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Decarbonising the transportation sector through electrification is critical to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To explore the decarbonisation of conventional gasoline vehicle (GV) automakers in GV and/or electric vehicle (EV) production, we develop analytical models under pure subsidy, pure regulation, and hybrid subsidy-regulation policies. We first examine the monopoly GV automaker's EV market entry intention in each policy and find that it always increases with consumer range sensitivity and subsidy/regulation parameters, but decreases with product substitutability between the two vehicles. Then, we analyse the implication of policy changes on equilibrium outcomes. Our results show that although introducing regulations and removing subsidies have opposite effects on optimal production and driving range decisions, both might stimulate or restrict the GV automaker to decarbonise, depending on the unit carbon emissions of GVs and EVs. Finally, we extend the monopoly model to the duopoly case, showing that while entering the EV market hurts the EV automaker, it allows the GV automaker's carbon emissions to always decrease with GV credit coefficients. Together with sensitivity analyses on key parameters, our findings provide insights not only for GV automakers to respond to policy changes but also for governments to design incentives for EV diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at contributing to better comprehend the opportunities for innovation in the mining sector that are leveraged by local knowledge-intensive mining suppliers (KIMS) in developing mineral-rich countries. Drawing on the innovation and global value chain (GVC) bodies of literature as well as previous empirical studies on KIMS in developing mining countries, we analytically distinguish among three types of innovation approaches that local KIMS can pursue. Each of them is associated with main sources of innovation opportunities, type of inputs supplied, and prevailing market structures and entry barriers. The distinction among innovation strategies together with an analysis that combines firm- and market-level dimensions helped us to better comprehend the types of innovation opportunities that local KIMS in Argentina are adopting and the nature of challenges they encounter. The empirical analysis is based on the novel fieldwork data collected in 2019 and 2022. The findings of the paper hold significance to inform productive and innovation policies regarding the type of interventions that may be more effective for Argentina in the current technological and market circumstances that the mining industry is facing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For digital-native fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) manufacturers that sell through their own online channel and have made headway into supermarkets, brand stores can represent the next step in a multichannel distribution strategy. In this research, the authors investigate the impact of introducing a brand store on a digital-native FMCG brand's sales in its existing company-owned online channel and in independent supermarkets, as well as on the brand's supermarket distribution. By incorporating brand store sales and operational costs, this research also specifies the entry effects on the brand's top-line total brand sales and bottom-line operating profit. Based on before-and-after-with-control-group analyses of the entry of ten brand stores by a digital-native FMCG brand, the authors show that brand store entry boosts supermarket sales, partially driven by a brand store's positive effect on the number of supermarkets listing the brand. Although they cannibalize company-owned online sales, brand store entries generate an influx of own brand store sales that offset online channel losses. Still, accounting for brand stores' operational costs reveals that top-line growth is not always enough to preserve the bottom line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the liability of foreignness has been shown to present real economic barriers for foreign firms in various contexts around the globe, scholars continue to debate what drives this liability in different market contexts: lack of information due to institutional distance, lack of social embeddedness, discrimination, or something else. In this study, we propose a new theory, that in corporate lobbying within the nonmarket strategy context, the liability of foreignness is driven in no small part by a values-based ideological conflict stemming from the divide between democracy and autocracy. Private-sector firms from autocratic countries face costs of illegitimacy in Washington, D.C., and professional corporate lobbyists charge such firms a fee premium, in effect, to pay for legitimacy. We conduct an empirical study of the lobbying fees charged by professional corporate lobbyists in Washington, D.C., to their domestic and foreign firm clients, and the results strongly support the predictions of our theory. We also show that the liability of foreignness in this context endures for foreign firms from autocratic countries over the 15-year length of our sample period. Offering a new theoretical perspective as well as new empirical findings regarding the liability of foreignness, our study has practical implications for managers of foreign firms and may also generalize to other market contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enduring trait of modern corporations is their propensity to diversify into multiple lines of business. Penrosian theories conceptualize diversification as a strategy to exploit a firm's fungible, yet "untradeable," resources and point to the redeployment of technological know-how as an important driver thereof. However, less understood are the characteristics of technological assets that underlie firms' diversification decisions and the impact that diversification has on firms' subsequent development of technologies. In this paper, we expand the existing theories in two ways. First, we argue that central to understanding firms' diversification decisions is a distinction between their technological assets that are applicable to many markets and ones that are useful in only a limited number of contexts. To this end, we develop a novel way to characterize technologies along a continuum from highly general-purpose to highly market-specific. Second, we explore empirically the idea that diversification is an adaptive learning process involving both the exploitation of existing capabilities and the creation of novel ones. Using data on three decades of patenting and diversification histories of 28,376 firms, we find that (i) a firm's possession of general-purpose technological assets is positively associated with its decision to diversify and (II) firms that enter a new industry through diversification develop technologies that are specialized to the target industry. Our findings have implications for understanding firm growth, diversification, and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the tension between exploration and exploitation has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of firm growth via entry into new businesses. While there is consensus about the merits of balancing exploration and exploitation, there has been debate about the best means for achieving balance. In our prior analysis of firms' choices between acquisition and internal development as entry modes, we found that the role of acquisitions tends to differ inside versus outside a firm's primary business domain: firms use within-domain acquisitions largely for exploitation, while out-of-domain acquisitions support exploration. To examine these issues in greater depth, we focus here on the historical use of acquisition versus internal development by two major technology firms, Amazon and Alphabet. We show that the two firms have been remarkably different in their use of acquisitions versus internal development. Consistent with our prior analysis, Amazon has emphasized internal development but has used acquisitions to strengthen its existing businesses and to enter new products and services that were (initially) outside Amazon's primary business domain. In contrast, Alphabet has relied heavily on acquisitions to enter new businesses within its primary domain but