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The learning process must actively involve students and provide opportunities for them to study and prove the theories they learn. This study determined the influence of the application of Project-Besad Learning (PjBL) using a laboratory approach on learning outcomes and critical thinking in marine biology. This study used a descriptive quantitative method, with the independent variable being the implementation of PjBL with a laboratory approach and involved 32 students in the sixth semester of Biology Education at Pattimura University Indonesia enrolled in marine biology courses. The dependent variables were students' learning outcomes and critical thinking, and the data were collected by tests (knowledge and critical thinking) and observations (attitude and skill). The analysis revealed that the integration of the PjBL with a laboratory approach had a weak effect on knowledge (0.003

This study aimed to determine the utilization of research results of the selection of marine fungi for milkfish ("Chanos chanos") feed. The study was conducted in stages, starting with identifying the issues in the learning activities of biotechnology concepts, followed by experiments to identify research methods and products, selecting an adaptation of research findings as the learning source content, and application and development of research findings as learning. The data and information were gathered through an interview grid and a questionnaire, and the findings of the surveys were then analyzed qualitatively. The results of a selection study of marine fungi from Dua Island, Banten, Indonesia as feed for milkfish related to basic competency (KD) 3.10 and 4.10 can be used as learning resources as digital magazines for class XII high school students. Thus, media can help student in learning process.

Games are a proven tool for learning at all ages and in many contexts. They increase the attractiveness of learning processes through arousing interest and enhancing motivation, and aid with the development of social skills. Educational games provide teachers with different approaches to teaching. 'The Game of the Sea' is an interdisciplinary board game, specifically designed to teach its players about the marine environment, regardless of their age. Through its 68 sections, coloured according to particular topics and organised as a fish shape, players encounter a wide range of questions and activities. Through playing this game, players acquire a broad knowledge of science, the marine environment and its importance, and literature. The game uses an interdisciplinary approach with question cards on a variety of topics (including maths, physics, biology, chemistry, art, etc.). A total of 222 players (111 children, aged 11-15, and 111 adults, aged 18-72) tested the game. These players were enrolled in different formal and non-formal educational contexts and had different educational backgrounds. For a qualitative analysis of game sessions (participant observation), researchers acted as game moderators and, while doing so, made subtle observations of players playing the game. On top of this, the value of the game, as a didactic tool, was evaluated with a test that players took before and after the game. After playing the game, knowledge of the marine environment, increased in both children and adults, with a slightly higher increase in children. Therefore, 'The Game of the Sea' is suitable for teaching all ages about the marine environment. Further, this game can impart to its players the importance of the marine environment and the importance of protecting this environment.

Ambassadors for Biodiversity (EmBio) is an ocean literacy research project that contributes to the improvement of literacy on marine and coastal biodiversity, namely encompassing the areas covered by the Natura 2000 Network, by promoting coastal and oceanic resources conservation and natural and cultural values preservation of the Portuguese western Atlantic coast. This project directly promotes the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the implementation of 2030 Agenda developed by the United Nations and adopted by most countries in the world, which define the priorities and aspirations for global sustainable development until the year of 2030, mobilizing a world-wide effort to meet a common set of goals and objectives. This paper contributes to understanding how ocean literacy, and specifically the EmBio research project, fits into the international agenda for sustainable development and the SDGs and its targets. Through an analysis and a comparison between the project EmBio and the SDGs, it was possible to identify connections on 11 out of 17 goals and 31 out of 169 targets, with a special emphasis on the SDG 14--Life Below Water. The results highlight the relevance of this project and, especially, ocean literacy for the accomplishment of the SDGs.

In an increasingly data driven world, the need for a qualified STEM workforce is essential. Increasing the diversity of this workforce increases the social and economic possibilities for the individual as well as national economic status and global prominence in innovation and technology. The Curriculum and Community Enterprise for Restoration Science has created a nexus between STEM education and possible college and career pathways in data science through ecological experiences in the classroom and in the field. Focusing on data collection and interpretation, New York City students from underserved communities are exposed to the local marine environment and efforts to restore aquatic species as well as the water quality in New York Harbor. The use of an innovative and motivating curriculum for both students and teachers bolstered confidence in acquired skills and content. By introducing students to these heretofore untapped STEM areas of interest, the BOP CCERS + STEM C Project has created opportunities in college and career options for underrepresented populations and the possibility of growing a more diverse STEM workforce.

