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Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I propose a novel measure to identify family firms based on the number of family links between high-ranking coworkers. Leveraging this measure, I reexamine previous findings in the literature and derive four novel facts: i) Measures of stock ownership misclassify firms with a large family presence. ii) Family-run firms exhibit value stock characteristics, whereas founder-CEO firms display growth stock characteristics. iii) Family-run firms pay lower costs. iv) Family managers behave myopically. I conclude that failing to consider family links can lead to highly misleading results in the study of family firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive industry introduces a sizable number of new automobile products annually. The naming of new products may have significant impact on their market performance. Diverging from prior research on the impact of product names, companies' innovative consciousness endows them with a certain level of proactive positioning, thereby implementing independent naming strategies after considering product factors and consumer preferences passively. This paper analyzes the drivers of the market performance of sequential products on the naming of new products in Chinese automotive industry. We collected market share data and names of various car series from January 2007 to September 2022. Then, we calculated semantic distances between names and performed empirical tests. Our findings show that firms demonstrate a risk preference pattern contrary to traditional prospect theory when using the previous car series' market share as a reference point. In the interplay between market orientation and risk preferences, the relationship between the market share of the last car series and the similarity in names between old and new car series follows an inverted U-shaped pattern. This study extends the discussion on risk preferences within the behavioral theory of the firm (BTOF) and proposes a decision mechanism for product naming that considers market and firm factors during the response phase of market orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real estate market is highly intermediated, with 90% of buyers and sellers hiring an agent. However, low barriers to entry and fixed commission rates result in large market share for inexperienced intermediaries. Using micro-level data on 8.5 million listings and a novel research design, we show that house listings by inexperienced agents have a lower probability of selling, and this effect is strongest during the housing bust. We estimate that 3.7% more listings would have been sold in a flexible commission equilibrium. Eighty percent of this improvement comes from competition and the remainder from commission variation across experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how short product life cycle lengths constrain real activities management among a group of manufacturing firms. Companies with short-cycle products face fast product obsolescence and constant pressure to develop and market new products. Fast product obsolescence increases the cost of overproduction, while constant pressure for new product development increases the cost of opportunistic spending cuts. We predict and find evidence that in general, short-cycle firms do not beat earnings thresholds through overproduction and discretionary spending cuts as extensively as long-cycle firms do. However, since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act came into effect, short-cycle firms have increasingly overproduced, and there is no longer a difference in overproduction between short- and long-cycle firms. Moreover, the presence of major customers attenuates the relationship between product life cycle lengths and real activities management, while a large market share and high fixed-assets intensity both accentuate the relationship. Finally, short-cycle firms are also less likely to use LIFO (last-in, first out) liquidation to inflate earnings than long-cycle firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores electric vehicle (EV) and grid interactions with a focus on CO2 emissions for future scenarios where EVs comprise growing market shares (e.g., 10% of the overall fleet mix). A major contribution of this effort has been to develop a methodology that integrates sub-system models and datasets that have previously stood alone, namely models and data that characterize: vehicle energy consumption, travel demands, vehicle charging, and temporal emission profiles associated with electric power generation dispatch. This convergence research helps quantify the relative emissions of light duty vehicle use and charging during various times of day to enable comparison of EV modes against one another and against conventional vehicle baselines. An initial use case involving light duty commuter and recharging scenarios has been explored as a means of validating and tuning the methodology. Under certain simulated scenarios, observed marginal emissions can be as much as 20% lower in the overnight hours compared to marginal CO2 emissions experienced during an identical charging event during the daytime. This study also confirms that marginal CO2 assumptions generally yield higher CO2 impacts than identical simulations that assume weighted average emissions. This variance is broad, ranging from 22% less to 97% greater, depending on a host of case-sensitive factors. These findings suggest that it will be essential to coordinate charging schedules and consider upstream grid implications in order to reduce the environmental impacts of EVs. By quantifying technical parameters related to both the magnitude and the range of possible emissions impacts, the study’s findings can be useful for education and awareness by all EV users, and will help decision-makers consider the importance of emission rate assumptions and the temporal granularity of the tools and data. More specifically, stakeholders should be incentivized to charge when marginal emissions are lowest whenever possible. This idea also has important implications about the location, type, cost and ownership models for tomorrow’s charging infrastructure. Translating and operationalizing this type of guidance will require some combination of education, access to rigorous and clear decision-support tools, signals between stakeholders (e.g., utilities and consumers), and behavioral change. View the NCST Project Webpage