has emphasized internal development of "moonshot" businesses outside this domain. These differences illuminate the use of acquisitions in market entry and make clear that there is no single right way to utilize acquisition versus internal development in the pursuit of balance between exploration and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Acquisitions can shift the market structure of a digital platform in ways that affect subsequent entries and hence the platform's base of complementors. Synergies that complementor acquirers accrue can be entry‐deterring. We develop a two‐by‐two typology of acquisition synergies in a multisided platform based on the two sides of a platform market (user side or complementary‐technology side) and two sources of synergies (economies of scale or economies of scope). We then leverage over 279,000 app developers' entry decisions into product categories in Apple's iOS App Store, over 71 million customer reviews, and over 12,000 unique software development kits to construct measures of synergies. Our paper contributes to the platform literature by demonstrating the entry‐deterring effects of synergies that complementor acquirers can exploit. Managerial Summary: We develop the following typology of four types of acquisition synergies by integrating the multisidedness feature of digital platforms with the mainstream strategy research: complementary‐technology‐side economies of scope, complementary‐technology‐side economies of scale, user‐side economies of scope, and user‐side economies of scale. We show that (1) acquisition synergies are entry‐deterring, (2) synergies derived from economies of scope have stronger effects than those derived from economies of scale, and (3) synergies derived from the technology side have stronger effects than those derived from the user side. We highlight the significant competitive and regulatory implications of our findings. For example, one standard‐deviation increase in technology‐side economies of scope is associated with 55 deterred entries in 1 month or a $2.80 million potential loss in annual revenue. [Correction added on 15 July 2024, after first online publication: Research Summary and Managerial Summary have been corrected in this version.] Video abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This study contrasts traditional entry dynamics with platform owner entry into a complementor market and examines cross‐platform complementor response to competition with the platform. Generalists experience low repositioning cost and are more likely to shift effort away, while specialists focus their effort on the focal platform. We examine Apple's "Files" app entry and find support for our hypotheses: generalists shift effort toward the competing platform, while specialists double down on the focal platform. Moreover, empirically comparing Apple's entry with that of other large firms, we find that only the platform owner elicits a strong complementor response. This article contributes to the competitive and corporate strategy literatures, underscoring how complementor heterogeneity affects cross‐platform allocation of effort when the platform owner becomes a competitor in complementor spaces. Managerial Summary: Given the growing managerial and regulatory interest in competitive arenas on digital platforms, we analyze how firms respond to competition with the platform owner. We hypothesize that platform‐enabled firms (complementors) with an outside option—those who also operate on a different platform—reposition, while firms only focused on a single platform double down. Examining the case of the "Files" app on Apple's App Store, we find support for these predictions. We also study other large firm entries on App Store (by Microsoft and SanDisk), but do not observe a meaningful response by complementors. We describe how market entry by the platform owner differs from traditional entry and argue stakeholders may benefit from a deeper understanding of the unique nature of competing with a platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women's ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transformation towards greenness, focusing on consumer environmental awareness within a circular city model characterized by elastic demand. Our findings reveal that the equilibrium investment in environmentally friendly initiatives falls short of the socially optimal level for a given market structure. The degree of excess or insufficient market entry is influenced by the level of environmental awareness. Further, we delve into the role of environmental delegation, demonstrating that heightened environmental awareness can mitigate underinvestment in the environment and reduce inefficiency in market entry. From a policy perspective, we expand our analysis to include the "Green Product Policy." This extension aims to explore the impact of such a policy on environmental awareness and assess the applicability of the "excess entry theorem" in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface modification of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) with carbazole‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is an effective method toward the formation of highly efficient hole‐selective contacts, enabling the fabrication of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the lack of long‐term structural and performance stability of the TCO/SAM/perovskite stack endangers the market entry of PSCs. Here, it is demonstrated that these challenges can be overcome by employing dyes as multi‐functional SAMs, simultaneously facilitating charge transport, passivating interfacial defects, and acting as a “molecular adhesive” layer, preserving structural integrity of the contact stack. Particularly, the surface modification of ITO with a dye (N719) monolayer is shown to create a hole‐selective contact for the fabrication of p–i–n PSCs with power conversion efficiencies reaching 24%. The N719 SAM‐based PSCs have also shown superior stability compared to state‐of‐the‐art PSCs incorporating carbazole SAMs and polyarylamine hole‐selective contacts by preserving ≈90% of their initial PCE under continuous light and thermal stress tests for 1000 h. The robustness of the ITO/N719/perovskite stack is attributed to its low interfacial trap density, UV resilience and strong adhesion capability. These findings place dye SAMs as a promising alternative for improving the performance of next‐generation photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions upon which young adults enter the labor market have been demonstrated to affect various later-life employment and family formation outcomes. After the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis, a thick strand of the literature has shown that precarious initial employment leads to postponed childbearing and higher ultimate childlessness. However, it is not only individual conditions that matter. Broader macroeconomic conditions upon entry also matter. The "scarring" literature has illustrated the consequences of entering the labor market during a recession on later life outcomes. Speaking to both strands and using detailed employment and birth histories of labor market entrants in Germany, this paper examines the effects of initial conditions, operationalized using fixed-term employment and recession year entry, on subsequent fertility behavior. To partly address bias from endogenous selection into initial conditions, we employ a two-step estimation strategy combining a non-parametric optimal full matching step and a parametric event history modeling step using the matched data. Results suggest that entering the labor market with a fixed-term contract is persistently and negatively associated with first births up to a decade after entry, and this pattern is pronounced only among women, whereas entering during a recession has persistent negative associations only among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A music artist whose goal is to succeed in the music market needs to understand what the opportunities are. The music market is developed and full of a wide range of music artists that meet the expectations of different consumers. Every year, new music artists enter the music market, looking for opportunities to expand the recognition of their name as a brand and of their work. The aim of this paper is to