The purpose of this research is to learn about the division of authority in the management of marine resources and the handling of social conflicts that occur between fishermen in terms of peace education in national law. This study uses a normative juridical research methodology by conducting a comprehensive study of theoretical aspects, legal rules and legal principles that focus on the authority of sea management and handling social conflicts through peace education on Madura Island, East Java Province, Indonesia. The main data sources are secondary data obtained from primary legal materials, documentation, and relevant research studies. The data analysis technique uses content analysis which is intended to describe the characteristics and draw inferences from the research conducted. The results showed two main points. First, since the enactment of Law Number 23 of 2014, the authority for marine management by the district government has been abolished and taken over by the provincial government. As a result, the district government can only receive reports from the community about conflicts between fishermen and no longer have the authority to manage the sea. On the positive side, it minimizes the abuse of power, but from the negative side, the community is getting further away from the district/city authorities who are supposed to handle conflicts between fishermen in their area. More deeply, the Provincial Government streamlines the formation and development of Community Supervisory Groups (Pokmaswas) as a form of cooperation in the supervision of marine and fishery resources by security forces and law enforcement as well as the community. Second, the law related to handling social conflicts is an effort to implement peace education because it is carried out in the context of dealing with conflicts without violence for the sake of harmony, unity, and peace by involving all parties involved in conflicts between fishermen. The conclusion is that the formation of Pokmaswas and laws and regulations are not sufficient for handling conflicts between fishermen, they need to be supported by district/city regional policies as owners of management places/areas for equitable distribution of welfare and justice. Local governments need to instill peace values as mandated in the National Law, Pancasila, and the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution in various peace education and training programs by focusing on anti-violance training.

Biomimicric implementations provide positive contributions to the development of many abilities such as problem solving, creative thinking and productivity by enabling students to look at nature from a different perspective. For this reason, in this study, it was investigated how the biomimicric applications of the macro, micro, and sub-micro nature of freshwater creatures were reflected in their arguments with special gifted students. The research was planned as a summer workshop in an institution that teaches with special gifted students in Ankara in the 2017-2018 academic year, and was carried out on the basis of case study from qualitative research patterns with eight gifted students. In a two-stage study, gifted students conducted microscopic and literature research on freshwater creatures in the first stage and made drawings about the macro, micro, and sub-micro nature of living things. In the second phase, they discussed their biomimicric prototypes in groups and explained them with their arguments. In the study based on document analysis, the data were obtained from students' worksheets and analyzed by content analysis. As a result of the research, it can be said that the concept images of gifted students develop with macro, micro, and sub-micro drawings and the quality of the arguments they construct has become more qualified during the process, and the application contributes to their creative and analytical thinking.

This case study shares feedback from program alumni who are from underrepresented groups in STEM and who participated in either an undergraduate internship program or a Bridge to Ph.D. program designed to broaden participation in the marine and environmental sciences. The internship program was hosted by a Historically Black College and University (HBCU), in partnership with local collaborators who hosted students. The Bridge to Ph.D. program was co-designed by faculty leaders from the HBCU and faculty partners at a primarily White institution (PWI) who hosted the program on their campus. Interviews were conducted one to four years after participation in one of the programs to learn whether students were still involved in the geosciences and to document the ways they used agency to navigate the marine sciences learning ecosystem. Almost all students were still engaged in the marine and environmental sciences, and all were still engaged in STEM fields. The agency included in their stories reiterates themes from the literature and demonstrates a range of successful pathways that can be encouraged and supported by those striving for inclusion in the geosciences. Results are described in relation to the importance of changing the shared social practices utilized within the geosciences to support inclusion, particularly regarding how success is defined.

Worldwide initiatives have been promoting awareness on marine environmental issues. In Brazil Maritime Mentality Program arises from political disputes over the right to use maritime spaces, Coastal Marine Environmental Education shares the same theoretical basis as Environmental Education and Ocean Literacy appears in the USA and became globally widespread after its inclusion as one goal of Ocean Decade. Based on a literature review this article gives a panorama of the history, working groups, institutional links, theoretical framework and impact of the published material of these three working fields. The conclusion is that the conceptual framework of all three is limited and do not address the deep causes of environmental degradation which is the current social-political-economic system.

Conducting marine mammal research can raise several important ethical issues. For example, the continuation of whaling for commercial purposes despite the international moratorium provides opportunities for scientists to obtain data and tissue samples. In 2021 we analysed 35 peer-reviewed papers reporting research based on collaborations with Icelandic whalers. Results highlighted little consideration or understanding of the legal and ethical issues associated with the deliberate killing of whales amongst those researchers, funding bodies, universities and journals involved. Ethical statements were rarely provided. Those that were written were incomplete. Whilst research using whaling data may seem acceptable to some, it often becomes hard to justify when subject to scrutiny by the media and the public. Thus, there is a particular danger of reputational harm for early career researchers who may become unwittingly involved in such activities. Here we also consider the broader variety of ethical issues raised by non-lethal research (both historical and recent) on marine mammals including tagging and biopsy. We discuss instances where study animals were harmed or even killed and where the public mistook tags for harpoons. Without clear guidelines, reviewers and journal editors are put in an impossible position when considering whether to reject papers on ethical grounds. We propose that for such studies, universities, funders, journals, and permit issuers must require ethical assessments and that journals more effectively implement their existing policies on publishing ethical statements. The professional marine mammal societies need to work together to produce modern ethical guidance. Such guidance should require transparency in the provenance of data and samples while including advice on law, welfare issues, involvement of local scientists, and offshoring. Furthermore, it should require appraisal of and justification for the absolute necessity of invasive procedures. As is already the case in biomedical disciplines, ethical statements should be required in marine mammal science.