This article is the first generalizable empirical analysis of dual branding, that is, the supply of private labels (PLs) by national brand (NB) manufacturers. The authors compile a unique data set combining the identity of PL suppliers in over 260 packaged goods categories with multiple years of scanner data in the Spanish grocery market to offer several contributions. First, they provide new descriptive insights on the prevalence of dual branding in categories where the manufacturer does and does not have NBs, the longevity of PL supply arrangements, and the differences in PL sourcing across retailers. Second, they integrate the literature on motivators and dissuaders of dual branding and test the impact of relevant manufacturer, retailer, and dyad characteristics on PL supply in NB and non-NB categories. The results reveal a more nuanced empirical reality than is evident from prior research regarding the role of multicategory scope, fighter brands, NB differentiation, and size and positioning of the retailer's PL. Third, they examine the outcomes of PL supply for the NBs of dual branders and find that starting (terminating) PL supply to a retailer significantly benefits (hurts) the relative distribution depth but not the relative share of the dual brander's NBs at that retailer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical material constraints may limit and guide power system transitions towards net zero. Pathways to mitigate these constraints need to be evaluated and pursued to ensure successful transition. Here, we explore the material constraint mitigation pathways from the perspective of adjusting power generation sub-technology market shares, analysing nineteen critical materials that may cause material constraints. We find that the power generation system transition within China's carbon neutrality scenario results in 52.2 megatonnes of cumulative material demand by 2060, approximately 2.7 times that of the business-as-usual scenario. Solar photovoltaic and wind power sub-technology market shares have the greatest impact on critical material demand. As progressive thin-film solar photovoltaic sub-technologies gain market share, the demand for gallium from solar photovoltaic may increase 56-fold. Material constraints are likely to occur for gallium, terbium, germanium, tellurium, indium, uranium and copper. The importance value is determined by the ratio of power sector to all-sector material demand; the importance value of gallium will increase to 50% due to increases in gallium arsenide and permanent magnet sub-technologies. Our study findings show that sub-technology market shares need to be considered when evaluating future material constraints. Our results provide insights for future research investigating mitigation pathways. China's power system decarbonization may cause material constraints for gallium, terbium, germanium, tellurium, indium, uranium and copper. Adjusting sub-technology market shares of solar photovoltaic and wind power greatly affects such constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA tiered intake assessment approach is presented and applied to derive estimates of maximum potential global propylene glycol (PG) intake from beverage sources. The US and UK markets served as surrogates for the world and the EU region, respectively, to determine the maximum potential exposure for PG in various subpopulations, including brand-loyal consumers. Conservative intake estimates for PG used in non-alcoholic beverages were calculated for toddlers less than 3 years (y), young children 3-9 y, adolescents 10-17 y, adults 18-64 y, elderly 65-74 y, very elderly 75+ y, based on assumed uses in high beverage consumption markets, leveraging either the 2-day food consumption data from the 2013–2016 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey or the 4-day food consumption data from the 2008-2017 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme. This study shows that safety of PG in beverages at proposed use levels up to 3,000 mg kg−1 can be supported for any geography, based not only on a refined budget method approach but also on a refined deterministic approach when applying the proposed safe intake (pADI) of 62.5 mg kg bw−1 day−1. In all refined assessments, intake estimates across all age groups fell close to or well below the pADI even among high consumers at the 95th percentile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the spread of coronavirus disease 2019, the first option of most consumers for shopping is being e-marketplaces. As a result, under such a situation, e-marketplaces face intense competition. Accordingly, adopting an effective strategy for gaining more market share is significant for them. In the context of electronic marketplace literature, the dynamic effects of the parallel selling channels have not been examined on the profitability and reputation of the e-marketplace. In this study, an electronic marketplace is considered in which the products are sold through the parallel selling channels. In the parallel selling channels, local sellers deliver the consumers' orders very fast and a price discount is offered by the hypermarket. The dynamic effects of the price discount and delivery lead time decisions are calculated by the dynamic game theory. Furthermore, the evolution of the electronic marketplace reputation is calculated over time. The problem is formulated in decentralized and centralized structures. Then, a combination of coordination contracts is proposed under the coordination system. The data of a case study is applied to evaluate the developed model. The results illustrate that to better manage the market share of the e-marketplace, managers can consider the simultaneous dynamic effects of the price discount and delivery time decisions. Further, determining the decisions over time leads to improve the electronic marketplace reputation over time. In addition, the electronic marketplace manager can influence the service level by the commission fees. Moreover, the coordination contract effectively improves the e-marketplace and sellers performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide solutions to the dynamic investment strategies of online advertising for multi-oligopoly enterprises. Specifically, by considering the spillover effect of online advertising, the investment cost function incorporating the characteristics of online advertising is constructed and then combined with external interference factors, and the dynamic investment decision-making model of online advertising of three oligarchic competitive enterprises is constructed. Subsequently, using the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman function, the Nash equilibrium solutions of the online advertising amount and profits are attained in symmetrical, semisymmetric, and asymmetric cases. We then calculated and empirically analysed the share of the market. Finally, the model is extended to n-dimensional space. Our study suggests that (1) investment in fixed-location online advertising is inversely proportional to the spillover effect, while the amount of pay-per-click online advertising investment is directly proportional to the spillover effect. (2) In the semisymmetric case, enterprises with a low initial share are easily affected by the spillover effect, while in the semisymmetric and asymmetric cases, dominant enterprises are more easily affected by the spillover effect. (3) The amount of investment in online advertising is inversely proportional to external interference factors. (4) When there are more than three enterprises in the market, the profit is negative, indicating that new enterprise should be cautious about entering the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination competitiveness is an important factor for destinations to gain larger market shares. Tourism managers and practitioners should identify the competitive advantages of the destination and analyse its competitive position. The extent to which countries or destinations can benefit from the tourism sector depends on their competitive position in national and international markets. In the light of this information, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the destination competitiveness of Diyarbakır by tourism stakeholders and to determine whether there is a difference between the participants' perceptions of destination competitiveness. The importance of this research is to provide guidance to destination policy makers. In line with the purpose of the research, 403 questionnaire forms were obtained through face-to-face interviews with tourism stakeholders in Diyarbakır destination. Descriptive statistics and difference analyses were applied to the data obtained through the questionnaire form. As a result of the analyses, it was found that Diyarbakır has strong elements of destination competitiveness in general. Among the elements that make up destination competitiveness, natural resources are the strongest elements that Diyarbakır region has. According to another result of the research, there is a statistically significant difference between natural resources and artificial resources, support resources, destination management, situational conditions and demand conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments have shown increasing interest in maintaining their high-tech export competitiveness by using policies designed to encourage advances in science and technology and the adoption of new techniques by industry. This article assesses the dynamics of international competitiveness based on high-tech exports, with special reference to selected G20 countries. The analysis uses longitudinal data for sixteen G20 countries over the period 1992–2019. We use second-generation panel data techniques that reveal robust results under the presence of cross-sectional dependence and cross-country heterogeneity. In line with theoretical underpinnings, the empirical results suggest that technological capability and cost advantages/disadvantages play a vital role in high-tech export competitiveness. The overall picture demonstrates that the increasing stock of highly educated individuals has important implications for enhancing G20 countries' high-tech export market share. On the flip side, the estimated negative linkage between patent applications and international competitiveness supports the general statements of the technology-based trade models. Therefore, while technology dissemination changes the direction of technological absolute advantages, innovative countries may lose their high-tech export market share to less developed countries (LDCs) as factor endowments create a competitive advantage for LCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing globalization of trade has expanded the business boundaries of ports beyond their traditional port areas, extending into the hinterland. Effective and efficient connectivity between port and hinterland has become a pivotal factor in determining a port's competitiveness. To enhance hinterland connectivity, ports are encouraged to extend their intermodal networks into distant hinterland markets, aiming to increase their market shares from the hinterland. It has been traditionally argued that extending an intermodal network to the hinterland gives ports a competitive advantage over their rivals in increasing market shares. In recent years, a new dimension of port-hinterland connectivity has emerged: that is, ports are not only expanding their intermodal networks but also striving to integrate inland logistics centers to varying degrees. This integration varies by port, resulting in different hinterland connectivity configurations as ports strive to increase their market shares from the hinterland. The extension of intermodal networks into the hinterland has long been seen as a competitive advantage for ports, enabling them to secure a larger market share compared to rivals. This leads us to explore the issue of 'port-hinterland connectivity' from a unique perspective, considering both 'port-hinterland connectivity' and 'port market shares.' This paper aims to comprehensively discuss related conceptual and theoretical aspects associated (in)directly with these concepts. To achieve this, we conduct a comprehensive literature review, incorporating recent developments in the field. Subsequently, we establish a conceptual framework for port hinterland and port-hinterland connectivity, with a primary focus on container ports. This framework can serve as a foundational basis for future empirical investigations in this field and could provide stakeholders with insight into the mixed dynamics of these two concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated consumer preferences for hybrid blends consisting of 50% and 75% plant-based ingredients relative to burgers comprised of 100% beef or plant-based ingredients. Latent class models with four latent classes identified four consumer segments: "Meat Purist," "Meat-Forward Flexitarian," "Plant-Forward Flexitarian," and "Price Sensitive." 