find out what are the market entry opportunities for a music artist by analysing information and scientific sources and interviewing experienced music managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the sustainable development goals and a transition to the circular economy, we need to tackle the problem of single‐use packaging. As reusable packaging options are increasingly available, both from a technical and business perspective, most studies focus on its technical and value chain aspects while largely ignoring customer perspectives. In this paper, we present results from survey data, evaluating customer preferences on reusable food packaging of 40 food product categories, controlling for shopping preferences, personal characteristics and environmental orientation. Our results inform business strategies on market entry for a wide array of food products. Support for reusable food packaging can be mainly found among younger and environmentally conscious customers, which can be identified as first‐mover customer segments. Awareness of the waste problem and the environmental impact of packaging, most specifically on the issue of 'overpackaging' food, are shown to be positively related to interest in reusable food packaging. Promising food product markets to introduce reusable packaging are eggs, dry food products and bread‐based products. Reversely, interest in reusable food packaging is low for frozen food products, even among environmentally conscious customers. We formulate recommendations for product managers, designers and policymakers, stressing the importance of social learning by showcasing successful implementations of reusable packaging in classical grocery store outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay re-examines the literature on the governance of interorganizational relationships, focusing on the insights of alliance research using transaction cost economics. Despite substantial progress, challenges arise because research has not devoted attention to some mechanisms of governance (i.e., administrative controls and supporting legal institutions) compared with others (i.e., incentives). Parties can develop bespoke collaborative agreements that mix and match various mechanisms of governance along these dimensions, rather than accessing a typical bundle commonly associated with a discrete organizational form. This conclusion challenges the iconic governance continuum and surfaces new methodological opportunities for this research stream. The essay also challenges what we think we know by identifying a variety of omitted variable problems that often crop up in governance research (e.g., focusing on the cooperative context of collaboration while not attending to the competitive context, excluding critical administrative structures when studying the interplay between contracts and trust, assuming transactional attributes are exogenous rather than endogenous to a search process, failing to account for shifting institutional supports for collaboration, etc.). By clarifying what we know and do not know about alliance governance, the essay identifies some pathways for developing more reliable, cumulative knowledge on interorganizational relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a firm releases its product later than its competitor, the firm loses sales because many consumers prefer to buy the competitor's product rather than wait for the firm's product release. Therefore, in the absence of any late-mover advantages, conventional wisdom suggests that competing firms will release their products as soon as possible to avoid losing customers if they were to enter later. However, when the market evolves over time and consumers are forward-looking, we demonstrate that this intuition fails and propose a new explanation for why a firm may strategically release its product later than its competitor. Namely, a firm's late entry can help alleviate price competition due to some consumers' decisions to wait for the firm's product release instead of buying a currently available product. We show that in markets where the growth rate is sufficiently high and differentiation between firms is not too low, the firm's profit gain from alleviated price competition dominates its profit loss from reduced sales, making the firm better off by releasing its product later than the competitor. Surprisingly, when the fraction of consumers who enter the market relatively early increases, the firm may have even greater incentives to release its product late. Finally, we consider markets where firms are differentiated both horizontally and vertically, with one firm having a higher quality (or stronger brand image) than its competitor. We find that high level of vertical differentiation will induce both high- and low-quality firms to rush to the market, releasing their products in the early period. However, when vertical differentiation is moderately high, the high-quality firm may choose to release late, whereas the low-quality firm will prefer to release its product early. History: Anthony Dukes served as the senior editor for this article. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2023.0393. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the development of communication technology that makes online transactions easier, there is also an increased risk of disintermediation—sellers and buyers circumventing a platform to transact directly—in online two-sided marketplaces. Such disintermediation may lead to significant revenue loss for online platforms. However, it remains unclear how the characteristics of platforms affect their vulnerability to disintermediation. Using the blockade of Skype in mainland China as a natural experiment, this study examines how online communication technologies affect disintermediation and transaction outcomes in a large U.S. online freelance marketplace. The results show that restricting this alternative communication technology, which platforms struggle to monitor, reduces disintermediation by around 18%. This effect is potentially due to economic frictions in transactions, as the reduction in disintermediation is greater for high-transaction-cost jobs, such as time-sensitive jobs, communication-intensive jobs, and high-skilled jobs, as well as for cost-sensitive users, such as experienced users and personal users as opposed to enterprise users. With these results, platforms can reduce disintermediation risks when making investment and market entry decisions. This paper was accepted by D. J. Wu, information systems. Funding: This work was supported by the Strategic Management Society [SRF Dissertation Research Grant]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02736. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical devices play a crucial role in human health. These are instruments, machines or even software programs used to diagnose, treat, monitor or prevent health conditions. They are designed to help improve patients' quality of life and range from simple items, such as thermometers, to more advanced technologies, such as pacemakers. In order to guarantee the safety and efficacy of medical devices intended for use on patients, the establishment of appropriate regulatory frameworks is crucial to ascertain whether devices function as intended, comply with safety standards and offer benefits that outweigh the associated risks. Depending on the country, different regulatory agencies are responsible for the evaluation of these products. The regulatory landscape for medical devices varies significantly across major markets, including the European Union, the United States of America and Japan, reflecting diverse approaches aimed at ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical technologies. However, these regulatory differences can contribute to a "medical device lag," where disparities in approval processes and market entry timelines driven by strict regulatory requirements, increasing device complexity and the lack of global harmonization, result in delays in accessing innovative technologies. These delays impact patient access to cutting-edge medical devices and competitiveness in the market. This review aims to address the regulatory framework of medical devices and the approval requirements by the European Commission (EC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Device