A common question posed to environmental scientists by nonscientists, particularly policymakers, is the following: In a world that is globally warmer, what will the new climate be like in specific geographical regions? This question has been and continues to be addressed by computer modeling, a technique that is out of reach for vast majority of students. However, an alternate approach to investigating this issue exists that is more practical for students. Past climates can be inferred for specific regions from fossils, utilizing climate tolerances of related modern organisms. When these inferred past climates correspond to periods of the Earth's history where levels of carbon dioxide were as high or higher than today, these data can be used to extrapolate possible future local climates in a globally warmer world. The last Pleistocene interglacial period (known as the Eemian), which occurred approximately 120,000 years ago, is an ideal time period for studies of this kind for the following reasons. First, carbon dioxide levels were elevated at this time to levels approximating modern global conditions, and the world was warmer as evidenced by a much higher sea level than exists today. Secondly, most Eemian-age animals (especially mollusks) still exist, have known climate tolerances, and are relatively common as fossils. Students examining fossil mollusk faunas have applied this methodology to infer the Eemian climates of South Florida and coastal Virginia and found unexpectedly that for both regions the Eemian climate did not greatly differ from the modern one. The methodology described here can be used to address other important questions and puts such authentic and potentially valuable scientific research within practical reach of student scientists.

Fish bombing impacts the marine ecosystem and local communities adversely, but is still being practiced in Sabah, Malaysia. To encourage more sustainable fishing practices, a creative educational strategy using a comic book was developed and evaluated in a marine protected area in Sabah. Questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions with 120 schoolchildren revealed that the comic book facilitated the improvement and retention of knowledge over time, knowledge sharing with family members, and growing intention to communicate the downsides of fish bombing to their community. This demonstrates the capability of comic books to convey sensitive environmental messages to coastal communities.

This research aims at analyzing the effectiveness of environmentally-based science learning to improve the environmentally friendly character of the students in the coastal area. This was experimental research with one group pre-test -- post-test design. A total of 83 elementary students from the coastal area participated as a sample in this research. Samples were obtained through cluster random sampling. The test was administered to collect the data on student character. Wilcoxon test was administered in this research. The result obtained p < 0.05, where a significant increase in the environmentally friendly character of students in the coastal area was shown. This research concluded that environmentally based science learning is effective in increasing the environmentally friendly character of the students. This result was expected to contribute to the development of the environmentally friendly character of students by their teachers.

The purpose of this study was to measure student knowledge and attitudes in conservation of mangroves and coral reefs, introducing and applying Environmental Education Community Network (EECN) to students in wider scale. The method used in this research is a descriptive method and used a survey for gathering data. Samples were selected with simple random sampling in several schools and Jakarta State University. The results showed Average score of knowledge students from all levels were with low category. Average score of attitudes students from all levels were with high category. Students' knowledge was still low and attitudes in terms of mangroves and coral reefs were high. This result showed that students need a model that could enhance knowledge and attitude to conserve mangroves and coral reefs. EECN is one model that have the potential to empower students' knowledge and attitude in protecting the environment.

In this article, we present a theoretical framework for mixed reality (MR/XR) self-determined learning to enhance ecological literacy in free-choice educational settings. The framework emerged from a research study in New Zealand which aimed to explore how learning experiences which incorporate mobile technologies within free-choice learning settings can be designed to enhance learner development of marine ecological literacy. An understanding of how mobile technology can be integrated into the teaching and learning of sustainability education that incorporates free-choice learning contexts, such as visitor centres, is of strategic importance to both education outside the classroom and adult learning. Following a design-based research methodology, the framework is presented in the form of a set of design principles and guidelines, informed by key theories in ecological literacy and free-choice learning, heutagogy, bring your own device and self-determined learning. We briefly describe how the framework provided the foundation for an educational intervention. This paper aims to assist researchers and developers of MR/XR immersive learning environments to consider design principles and processes that can enhance learning outcomes within free-choice settings, such as museums and visitor centres.

Experiential learning was introduced to support a child's concept development towards evolution scientific literacy. This study examined the effect of an experiential learning model (The Mobile Natural Science Learning -- MNSL) on the knowledge of 4th grade primary school students in Slovenia, during natural science school lessons at the seashore through the use of tablets. Mobile technology provides authentic learning, assisting outdoor lessons providing material and environmental context in learning, which support the experience of a learner. In the experimental group (N=95), outdoor learning in the seashore included Kolb's experiential learning cycle with the integration of tablets. In the control group (N=97), the teachers used concrete experience for exploring the seashore, excluding the Kolb's cycle. The data were collected by using two science knowledge pre and post-tests. The test items were classified into three TIMSS' cognitive domains: (1) factual knowledge, (2) conceptual understanding, and (3) reasoning and analysis. Differences between groups were analysed through Mann-Whitney U-test and showed that the experimental group had better learning outcomes than the control group. Findings indicate that the MNSL-model had a positive effect on students' achievement in science, more precisely in knowledge on marine organisms and life at the seashore.