100% beef burgers were most preferred, while hybrid meat burgers, particularly 50% beef with 50% soy or pea blends, were preferred over the 100% plant-based burgers. The study findings provide insight into the potential of hybrid blends to bridge between 100% meat and plant-based options and provide information about promoting hybrid meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AIN Journal is the property of Arab Institute of Navigation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb is the property of Fachmedien Otto Schmidt KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Safety and security (S&S) can contribute substantially to tourists' perceptions and decision making regarding specific destinations. From this perspective, countries, such as Iran, suffer the consequences because they are formally introduced as unsafe and insecure destinations. The present study was an attempt to analyze the function of S&S in tourists' perceptions before and after traveling to Iran. To this end, the data were collected by a self-administrated questionnaire, and then analyzed via the structural equation modeling. Contrary to the initial assumptions, the results revealed that S&S were not of utmost importance in comparison to other factors, because tourists' perceptions of the destination image (DI) of Iran were realistic. Moreover, the results indicated that S&S were the reflections of intergovernmental political challenges, and beyond the conventional issues. The study findings were based on the perceptions of those who had already visited Iran, but the segments of tourists that had ignored Iran as a destination remained furtive. Accordingly, such countries like Iran could lose their share of the tourism market due to the restrictive microenvironment. As a result, destination development needs profound insights into tourists' perceptions to avoid negative impacts and the role of scale in the analysis of DI should consider beyond the destination image. In order to compensate for the deficits, the lost opportunities and the required policy making and planning can be the subjects of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses firms' adjustment behaviour when facing higher labour costs. The empirical research design considers several outcomes, and exploits, as a source of variation in labour costs, discontinuities in the growth of contractual wages set by Italian collective bargaining institutions. The results indicate that adjustment channels are highly heterogeneous across the firms' productivity distribution. Employment, revenue, productivity and the profit margin are negatively related to contractual wage growth among relatively less efficient companies. Instead, most efficient firms do not downsize, they substitute high‐ with low‐wage workers while preserving their productivity, and they may even increase (or at least keep constant) their profitability. We conclude that more efficient companies, which adjust through cost‐saving and labour‐hoarding strategies, may benefit from cleansing effects, as their product market shares increase when costs of more constrained rivals are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how product modularity affects a manufacturer's recovery strategy by constructing two trade‐in models: one with a module market and another without. Our results reveal that opening a module market is not always profitable for the manufacturer, except when the module production cost is extremely low. When opening it is less profitable, the manufacturer can boost profits by raising the module price, increasing salvage value, and reducing costs through remanufacturing. Regarding collection quantity, our findings reveal that a module market, particularly with high module costs and durability, increases trade‐in quantity, challenging the conventional expectations of market share erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable share of farmland market activity is related to non-agricultural owners. Recent research has shown that those non-agricultural owners are likely to be private persons. However, little is known about potential factors which drive their decision to invest in farmland. This study aims to investigate four groups of factors which could affect the decision of non-agricultural persons to buy farmland: Key investment information, financial knowledge, the attitude towards money, and sociodemographic characteristics. Primary discrete choice data, which is representative for our study region Germany within four categories, has been collected for the purpose of this study. 637 participants were asked to invest in farmland, financial products or save their money in a bank account. A mixed logit approach revealed, that variables from each factor group are related to the decision to invest in farmland. According to the effect sizes, risk (volatility of returns), returns, a university degree and a preference for a secure investment performance are especially important factors for investment decisions. Furthermore, considerable differences exist between people with a high financial literacy score or a high level of self-assessed financial knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goal of this study is to estimate the association between hospital system market share and negotiated prices. Hospital system consolidation has led to many highly concentrated markets where systems can leverage their market share to negotiate higher commercial prices. Recently, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, under its Transparency in Coverage initiative, required health insurers to release all negotiated commercial prices, providing, for the first time, publicly available, nationally representative data on