting intensities, i.e. full harvest (FH), partial harvest (PH) and a control treatment (NH), were each applied over a circular area of 4000 m2 and replicated three times at each of three study sites. Vegetation sampling was conducted before harvesting (in 2012), and two (2014) and six (2018) years following it, in a 400 m2 circular plot positioned in the centre of each treatment area. We focused on identifying general demographic patterns and evaluating the effects of various pre-disturbance abiotic and biotic predictors on compositional responses to disturbance. Two years after harvest (2012-2014), compositional shifts were larger than those in the next 4-year period (2014-2018), confirming the general theoretical prediction that species turnover rate decreases along a successional gradient. The degree of compositional shifts in gaps (FH) and thinned stands (PH) was affected by local abiotic factors (geomorphology of karst sinkholes) and community attributes, such as pre-harvest species richness. Our results indicate that compositional stability is positively associated with pre-disturbance species richness. Over the whole study period, increases in plot-level species richness (alpha diversity) and overall enrichment of the species pool (gamma diversity) were accompanied by compositional convergence, i.e. a decline in floristic dissimilarity (beta diversity) between and within study sites. However, the observed tendency towards homogenization was rather weak and would have been even more pronounced if the demographic type of persistent resident species had not shown a high degree of resistance, thus leaving a strong imprint on post-harvest vegetation development by preserving the forest characteristics of the herb layer community. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 5. 7. 2021. Bibliografija: str. 11-13.

Vsebina publikacije na kratko povzema izsledke projekta Go for Mura. Predstavljeni so poplavni in močvirni gozdovi ob Muri, njihov pomen ter različni vidiki omenjenih gozdov, ki so bili raziskani tekom projekta. Predstavljene so ostale aktivnosti projekta .