In this study, we use a mixed methods approach to analyze the conversational content and interactions constituting five family groups' visits to the Marine Aquarium of Rio de Janeiro (AquaRio), the largest marine aquarium in South America, to understand how families interact with science and construct meaning regarding science and conservation. The audiovisual records of the family groups were analyzed using categories that investigate the types of interactions and conversations that may take place in scientific-cultural venues. The results suggest that, throughout the visits, family members were driven by their observation and contemplation of the animals on exhibit to interact with each other to share information about marine biodiversity and its conservation. The adults, children, and explainers all had fundamental roles in the construction of dialogues on scientific topics. The adults adopted behaviors that facilitated learning, made associations with previous experiences, read panels, and contextualized the information to their family's reality. The children were notable for their protagonism, asking questions, giving explanations, and sharing their previous knowledge, experiences and opinions about the animals and the conservation of marine biodiversity based on scientific reasoning. Therefore, this study provides evidence of the important role that AquaRio could play in providing opportunities for families to have conversations about biodiversity and conservation while raising awareness about the impacts of human activities on the oceans.

Conversational agents can deepen reasoning and encourage students to build on others' knowledge in collaborative learning. Embedding agents in group work, however, presents challenges where groups may ignore the agents, and this calls for designs where students perceive agents as learning partners. This study examines group interactions with two text-based agents (ie, chatbots) that posed as an expert and a less knowledgeable peer in a high school marine biology lesson. Student messages (N = 1764) from 18 groups (52 students ages 14-15) received codes for reasoning, building on prior ideas, and responsiveness to the agents. Results indicate no differences between agents in how often each discussion move occurred. Interestingly, sequential pattern mining suggests that the less-knowledgeable-peer agent prompted groups to show questioning and building on others' ideas, similar to how students may act as peer tutors to the agent. Meanwhile, sequences with the expert agent resembled student-teacher exchange, where groups responded to the agent's nudges and then provided reasoning. Findings illustrate the affordances of embedding humanized features in technology designs to promote discussion.

Today, the necessity of marine education is being stated. Especially raising awareness about biodiversity is important in marine education. Museums not only house exhibits but also have the function of storing specimens. They hold specimens not available to the public daily that can be used for educational and research purposes. Samples of creatures that are difficult to keep and of unusual organisms are often stored in museums. Also, since immersion specimens do not move, they are suitable for observation. The forms of fish are especially diverse. Observations of fish of various forms facilitate the understanding of fish morphology and awareness of biodiversity. Therefore, we conducted a marine biology course using museum fish specimens. In that course, in order to encourage learners' activeness, we implemented quizzes and organized sessions with story nature. Before the lecture, the awareness of the morphology of the fish was low. The lecture was able to make the diversity of fish form understanding. Learners actively attended, observed and deepened their understanding. Also, we were able to tell learners about the function of the museum. It was found that the use of museum specimens is beneficial for observing precious biological specimens.

Anatomical education is very important in understanding the internal structure of the body and the mechanism of life, especially for the medical profession, including nursing. However, in Japan, students have a few opportunities of getting anatomical education using animals before they enter university. The different step-by-step anatomical curriculum needs to be created for elementary school, junior high school, high school, and university students. However, it is difficult to perform anatomical education widely, particularly with bioethics problems and students who often have an aversion to dissected animals. Therefore, it is considered very useful to introduce anatomical education using marine products, which are more familiar. In particular, fish have the same basic structure as vertebrates, so they are useful for understanding the bodies of vertebrate animals, including the human body. Also, the use of marine products other than fish can deepen students' understanding of the structure of organisms of various systems. Therefore, in this study, we conducted anatomical lectures from functional morphology and ecological point of view, using marine products as teaching materials for elementary school children. To prevent students' aversion, the marine products were wrapped, which also reduced the smell. Students actively learned the internal structure of fishes, cephalopods, and shellfish, without aversion. According to our questionnaire survey, most participants reported that their impression and comprehension of the course was excellent or good. The use of "seafood" as teaching material for young learners was found to be very useful for anatomical education.

This article demonstrates how data from a biology paper, which analyzes the relationship between mass and metabolic rate for two species of marine bryozoan, can be used to teach a variety of regression topics to both introductory and advanced students. A thorough analysis requires intelligent data wrangling, variable transformations, and accounting for correlation between observations. The bryozoan data can be used as a valuable class example throughout the semester, or as a dataset for extended homework assignments and class projects. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

This work aimed to raise ocean awareness of 6th-grade students using marine invertebrates and integrating ludic activities within the curricula. Forty-two students from two public elementary schools from Northeast Brazil were selected. A pre-experimental design with pre-test/post-test was followed, using a questionnaire on ocean-environmental-related topics, and applying an inquiry-based learning approach. The ludic procedures were effective to improve the perception and learning of the students on the importance of oceans and the need for their preservation. We highlight the necessity for including more active methods to promote such awareness in schools.

Invasive species outreach has long leaned on problematic and oversimplified messaging that narrowly frames the issue as binary: good-native vs. evil-invasive. Contemporary invasive species educational programming in the United States, as illustrated in this article, draw on this same approach that, while attention grabbing, both reinforces xenophobic rhetoric and fails to adequately educate on the complicated ethical decision-making processes that go into invasive species management. In response to this gap, I identify educational strategies using storytelling and narrative, specifically comics creation, as a productive way of deepening student engagement with invasive species management and building literacy in ethical environmental decision-making. Using comics without proper framing, however, might still reproduce good/evil binaries, as I exemplify using the Oregon Sea Grant WISE Program's "Aquatic Invasions! A Menace to the West" invasive species comics curriculum. I suggest that improving comics-based invasive species curricula should include an emphasis on process-based learning and reflective practice to model the iterative nature of environmental management and provoke critical thinking about invasive species representation.