commercial rates. We utilize this newly available data on negotiated prices of healthcare services to show that a hospital with 10% higher market share charges 880-1,180 more per admission. Study design: We used commercial price data for national networks of three large, national insurers and performed a linear regression based on more than 1.3 million negotiated rates across 1,784 hospitals to estimate the association between a hospital's system-level market share and commercial negotiated rates, adjusting for service (DRG), health system, and area level time-invariant characteristics. Results: We find that a one percentage point increase in hospital system market share is associated with an $88 to $118 higher negotiated rate per admission. All else equal, a hospital that is part of a system with a 10-percentage point higher market share can expect from $880 to $1,180 more per admission relative to a hospital with lower system market share (5.4% to 6.2% of the median price). Conclusion: These findings confirm that higher hospital system market share is strongly associated with higher commercial negotiated prices and should aid policymakers and decisionmakers in assessing the impact of various policy options aimed at reducing provider consolidation in the healthcare market. Trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'De-banking' refers to banks limiting or withdrawing banking services from perceived 'high-risk' clients. 'High risk' is not merely commercial risk relating to a client's ability to pay. It also includes 'non-commercial' risks such as client dealings in illicit funds or activities. Debanking decisions might also be made on operational-cost grounds where continued servicing of a particular customer base becomes uneconomical. In Australia, the de-banking issue has impacted migrant communities. More recently, de-banking has impeded the ability of digital assets service providers. Under the guise of rigorous compliance legal standards, Australian banks have limited or even cut-off banking services to many Australian digital asset firms. As the financial gatekeepers to the Australian economy, Australian banks (already very protected from competitors) are undermining an industry that could potentially compete for market share. Examining strategies adopted in other jurisdictions, Australian policy makers should supplement the introduction of a licensing regime, as proposed by the Digital Assets (Market Regulation) Bill 2023 (Cth), with additional balanced measures in order to support innovation in the digital asset sector and maintain financial integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article captures the effects of technology diffusion on innovation under duopoly competition. With the game theory approach, some interesting results are achieved. First, technology diffusion stimulates innovation and firms launch innovation to share more market size. Second, firms under unilateral innovation launch less innovation than that under bilateral innovation. Finally, neither firms' innovation constitutes a Nash equilibrium and subsidy may transfer this equilibrium to a new equilibrium that both firms innovate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sharing economy (SE) is a strongly contested idea, both conceptually and politically. This paper first explores multiple existing definitions, emphasizing the challenges in both conceptual and operational terms they usually entail. It is argued that most of the common definitions tend to exacerbate tensions between informativeness and veracity, resulting in the SE becoming a catch-all concept. Alternatively, it is often suggested to operationalize the concept by breaking it down among its main areas, such as consumption, knowledge, production, and finance. However, these kinds of classifications lack logical-formal consistency and substantive validity. The paper then addresses the political-normative debate by briefly presenting the three main existing perspectives on the SE: (i) as a more inclusive form of capitalism, (ii) as the advancement of the neoliberal agenda, and (iii) as a sort of emancipatory economy. The primary aim of this paper, however, is not to advocate for a singular viewpoint or scrutinize any particular author's theory, but to examine three common errors that the emancipatory conception may easily fall into: (i) overemphasizing the role of communities in economic activity, (ii) attributing an inherent collaborative propensity to individuals, and (iii) understanding markets from an a-institutional and psychological standpoint. The conclusions suggest that to truly realize the emancipatory potential of the SE, the conception should distance itself from standard economic theory and adopt a more institutional approach akin to classical political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In August 2019 an unexpected presidential election result caused a change in expected exchange and inflation rates. The objective of this study is to analyze the relation between market share and the decision of increasing prices in the pharmaceutical industry in Argentina. Methods: Online weekly data on variations of some medicine's prices were obtained using web scraping, and then classification algorithms (Random Forests, Gradient Boosting Machine and logistic regression) were applied. Results: The results were mixed: market share was found to have high importance in tree-based methods. (Random Forests and Gradient Boosting Machine). However, in logistic regression, this variable wasn't significant. Conclusions: Exchange rate volatility after the election result caused several changes on price expectations, and pharmaceutical market structure influenced the resulting price reactions. Laboratories which owned a higher market share rose their prices first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market definition is an important aspect of antitrust analysis, but the exercise requires designating each potentially relevant good as either completely in or out of the market. In a market with differentiated goods, this often necessitates making unsatisfactory designations. This article introduces the concept of the antitrust market as a fuzzy set, where each relevant good can have a degree of membership in the market, rather than only the traditional binary in