Agency (PMDA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodology/approachFindingsOriginality/valueImplicationsThe effectiveness of channel integration performed by manufacturers in facilitating their online market entry is still an under-researched topic. This study fills the research gap by investigating and comparing the effects of channel integration strategies and their components implemented by manufacturers.A questionnaire was designed and distributed to purchasing managers in downstream dealers. The survey yielded 2051 valid responses, and data analysis employed hierarchical and polynomial regressions, along with structural equation modeling and response surface analyses.First, dealers’ dependence plays a crucial role in triggering manufacturers’ online market entry. Second, manufacturers’ channel consistency and transparency are more relevant to dealers’ active dependence, while information and interaction integration lead to dealers’ passive dependence. Third, channel ambidexterity is superior to integration ambidexterity in ensuring dealers’ dependence.Significant contributions to omnichannel integration research are made by introducing four distinct types of channel integration strategies. Enhancements to the interfirm dependence literature are achieved through a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of channel integration strategies in shaping dealers’ dependency behavior.Manufacturers should carefully evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies, avoiding a blind pursuit of all forms of channel integration ambidexterity. Strategic leverage of channel feature ambidexterity is recommended as a cornerstone for fostering dealers’ dependence and achieving success in online market entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although economists and strategy theorists have extensively researched market entry barriers in the Western industrial market and post-entry barriers in the e-commerce market, few studies have focused on entry barriers in the context of the unique challenges in China's business landscape. In this study, a survey was conducted with 139 Chinese marketing executives of consumer goods e-commerce firms to elucidate the dimensions and relative importance of market entry barriers in China. Specifically, this study aims to explore the barriers to entry that exist in the Chinese consumer goods e-commerce market, determine their importance, and identify potential dimensions through factor analysis. Methodology/approach: This study employed an in-depth interview with nine marketing executives from China consumer goods e-commerce firms, and the instrument was revised accordingly. Then questionnaire adopted a simple random sampling method to select 300 enterprises as survey respondents. In total, 195 firms completed and returned the questionnaires by the deadline, resulting in 139 valid responses being collected. Findings: This study explores 33 entry barriers and reveals seven dimensions of China's consumer goods e-commerce market, highlighting incumbents with an absolute cost advantage barrier as the most significant barrier, and the cost of establishing a branch office as the least significant barrier, as perceived by Chinese business executives. Research implications: Extant literature has mostly confirmed the value and practical significance of market entry barriers in Western markets or industrial markets. However, there are few studies on entry barriers in China's e-commerce market, particularly in the consumer goods e-commerce market. Our research attempts to provide a theoretical basis for China's consumer goods e-commerce market entry barriers. Practical implications: Studying market entry barriers can help firms better adapt to market changes, optimize their operational modes according to market demands and norms, and enhance their competitiveness. The exploration of this research could be utilized by e-commerce businesses to become more successful or avoid failure. Originality/value/contribution: This study complements the existing research on market entry barriers in China and the West. It complements barriers to entry into the consumer e-commerce market based on the Chinese economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops new insights into the spillover effects of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) on local firms' export market entry, using the case of Vietnam—a notable global manufacturing hub located in Southeast Asia. The empirical analysis is based on a disaggregated firm‐level panel dataset of 25,032 observations of Vietnamese food processing firms during the period 2011–2016. The food processing industry is an essential part of the country's thriving manufacturing sector, with enormous potential for exports. The random‐effects Probit estimation results suggest that the presence of foreign MNEs significantly raises the likelihood that private local firms become exporters and thereby start integrating into global value chains. Further regressions reveal that foreign presence is also linked to higher export intensity among domestic firms, and that the magnitude of the estimated spillover effects is conditional on the specific measures of foreign MNE presence, the ownership structure in local industry, and the size of local firms. The findings highlight the considerable potential for foreign MNEs to influence local firms' export prospects and validate the policy efforts to attract foreign direct investment inflows to the examined industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platform cooperatives promise to provide an alternative organizational model of worker ownership and governance to heavily criticized investor-owned gig platforms, but have until now remained relatively rare. This study examines the development of platform co-ops to gain insight into the reasons and mechanisms behind their slow but steady growth in Europe. Using desk research on 48 platform co-ops and 16 in-depth interviews with founders of platform co-ops, we build on paradox theorizing to analyze how founders of platform co-ops manage competing demands during the start-up phase. Extending recent studies on interorganizational paradoxes, we show how systemic tensions in the gig economy motivate the creation of platform co-ops as a way of coping and that interactions between tensions on different levels during actual development can result in failed market entry. Hence, this study also addresses the counter-intuitiveness to the establishment of organizations permeated with paradoxical tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theoretical framework to address the inherent endogeneity problem in entry-timing research by distinguishing the concept of "first-mover benefits" (FMB) from "first-mover advantages" (FMA)—the former being a counterfactual and (usually) unobserved pure treatment effect, and the latter being an actual observed combination of treatment and selection effects. They differ in the baseline to which the first mover's performance is compared—either to the follower's actual performance (for FMA) or to the first mover's hypothetical performance if it had been a follower (for FMB). We consider the implications of this distinction for entry-order choices, and our formal economic model analyzes this distinction to make predictions about biases arising from using FMA as a proxy to estimate FMB, and also about how FMA, FMB, and their difference are affected by interfirm asymmetries in resources and information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This article argues that strategic risk‐taking in the form of unethical behavior can lead to successful entry and that this entry can drive incumbents to either adopt similar behavior or potentially be forced out of the market. Thus, entrepreneurs can introduce innovative, but socially destructive, behavior to a market and motivate its adoption by incumbents. Empirical support is found using a policy change in the liver transplant market to identify the use and adoption of unethical misrepresentation of patient health status. This article contributes to our understanding of entrepreneurial strategy as well as the competitive dynamics between entrants and incumbents in adopting new risky innovations and, in particular, unethical behaviors. Managerial Summary: This article highlights the impact of strategic risk‐taking through unethical practices, showing how they can sometimes lead to a successful market entry. Successful entry can force existing market players to either follow suit or risk being forced out of the market. This study looks at the liver transplant market, where transplant centers took advantage of a previous policy by misrepresenting patient health status to move their patients to the top of the transplant list. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the competitive dynamics of adopting innovative yet ethically questionable strategies by both new entrants and established companies, offering valuable insights into how businesses navigate competitive pressures and ethical boundaries. It also highlights the importance of policymakers considering these competitive dynamics when setting policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses adoption and usage data on the client and firm–client interactions across four technology generations of new-age products/services from 13 developed and emerging markets over an eight-year period to describe how multigenerational service (MGS) adoption behavior influences direct (purchases) and indirect (references and feedback) global client engagement and whether this relationship is moderated by product/service failures and cultural factors. The authors propose metrics to measure the number of generations adopted (MGD), the number of products and features within a generation (MGFs), and the adoption time between generations (MGT). They find that client usage revenue (CUR) is enhanced by greater MGD and higher MGFs combined with lower MGT. However, CUR varies by differences in the needs of clients' own customers, failures, and culture. Greater direct engagement affects reference and feedback behavior, moderated by cultural differences in individualism, power distance, and masculinity. For a typical client in the United States and Canada, a one-unit improvement in MGD and MGFs and a one-year improvement in MGT enhance CUR by $8,150, $5,200, and $2,310 per client, respectively, versus a corresponding enhancement of $4,820, $3,640, and $1,620, respectively, per client in Colombia and Mexico. These findings provide several implications for executives who manage multigenerational innovations across countries regarding client engagement, launching MGS, market entry, and failure recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly evolving platform economy, the competition between platform-owned products and third-party offerings is intensifying. This study examines the entry and pricing strategies of dominant e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and JD Mall which sell both platform-owned and third-party products. We use a complete information game model to analyze the strategic interactions between these platforms and third-party sellers, focusing on cost discrepancies and limited entry capabilities, areas previously underexplored. Our key findings include the following: (1) Platforms with dominant power can restrict third-party product pricing. (2) Increased consumer influence by the platform can reduce competition between platform-owned and third-party products. (3) Platforms prioritize high-value-product markets when entry capabilities are limited. (4) Commission-based revenue models are generally more efficient than entry fees. (5) Regulatory bans on hybrid models do not necessarily enhance social welfare; differentiated taxation on various revenue sources may be more effective. This study contributes by developing a comprehensive game-theoretic model to simulate strategic interactions, analyze pricing competition and entry strategies under cost asymmetry and capacity constraints, and provide theoretical guidance for regulatory policies.

PurposeMethodology/approachFindingsResearch implicationsResearch implicationsOriginality/valueAs a source for enterprises to realize enhanced efficiency and attractiveness of management, the existing literature emphasizes the significance of adopting technology-driven products in innovation. Therefore, suppliers of technology-driven products are positioned to explore an increasingly receptive audience among the purchasers. However, the switching costs serve as the most important barriers the suppliers encounter that negatively affect the entry of the B2B market. To entry the market, the suppliers of technology-driven products should acquire the knowledge related to the switching costs while realizing the strategic aspects of how to mitigate the switching costs for purchasers. From the perspective of B2B relationships, although, there is a need to investigate the switching costs and the strategy that can assist in eradicating the negative influences of switching costs. Additionally, with the quantitative research techniques being adopted in the studies on the switching costs in B2B contexts, the qualitative research approaches have been ignored in the extant literature. Meanwhile, few studies only have used qualitative methods to analyze the switching costs. Furthermore, how technology-driven products suppliers mitigate switching costs has not been fully answered in the present studies. Hence, this paper attempts to employ qualitative analysis to address the following objectives: 1) exploring the switching costs that the purchasers considered to be critical when assuming switching to the suppliers of technology-driven products; 2) proposing strategic solutions that are useable for suppliers of technology-driven product for mitigating switching costs of purchasers in their market entry process. Consequently, the key research questions in this study are as follows: 1) when the pioneer suppliers are switched to the suppliers of technology-driven products, what are the switching costs for purchasers? 2) How do the suppliers of technology-driven products mitigate purchasers’ switching costs to enter the B2B market? Thus, these two questions can be answered and certain meaningful inferences can be derived by carrying out qualitative analysis.In this study, the grounded theory methodology (GTM) is employed as the research method to achieve the research goals. Using semi-structured in-depth interviews, this paper gathered the research data from participants. In 2023, based on either online or face-to-face interviews, 25 interviews are carried out with top managers in purchasers’ enterprises or suppliers of technology-driven products. Subsequently, the interviews were voice-recorded and transcribed verbatim, resulting in a total of 324,639 words. Further, NVivo software was used to analyze the data. The data analysis consists of three different phases: open coding process, axial coding process, and selective coding process.In order to address the two proposed research questions, the results of in-depth interviews were synthesized into 10 different themes: the purchasers’ switching costs in switching behavior and the strategic solutions that are useable for suppliers of technology-driven product for mitigating purchasers’ switching costs in the market entry process. Specifically, the five switching costs include setup costs, learning costs, perceived risks, inertia to the status quo and data security concerns. In addition, the five crucial strategic aspects of what suppliers can do to manage the switching costs to enter the market, include presenting product knowledge, demonstrating capabilities, evoking anxiety, offering privatization options, and managing relationships. Each theme carries different subthemes that can express the aspects of themes.Potential marginal contributions of this study are as follows. This study makes both practical and theoretical contributions. A theoretical contribution is made by offering an in-depth understanding of the switching costs that arise when purchasers assume switching to technology-driven products in B2B settings. Moreover, this paper has also put forward five different solutions that can assist the technology-driven suppliers to enter the market. Thus, the study implications add to the body of current knowledge on B2B switching behavior as well as switching costs. Besides, this paper also offers valuable information on the barriers to market entry theory. As a result, the factors that affect the switching decisions during the switching phase are explained in this study, which might further the theoretical