The Earth's oceans are home to a diverse array of life, from large marine mammals to microscopic organisms. Among the most important are the marine phytoplankton, which comprise the basis of marine food webs, and also produce a large percentage of the Earth's oxygen through photosynthesis. Although the vast majority of phytoplankton are essential to ocean health, several dozen species produce potent toxins, and can form what are called Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). This science activity focuses on the importance of HABs, as well as the types of data scientists collect to understand blooms. In the classroom exercises, students will calculate the proportional abundance (% contribution) of five HAB species present in water samples, and use these data to create pie graphs to depict species composition. Students will then compare these results with levels of HAB toxins in water samples collected over the same time period. Thought questions challenge students to develop hypotheses regarding how changes in the HAB community may relate to observed trends in toxin concentrations. This activity was successfully taught to visually impaired students who were able to complete the pie charts and answer the thought questions.

Climate change portends significant harms to humans and biodiversity but public knowledge of relevant scientific information remains limited. As societal changes and investment are essential to addressing anthropogenic climate change, efforts to better promote both civic science literacy and public awareness of climate change impacts are urgently required. Popular scientific television programming provides one avenue for broad climate change communication efforts. Our pilot study seeks to evaluate the effects viewing a popular scientific television program, "Bill Nye Saves the World: The Earth is a hot mess" on both fact recall and personal perceptions. We surveyed undergraduate students enrolled in non-majors courses at two institutions of higher education, one large selective private university, and one community college with open enrollment before and after viewing this program. The survey contained both open-response questions and Likert-like ordinal responses intended to evaluate both fact recall and beliefs related to climate change. After viewing the program, student awareness of climate change impacts was improved, especially for topics emphasized by the program such as sea level rise. Student awareness of ocean acidification was extremely low prior to viewing the program, and improved dramatically, with most respondents aware that ocean acidification is already impacting marine life after viewing. Our pilot study suggests that scientific television programs may successfully promote awareness of climate change impacts and increase perceived personal relevance of climate change, but additional data from a larger and demographically broad population is required to test whether this result is more broadly applicable.

The first aim of research is to propose a research instrument based on Wiseman and Bogner's Model of Ecological Values, the "Coastal Environment Questionnaire" (CEQ), specifically developed to evaluate the Environmental Perception about marine and coastal ecosystems. The second aim is to explore, using CEQ, the position on the categories from Model of Ecological Values of some basic education students and some pre-service biology teachers from cities located near coastal areas from Brazil. CEQ was modified from "The Environment Questionnaire" (TEQ), which consists of a questionnaire composed of 16 items with Likert-type responses. The first process to have elaborated the new instrument changed the general situations described in the items of TEQ (most related with land environments) to situations related to marine and coastal environments. CEQ has been used with: 63 pre-service biology teachers from a non-coastal city; 79 basic education students from a non-coastal city; and 74 basic education students from a coastal city. All pre-service teachers were placed at Preservation+Utilization- category (100%). However, most students were placed at the Preservation+Utilization- category (around 70%), followed by Preservation+Utilization+ (around 25%), regardless their city location. It is expected that CEQ can be useful on research aim to better understand the perception about marine and coastal environments, contributing to development and evaluation of future Environmental Educational program focus on these important ecosystems.

The coastal waters of East Yapen is one of the spawning sites and areas of care for marine biota in Papua. Because of its very open location, it is widely used by human activities such as fishing, residential, industrial and cruise lines. This indirectly affects the balance of coastal waters condition of East Yapen that impact on the existence of marine biota, especially phytoplankton. Phytoplanktons have a very important role because phytoplankton is the primary producer in the food chain as a link to higher tropical levels. Therefore, special studies are needed such as looking at the distribution of phytoplankton abundance at each site. The data analysis uses the American Public Health Association (APHA), Geo-statistical data, and Chi Square. Then, the distribution parameters are estimated using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method.The obtained parameters are used to describe the cumulative probability and survival of phytoplankton distribution. Samples are taken from fifteen sampling points. The form parameter of the phytoplankton abundance data is 3.9844 and the scale parameter is 79.929. So phytoplankton is the most widely spread in the 15th location, followed by the 6th location. While phytoplankton is at least in the 8th location.The results show that the highest phytoplankton abundance composition is Bacillariophyceae (50%) and the lowest is Phyrrophyceae (9%) and Cyanophceae. The research is expected to provide an overview of the fertility rate of East Yapen Coastal Waters in particular and Yapen Islands regency in general.