research on market entry tactics in B2B settings.From the perspective of practical application, the study findings explore the switching costs that purchasers take into account while offering valuable insights into how the suppliers should respond to mitigate the switching costs for purchasers. In particular, this paper offers practical implications that can be used by the suppliers of technology-driven products to attract or retrieve the potential purchasers.This paper emphasizes conceptualizing and operationalizing the purchasers’ switching costs ranging from the initial consideration of switching. Likewise, this article puts forward different strategies that can be used by suppliers of technology-driven products to manage the switching costs in the B2B context. As a consequence, five different types of switching costs that affect the switching decision-making process of purchasers as well as five potential strategies for suppliers are outlined in this study. The frameworks of 10 different factors enable suppliers to eliminate the impact of switching costs while making entry into the B2B market. Hence, this article contributes to the extant studies on switching costs, technology-driven products, and strategies associated with B2B market entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeDesign/methodology/approachFindingsResearch implicationsPractical implicationsOriginalityThis study investigates the sound features of short video advertisements (ads) released by enterprises entering the social e-commerce market and tests whether they are potential drivers of enterprise performance. Based on these findings, this study provides practical references for the design of enterprise ads and short-video social e-commerce platforms.An integrated approach comprising machine learning algorithms and various statistical analysis techniques was employed to quantify sound features. Subsequently, we conducted correlation tests, regression analyses, and robustness tests to further verify our measurements and hypotheses.Sound features in advertisements directly influence an enterprise’s market entry performance. We found that speech rate and voice quality positively affected market entry performance, while loudness and voice pitch negatively impacted performance. In addition, the tempo of the background music positively influences performance.Operating within a cohesive research framework, this study extensively examines the effects of key sound features on enterprise performance. This study also contributes to broadening the academic literature related to the heuristic-systematic model theory and extends audio analysis methods to the social e-commerce market entry field, providing empirical evidence of the impact of sound features on the market entry performance of enterprises.The findings emphasize that enterprises should comprehend the role of sound features and utilize them appropriately when designing ads to be released upon entering the short video social e-commerce market. Furthermore, by considering the findings and audio analysis technologies, platforms can identify user references for sound more precisely and provide enterprises with more guidelines for sound design.This is the first empirical study to discuss the impact of sound features in short video ads on enterprises’ market-entry performance. Additionally, it combines the social e-commerce platform context and expands enterprise market entry to the most popular short video market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodology/approachFindingsResearch implicationsPractical implicationsOriginality/value/contributionThis study explores the strategic implications of live-streaming sales and network anchors in China’s e-commerce landscape, particularly focusing on how different types of network anchors influence consumer trust and purchasing decisions.A scenario-based experimental design was employed, utilizing a 2 x 2 factorial structure to analyze the effects of network anchor types (celebrity anchors vs. internet celebrity anchors) and product types (search goods vs. experience goods) on consumer behavior. Data were collected from 500 participants through an online survey, ensuring a robust statistical analysis of the main and interaction effects.The results reveal that celebrity anchors generate significantly higher levels of consumer trust and purchase intention for search goods, while internet celebrity anchors are more effective for experience goods. Trust was found to play a partial mediating role in these relationships, particularly for experience goods.The study contributes to the existing literature by integrating traditional endorsement theories with the modern context of live streaming, offering new insights into the differential impacts of network anchor types across various product categories. It also highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of consumer trust in digital marketplaces.Marketers and online enterprises can leverage these findings to optimize their live-streaming strategies by aligning the choice of network anchors with the specific characteristics of the products being promoted. This strategic alignment can enhance consumer engagement, trust, and ultimately, purchase intentions.This research advances the theoretical discourse on digital marketing by elucidating the complex interplay between network anchor types, product characteristics, and consumer trust. It offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and optimizing live-streaming sales strategies in the context of China’s rapidly evolving e-commerce environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly evolving platform economy, the competition between platform-owned products and third-party offerings is intensifying. This study examines the entry and pricing strategies of dominant e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and JD Mall which sell both platform-owned and third-party products. We use a complete information game model to analyze the strategic interactions between these platforms and third-party sellers, focusing on cost discrepancies and limited entry capabilities, areas previously underexplored. Our key findings include the following: (1) Platforms with dominant power can restrict third-party product pricing. (2) Increased consumer influence by the platform can reduce competition between platform-owned and third-party products. (3) Platforms prioritize high-value-product markets when entry capabilities are limited. (4) Commission-based revenue models are generally more efficient than entry fees. (5) Regulatory bans on hybrid models do not necessarily enhance social welfare; differentiated taxation on various revenue sources may be more effective. This study contributes by developing a comprehensive game-theoretic model to simulate strategic interactions, analyze pricing competition and entry strategies under cost asymmetry and capacity constraints, and provide theoretical guidance for regulatory policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that ethnic minority and migrant workers have lower average pay than the White UK-born workforce. However, we know much less about how these gaps vary over the life-cycle because of data limitations. We use new data that combine a 1999–2018 panel from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) with individual characteristics from the 2011 Census in England and Wales. We investigate pay gaps on labour market entry and differences in pay growth. We find that differences in entry pay gaps are more important than differences in pay growth. The entry pay gaps are large, though vary across groups. The pay penalties on labour market entry can, to a considerable degree, be explained by over-representation in lower-paying firms and, within firms, in lower-paying occupations. For most groups, the pay gaps at entry seem to be largely preserved over the life-cycle, neither narrowing nor widening. For migrants, we find that the extra pay penalty is concentrated almost exclusively in those who arrived in the UK at later ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how the presence of a Data Broker (DB), who sells consumer data to downstream firms, affects firm entry and competition in a horizontally differentiated oligopoly market, in which data allow firms to price discriminate. The DB chooses the price and amount of data sold to each firm. We show that the data sale by the DB reduces excessive market entry, as the competition induced by personalized prices exerts a downward pressure on prices and profits. The data‐induced entry barrier and resulting weakened competition dominates the pro‐competitive effect of personalized prices. Consequently, while the DB's presence might alleviate excessive market entry, it also diminishes consumer surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigates the motivating factors behind the formalization of small informal enterprises in Bangladesh, an emerging economy, employing the lens of institutional theory. It emphasizes how regulatory structures, normative pressures, and cognitive understandings shape the decisions of SME owners in emerging economies like Bangladesh. A significant portion of small enterprises in Bangladesh remain informal, leading to concerns over economic development, productivity, and efficiency. Informal enterprises often face challenges such as limited access to finance, market entry barriers, and regulatory hurdles. Recognizing the need for formalization, this research aims to understand the drivers behind this transition. A questionnaire survey of 304 informal enterprises reveals that streamlined regulatory systems, particularly one‐stop solutions and simplified registration processes, are primary motivators for formalization. Additionally, flexible collateral requirements for financing and lower levels of technological adoption also significantly influence this transition. These findings contribute to the academic discourse on informal businesses in emerging economies and provide key policy implications for fostering formalization through targeted strategies and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patent is a form of state monopoly granted to the owner of an invention. A patent rewards its owner with exclusive rights in exchange for innovation ('quid pro quo') for a limited period of time. These exclusive rights allow the patent holder to prohibit others from using the patented invention, helping to recover their research and development (R&D) costs and thereby create an incentive for further innovation. However, patents can hinder technical progress if no restrictions are imposed. Therefore, exceptions and restrictions exist to balance patent protection with the right to freedom of research under Art. 13 of the EU Charter. The most important exceptions are the so-called Bolar and research exemptions. The Bolar exemption allows generics manufacturers to seek authorization or approval under pharmaceutical law before a patent expires, enabling market entry immediately after patent expiration. The research exemption permits the use of patented inventions for research purposes. These two exceptions are increasingly important due to a shift in patent law favoring patent holders through simplified procedures and expanded rights. This article briefly outlines the history and application requirements of these two exemptions and the limits and restrictions to be observed. It also discusses the national differences in application of the Bolar and research exemptions within Europe and the new Art. 27 UPCA introduced in June 2023. Finally, the proposed amendments published in April 2023 as part of the new European pharmaceutical package will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe need to find sustainable food sources to feed the growing population makes the utilization of all available food resources especially important. But introducing new food is challenging and often fails. In the consumer behavior literature, food neophobia (FN), the unwillingness to try new food, has been identified as a crucial factor in understanding the adoption of new food products. However, limited research can be found on the role of FN in industrial buyers’ choice of new food products. Industrial buyers are important gatekeepers for the introduction of new food products as they decide what is offered to the consumers and may stop any market entry long before a new food product reaches the consumers’ attention. Thus, the understanding of the potential FN in industrial buying behavior, in different markets, is important to succeed with the introduction of new food products. In this study, we have explored FN as a potential barrier to the adoption of a new seafood product, farmed lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), by industrial buyers in South Korea and Vietnam. The results revealed differences between the two countries’ industrial buyers, with South Koreans demonstrating more FN than the Vietnamese. This contradicts with the consumer research showing that FN decreases with increased income, education, and urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered as a future key technology to provide baseload electricity, heat, pulp, paper, and biofuels, while also enabling atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Sweden seeks to lead the way in bringing this technology up to scale, introducing a EUR 3.6 billion reverse auction scheme to facilitate market entry of companies producing BECCS. We explore instrument design preferences among politicians, regulators, and prospective BECCS operators to identify trade-offs and explore feasible policy design. Based on 35 interviews with experts in the latent BECCS sector in Sweden, we identify under which circumstances prospective operators would be willing to place bids and discuss how actor preferences both align with and challenge auction theory. The analysis concludes that at least four dilemmas need attention. These concerns how to: (1) balance the state's demand for BECCS to be implemented already in 2030 against the prospective BECCS operators' fear of the winner's curse, i.e., a fear of bidding for a contract that turns out to be too costly to implement; (2) allocate contracts at the margin of the auctioneer's demand for BECCS without driving up costs; (3) design compliance mechanism to achieve effectiveness without undermining efficiency, and; 4) integrate the auction with the voluntary carbon market—if at all—in a manner that safeguards the environmental integrity of the auctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the reality of Mauritanian women's participation in the labor market, aiming to highlight the challenges that hinder their entry into this market. It also studies the economic and social indicators contributing to women's participation in the labor market, including demographic changes, workforce developments, women's participation rates in economic activities, unemployment trends, and educational advancements among women. The paper concludes that Mauritanian women's participation in the economic field remains below expectations, alongside their limited involvement in managerial positions. It also notes that women predominantly work in the agricultural sector compared to their low representation in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of a potential entrant's entry into the complementary goods market on the technology innovation of the basic product. We focus on an e-commerce platform supply chain comprising a manufacturer, an e-commerce platform, and a potential entrant. The manufacturer distributes a basic product and a complementary product through the e-commerce platform. The manufacturer has the option to improve the quality of the basic product through technology innovation. The determination of whether the potential entrant enters the market for complementary goods is contingent upon its observation of the manufacturer's technology innovation strategy. Upon the potential entrant's entry into this market, competition ensues between the potential entrant and the manufacturer in the realm of the complementary goods market. Our findings reveal a trade-off: on the one hand, the manufacturer's decision to forgo technology innovation results in reduced profit, while, on the other hand, technology innovation attracts the potential competitor to enter the complementary goods market, which also leads to decreased profit. Under certain circumstances, the loss incurred by the former is less than that incurred by the latter. Consequently, the manufacturer may choose to forego technology innovation to prevent the entry of the potential entrant in the complementary goods market. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the entry of the potential entrant can yield a mutually beneficial outcome for the manufacturer, the platform, and the potential entrant, creating a win–win–win scenario. In addition, our results suggest that as the production cost of innovative products rises, the manufacturer may have a stronger incentive to intensify its innovation efforts in response to the potential entrant's exit from the market. Finally, we establish that our main results remain robust even when some of our initial assumptions are relaxed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines one million land transactions and firm census data sets to determine the effect of market concentration on entry deterrence in China from 2006 to 2013. We find that a one standard deviation increase in the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index leads to a one standard deviation decrease in local government‐designated industrial land sales to nonlocal firms and to a 2.9 standard deviation increase in land cost. Further evidence suggests that firms with high market power lobby their local governments to deter the entry of nonlocal firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new theoretical concept, the "foreign champion", which attempts to solve the principal–agent problem and improve academic understanding of foreign market entry decisions by analyzing what experts in the field consider to be best practices. Based on empirical research into the determinants of SME internationalization success, semi-structured interviews (n = 12, t = 5 h 10 min.) were conducted with industry experts, including one academic, government officials, chamber and association leaders, a venture capitalist, and several CEOs, and key testimonies were studied using qualitative analysis software. The results shed light on effective internationalization strategies and common market entry mistakes. Despite the perception of saturation, the prominence of the experts, and the large sample, there may be limitations, such as not covering several regions. The originality of this study lies in its conceptual framework, the insights gained from the select interviews, and a new concept of foreign market entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition is a sign of development subject to healthy and impartial circumstances for all. Indian business is not an exception for the same. Indian legal literature has always tried to pinpoint the problem of anticompetitive attitude of business icons in Indian market. MRTP Act has been enacted with an objective to restrict the monopoly in market. This piece of legislation has worked on various anti-monopolistic practises and tried to curtail it. But after the Industrial Governmental Policy 1991 the concept liberalization, privatization and globalization become the power booster for Indian market, which leads to various and unlimited investment in Indian business by foreign player. In this attractive stage of market Mergers and Acquisitions has becomes the significant route of business growth. Most of the market player started accepting the merger or acquisition with various reasons. This has resulted in to the competitive atmosphere in the market with various kinds of unfair practices and greedy trice to control the market. It started working as a barrier to the new entities for their entry in the market. Business tycoon has started using their all power and reputation to become king of market. This leads towards the dominant position and concentration of powers in the hands of few powerful people which has completely misbalanced the competitive attitude of market. The Indian legal framework became insufficient to handle the new emerging problems in this regard. Hence the necessity of proper law resulted into The Competition Act 2002 as a remedy for anti-competitive deals in market. It has created The Competition Commission of India as the regulatory authority to curtail the impact of mergers and acquisition on the competition. It has assigned the task to CCI to check and examine the various deals of mergers and acquisition in Indian market in the light of various restriction and limitation to given under the Act 2002. Thus, the researcher is going to analyse the different dimensions of role of CCI to regulate the mergers and acquisitions in the market affecting the healthy competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as "China Mobile") is one of the three telecom operators in China with the registered capital of RMB 300 billion and asset size of trillions of RMB. Till July, 2019, China Mobile was listed among the Fortune Global 500 companies and ranked 14th among the top 500 enterprises of China in 2019. It is a truly large and strong enterprise. The globalization process of China Mobile could be divided into two periods: first comes the active expansion period which is from 2000-2010, and later approaches a prolonged period of stagnation which means China Mobile basically abandoned the overseas market. The ten years globalization is failed; the global market of China Mobile develops slowly and produces very little effect. It has lower market profit rate and smaller contribution to the group compared with the domestic market. This paper summarizes the process of China Mobile's internationalization by using data analysis tools such as pattern recognition, machine learning, and data abstraction, analyzes the problems in the internationalization process, finds out the reasons for China Mobile's internationalization failure, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for the reference of similar telecom service enterprises that have adopted overseas direct investment to internationalize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business environment adaptation is crucial to market longevity and sustainability. The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed a global paradigm shift in remote services which led to technology and service innovations that impacted organizations, leaders, and employees. The resulting impacts have required organizational leaders to consider new market entry strategies, employees to consider new processes and procedures, and both to learn new technologies and capabilities. This case study examines and provides recommendations to Premier Mental Therapy with a focus on leadership, organizational, change management, and strategy theories to mitigate risks to mental health services resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and increase sustainability and revenue. Marketing and networking strategies are introduced as tools to lower barriers to entry into technology driven healthcare markets. RACI charts are recommended for roles and responsibilities definition, and balanced scorecard is recommended for performance measurement and awareness. These recommendations combine to provide a future business model for sustainable operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing speed of societal, environmental, technological, and workplace changes brings into sharper focus the question of how people shape and learn from transitions, such as so-called 'skilled migration'. Taking a doing transitions and doing migration perspective, I assert that transitions and migration do not simply exist but are constituted relationally through social practices and accompanied by learning processes. This paper reports findings from qualitative research into the question of how people learn and transform their understandings of (life)time when moving to a new country and seeking entry into the labour market. The study used the documentary method to analyse data from 20 biographical-narrative interviews with people who moved to Canada as adults. Findings indicate different modes of dealing with shifts in temporal contexts during migration as decompressing lifetime, losing time, and going with the flow. These modes are associated with positive transformative learning, negative transformative learning, and learning through participation in practices. This study has implications for theorising learning during life course transitions as a socially embedded process. It also points to the need for differentiated support as individuals seek to enter new labour markets or make career changes in the context of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]