Microbial processes in the deep biosphere affect marine sediments, such as the formation of gas hydrate deposits. Gas hydrate deposits offer a large source of natural gas with the potential to augment energy reserves and affect climate and seafloor stability. Despite the significant interdependence between life and geology in the ocean, coverage of the deep biosphere is generally missing in most introductory oceanography textbooks, so there is a need for instructional materials on this important topic. In response to this need, a course module on the deep biosphere with a focus on gas hydrate deposits was created. The module uses Google Earth (Google, Mountain View, CA) to support inquiry-based activities that demonstrate the interaction of the deep biosphere with geology. The module was tried as both a series of in-class exercises and as an out-of-class assignment in an introductory, undergraduate oceanography course. The students took short, preactivity and postactivity quizzes to determine the effectiveness of the module in improving student knowledge about gas hydrates. The module was effective at increasing student knowledge about the basic environmental and biological controls on the formation of gas hydrates on the seafloor. Students showed a consistently low initial comprehension of the content related to gas hydrates, but most (>80%) of the students increased their quiz scores for all module activities. This module on gas hydrate deposits increases the available teaching resources focused on the deep biosphere for geoscience educators.

There are many ways in which scientists can engage in entrepreneurial activities. The context of this article is a Swedish research group in marine ecology, which became increasingly involved in entrepreneurial activities. This article focuses on the what, why and how of entrepreneurship as part of an academic role. The study was conducted as an interactive research process, involving activities as well as interviewing participants in the project. Theories of identity work, role identity and passion were used to analyse this context. Two distinct but simultaneous processes were identified: first, when scientists engage in commercial entrepreneurial activities and react by reaffirming their roles as academics and, second, when scientists engage in entrepreneurial activities in a broad sense, fulfilling environmental and social goals (this is compatible with their scientific passion connected to their academic role identity). This article shows that scientists can be entrepreneurial while working with social and environmental responsibility with no conflict between their entrepreneurial activity and their role as an academic.

There are a handful of programmes in higher education that offer students a "joint" international study programme and research shows that students have certain levels of anxiety when starting studying in such graduate programmes. This study aimed to explore levels of student anxiety and investigates the prerequisite skills in order to better prepare students for studying in an international Master programme of Marine Biological Resources with 10 European campuses in seven countries. We applied mixed-methods including online questionnaires and interviews capturing student experiences and teachers' perspectives. Results show that especially mature and non-native English-speaking students experience anxiety and that there is a high class-heterogeneity in terms of academic background and life experience. This may simultaneously act as a barrier for and enable learning. The presented results show a need to improve the student acculturation process in international programmes. This could be done by better communicating expectations and by providing resources for social, methodological, and pedagogical skills. More specific strategies are a) prerequisite courses that use quantitative measurements as the most significant causes of anxiety, b) educators to better state what a good practice of learning in their course is, c) mixing local and international students in courses i.e. groupwork or other class interactivity.

It is important that students understand the role the ocean plays in mitigating climate change, and how every person on this planet is uniquely connected to the ocean. Identifying these connections can be challenging for students in rural or underserved areas, many of whom do not live by, or interact with, the ocean. Through the use of the board game "Oligotrophic" and the accompanying lesson, the authors hope to show students their personal connection to the oceans, the carbon cycle, and climate change. Students investigate critical ecological and oceanic processes by playing the game, which simulates real-life microbial interactions that form the basis of the microbial carbon pump. Oligotrophic is an easy-to-learn, strategic tile-placement game where players compete to place biomass the fastest. In the game, players select and play hexagonal cards based on actual microorganisms to accumulate biomass, achieve bonuses, and take biomass from other microorganisms they encounter. For this activity, students form groups and play "Oligotrophic" several times in increasingly complex simulations. In each they make predictions and measure the biomass of each type of organism represented in the game. Students track the movement of biomass throughout the microbial food web and learn how marine microbes mediate the uptake of anthropogenic carbon via the Microbial Carbon Pump. After each round concludes, students take quantitative measurements of the biomass in their systems. Groups then perform experiments using "Oligotrophic," where they introduce a change, such as removing all heterotrophs from the system, and play the game again to understand the ecological impact of their introduced change. Using "Oligotrophic" as a model, students take what they learn in previous rounds, make hypotheses about the outcome of this change, then test their hypotheses and share results with their classmates. The games reinforces the "Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)" science and engineering practices (SEP) such as data gathering from a model and using it to make informed predictions about the outcomes of the changes they introduce.

One in four Australian undergraduate students participates in learning abroad during their study. Since 2012, faculty-led mobility programmes have overtaken exchange programs to become the most popular outbound mobility type in Australia. However, little has been known about how faculty-led short-term mobility programmes affect students' employability and what might be the benefits of Australian science students' participation in this type of mobility in the Indo-Pacific. This article analyses how a faculty-led programme in science to Japan affects its participants' employability, from the perspectives of students participating in a New Colombo Plan mobility program funded by the Australian government. The study found that it was changes in the students' guided learning circumstance as they navigated the transient space in off-track locations in Japan that enabled them to learn new disciplinary knowledge, acquire transferable skills, accumulate real-life Indo-Pacific experiences and develop empathy and cultural understandings. Despite the development of these qualities, the study found challenges facing students to link knowledge-skill-attribute development to employability. The article discussed implications for developing a more systemic and coordinated approach across the curriculum, career support unit and global mobility office to integrate learning abroad experiences into pedagogy and career counselling service to enhance student employability.

As the impacts of climate change grow, we need better ways to raise awareness and motivate action. Here we assess the effectiveness of an Arctic climate change card game in comparison with the more conventional approach of reading an illustrated article. In-person assessments with control/reading and treatment/game groups (N = 41), were followed four weeks later with a survey. The game was found to be as effective as the article in teaching content of the impacts of climate change over the short term, and was more effective than the article in long-term retention of new information. Game players also had higher levels of engagement and perceptions that they knew ways to help protect Arctic ecosystems. They were also more likely to recommend the game to friends or family than those in the control group were likely to recommend the article to friends or family. As we consider ways to broaden engagement with climate change, we should include games in our portfolio of approaches.

The lack of interest among pre-university students to choose STEM subjects for their higher education is a heavily debated issue in many western-world countries. To boost Danish students' interest in biology, a study event on artificial reefs was introduced when teaching marine biology in lower secondary school and upper secondary school (student age 13-20 years). The purpose was to investigate if the focus on artificial reefs could generate an increased interest in natural science and marine biology among the students. The students' interest in science was evaluated using electronic questionnaires before and after they had completed the teaching programme. The students were significantly more interested in natural sciences and marine biology after than before the teaching program. The development in situational interest in science and in the oceans was different for males and females with females being most interested. Thus, it is possible to trigger a situational interest for science and marine biology by teaching about artificial reefs, but the way interest is triggered differs between different age groups and sexes.

Oceans play an important role in weather and climate through transfers of heat and moisture to the atmosphere, and by moving heat and climate-relevant molecules like carbon dioxide around the globe. Energy also transfers from the atmosphere to the surface of the ocean, traveling down through the water column creating ocean currents that transport water with different temperatures, nutrients, and organisms from one part of the ocean to another. Students may not have known that there are ocean currents below the sea surface, but we provide methodology for sharing this information in a way that is accessible, including for the visually impaired. In addition to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), Ocean Literacy Principles and The Essential Principles of Climate Literacy are addressed.

Driven by our technologically advanced workplaces and the surge in demand for proficiency in the computing disciplines, it is becoming imperative to provide computational thinking (CT) opportunities to all students. One approach for making computing accessible and relevant to learning and problem-solving in K-12 environments is to integrate it with existing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) curricula. However, novice student learners may face several difficulties in trying to learn STEM and computing concepts simultaneously. To address some of these difficulties, we present a systematic approach to learning STEM and CT by designing and developing "domain-specific modeling languages" (DSMLs) to aid students in their model building and problem-solving processes. The paper discusses a theoretical framework and the design principles for developing DSMLs, which is implemented as a four-step process. We apply the four-step process in three domains: Physics, Marine Biology, and Earth Science to demonstrate its generality, and then perform case studies to show how the DSMLs impact student learning and model building. We conclude with a discussion of our findings and then present directions for future work.

The "Framework for K-12 Science Education" (NRC, 2012) and "Next Generation Science Standards" (NGSS Lead States, 2013) stress that in addition to disciplinary core ideas (content), students need to engage in the practices of science and develop an understanding of the crosscutting concepts such as cause and effect, systems, and scientific modeling. In response to these reform suggestions we developed an educational tool to be used to help teach students about models and the marine food chain. Our research was the validation of the tool as a legitimate instructional device. The research reported here outlines the process and provides science teacher and science teachers educators with an alternative for teaching this topic.

The purpose of this study is to investigate students' mental models of the marine environment and to further examine how these models are related to their perceptions of marine problems. One hundred twenty-eight ninth grade students from a large harbor city in southern Taiwan completed a survey including a drawing activity and a set of two-tier questions. Using a four-factor rubric to analyze student drawings, we found that students' mental models of the marine environment are generally partial and unconnected. In particular, the human component was often missing in the drawing. Students showed a strong awareness of marine problems; however, their awareness is focused on waste pollution. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that students' mental models are associated with the scope of the perceived problems.

Changes in environmental conditions can have a profound impact on organismal processes. For aquatic organisms, changes in dissolved oxygen concentration can have major repercussions, notably for physiological processes that have high long-term energetic costs and are more likely to rely on aerobic metabolic pathways. Here we propose a simple college or university-level low-cost laboratory activity that addresses the effect of differences in oxygen concentration on an important physiological property of planarian flatworms: their regeneration capacity. Students were asked to perform measurements and statistically compare the efficacy of the regeneration process between planarians kept in normoxic conditions and others kept in hypoxic conditions. The activity was evaluated by asking students to produce a short laboratory report with all of the sections that a scientific article generally comprises. This hands-on experiment has the benefit of going beyond how planarians are traditionally used in biodiversity classes (i.e. basic anatomy of flatworms) by combining behavioural, physiological and environmental observations while investigating the effects of an environmental variable on the regeneration response. We would further encourage professors to expand even more upon this framework by providing the students with an opportunity to actively engage in all steps inherent to the scientific process.

Invasive species threaten worldwide biodiversity. Success in facing this problem may be possible through the engagement of younger audiences. Here, a game was designed to teach children how to recognize invasive seaweed and to encourage them to participate in marine citizen science. The game was first tested in a pilot study, and then carried out in Salinas High School (Asturias, Spain). Game-based training consisted of an explanation of invasive species, followed by the 'Find invasive seaweed' game and was evaluated with tests before and after the activity. After training, students spent 3 months looking for invasive species. Four invasive species were detected in the study area. The results showed a positive impact on knowledge gains and significant differences in marine environmental awareness and conservation actions.

The current study aims to investigate the mental models of primary school students about marine environments and how variables such as gender, grade level, and city of residence affect their mental models. To this end, 100 students were selected from each of the four grade levels of primary education in Turkey; thus, a total of 400 students participated in the study. In the analysis of the collected data, both statistical tests and the content analysis method were used. As a result of the analyses conducted, it was found that with increasing grade level, the number of the codes belonging to marine environments also increased significantly (X[superscript 2] (3, n = 400) = 151.296, p = 0.000). In other words, the students' mental models about marine environments were parallel to their grade level. In addition, the students' mental models about marine environments were not found to vary significantly depending on gender (U = 18,513, z = -0.861, p = 0.39 with effect size r = 0.04) and city of residence (U = 19,852, z = -0.129, p = 0.897, with effect size r = 0.006).

The marine environment represents a central component of Malta's local environment, and its ecosystem services play a vital role in supporting the economy as well as human well-being. Plans have been made to protect the unique ecology found within Maltese waters through the institution of five marine protected areas (MPAs). This quantitative study assessed the environmental knowledge and attitudes of the Maltese public towards the local marine environment, MPAs, and education for sustainable development (ESD). A questionnaire was administered to members of the public (n = 200) at three different locations. The study found that although the Maltese public strongly appreciates the beauty of Malta's marine environment, the level of knowledge surrounding the marine environment is low. Furthermore, the research indicates that while the public agrees that the marine environment should be protected, there is a notable lack of awareness of the five local MPAs. Based on the research findings, a model linking ESD to MPAs and aiming to foster a sense of ownership among the public by encouraging their involvement in the management of local MPAs is proposed.

The Tribal Marine Science Workshop has run annually since 2010. The workshop takes place at the Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, owned by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and operated by NOAA and the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, near Seldovia, Alaska. It is hosted by the Seldovia Village Tribe, sponsored by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and coordinated by Kai Environmental Consulting Services. The idea for the workshop started with two of the authors. Based on discussions with and requests from local tribal communities, they realized that many tribal natural resource managers have a range of responsibilities and extensive job experience but may not have relevant formal education and training. Lacking these, the managers believed their insight and opinions were undervalued by scientists, policy makers, and government officials. This workshop focuses on Alaska Natives in tribal environmental offices working in the coastal marine environment. It brings together researchers, educators, and tribal leaders who are experts in their respective fields to work with tribal natural resource managers. A primary workshop goal is to have the participants implement what they learn in the workshop in their communities. The Kasitsna Bay Laboratory is the perfect location for this workshop, with its wet lab, dry lab, classrooms, and ability to house everyone on-site. The format for the workshop combines classroom presentations, hands-on activities and field programs led by researchers, educators, and tribal leaders. The workshop closes with a potluck subsistence dinner featuring traditional marine and terrestrial foods from the participants' home regions. The organizers cover all costs of the workshop. The workshop's effectiveness is demonstrated by the desire of participants to return in subsequent years and to bring members of their community to the workshop, as well as by qualitative summary evaluations. Summary evaluations and conversations during the workshop indicate that participants view the integration of traditional knowledge and Western science as one of the strengths of the workshop and the presenters' focus on storytelling as a means of instruction. We hope to continue this workshop and to gather more quantitative evidence concerning its effectiveness, and we encourage others to replicate this workshop format in other areas and with other communities.

In 2018 the Gulf coast of Florida suffered extensive damage from harmful algal blooms (HABs), from as far north as Clearwater Beach south to Naples. The bloom lasted nearly a year, picking up in intensity during the late summer months. HABs occur when conditions such as reduced salinity, higher water temperatures, light saturation, and currents cause rapid growth of algae in coastal areas or lakes (NOAA 2018). Along the Gulf Coast the predominant species of algae in HABs is the dinoflagellate "Karenia brevis," which releases brevetoxins that can cause massive fish kills and result in the death of manatees, sea turtles, and seabirds. Humans can become ill by breathing in the toxins or by eating contaminated shellfish. In addition, HABs deplete the dissolved oxygen in the water, leading to the deaths of a wide variety of marine organisms (Pierce and Henry 2008). The lesson presented in this article models the effects of global climate change on the growth of algae. In addition to it being inquiry-oriented, it is place-based, which provides the opportunity for students to explore the effects of global climate change on their own lives, communities, and regions. Place-based education can support environmentally responsible behavior (Cheng and Monroe 2012) by increasing students' willingness and ability to ask questions and take action related to their surroundings. The lesson was developed part of an National Science Foundation-funded project to produce climate change education materials that could be incorporated into an existing high school marine science course. The goal is for students to leave the classroom with an understanding of factors contributing to algal blooms, as well as motivation to pay attention to local environmental and business regulations.