or out designation. A product's degree of membership in the market is assigned based on its closeness of substitutability to the focal products. We then show how implied market shares can be calculated from a defined fuzzy antitrust market. We illustrate an implementation of these concepts using data from the grocery retail market and demand estimations from prior literature. We also discuss how this concept serves as a middle way between supporters and detractors of market definition, as implied market shares are objects that not only reflect demand substitutability but also allow for the rhetorical benefits of having delineated a market to focus discussion and analysis of competitive issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited evidence to support use of fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to examine the sales and regulatory status of psychotropic FDCs in India, in the context of two government regulatory initiatives. Methods: Official documents were searched to establish an account of the initiatives and measures targeting psychotropic FDCs. This was integrated with private market data (2008 to 2020). Descriptive statistics were used to examine changes in FDC numbers/formulations and sales volumes in standard units (SU) over time. Results: Psychotropic FDC sales volumes (percentage market share) increased from 0.8 billion SU (18.4%) in 2008 to 1.4 billion SU (20.1%) in 2020. The numbers (formulations) of FDCs also increased, from 28 (101) in 2008 to 33 (143) in 2020. Unapproved FDCs accounted for 69.3% of psychotropic FDC sales in 2008, decreasing slightly to 60.3% in 2020. Of 21 psychotropic FDCs considered under the regulatory initiatives, three went on to be banned, and two of these remained on the market in 2020. Conclusions: Unapproved FDCs continue to account for most psychotropic FDC sales, potentially putting the public at risk because their safety and efficacy have not been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry meat, particularly Peking ducks, holds a significant global market share, prized for their high meat yield and fat content. However, understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms influencing carcass yield in ducks is limited. This research aims to use genome‐wide association analysis to uncover single‐nucleotide polymorphisms influencing carcass yield in Peking ducks, followed by identifying candidate genes linked to carcass traits. In this study, we analyzed seven traits of 643 Peking ducks at age 42 days and identified novel loci associated with these traits. A total of 35 significant loci were detected, with eight SNPs reaching genome‐wide significance. KIF20B, AGBL5, SGSM1, MRO, PLAG1, XKR4, and TGS1 were considered as important candidate genes influencing carcass yield in ducks. This study adds to the list of genes affecting Peking duck body traits, aiding marker‐assisted breeding and enhancing economic yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Technological progress has improved insurers' ability to monitor policyholders and has led to usage‐based insurance (UBI) contracts that incorporate behavioral risk factors in pricing. Economic theory predicts that any informative monitoring signal is adopted in equilibrium. In practice, the demand for UBI is still low to date with market shares in the single digits. We modify the standard moral‐hazard model in insurance economics by trading off a simpler effort model for a richer strategy space, and by focusing on the use of monitoring for premium differentiation. In our model, an informative monitoring technology is in use if it is sufficiently accurate. Otherwise, the premium incentive from monitoring is not large enough to alleviate the incentive‐compatibility constraint to an extent that would make policyholders better off. Our results help explain the slow adoption of UBI contracts in practice and provide an avenue to increase their appeal to policyholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of an initial public offering (IPO) examination disclosure on accountants' IPO market share, using accounting firms undertaking A‐share approval system IPO audit projects from 2011 to 2021. We find that the IPO market share of accounting firms with Issuance Examination Committee Connections (IECC) decreases after the implementation of the issuance examination disclosure policy and that the market share decrease is more pronounced for low‐reputation accounting firms with IECC. This study reveals the impact of issuance review disclosures on the appointment of accountants by IPO firms. This study extends the research related to accountants' market share from the perspective of the impact of IPO examination disclosure on the IPO market share of IECC accountants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of listed Chinese companies from 2012 to 2020, we investigate the impact of registration of defensive trademarks on corporate innovation. We find that firms with a higher number of defensive trademarks engage in less innovation. The mechanism tests show that defensive trademarks reduce innovation by increasing firm market share, and further tests show that the negative effect is more pronounced for firms with resource constraints and state‐owned enterprises. Our findings indicate a substitutive effect of defensive trademarks on corporate innovation, which is a win‐by‐defence strategy adopted by firms in market share competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a generalized oligopolistic equilibrium model with labor rigidity under strategic competition between heterogeneous firms, explaining the trade between two similar countries for the declining wage and labor share, the common experiences of many countries worldwide. The specialization effect for the labor movement from a high to less labor‐intensive sector arising from the heterogeneous productivity distribution of firms between trading partners dampens the wage more than the joint effect of market size and competition working favorably on it. Despite the wage drop, the trade ambiguously affects employment but unambiguously reduces their distributive share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akademik Hassasiyetler is the property of Huzeyfe Suleyman Arslan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to build a hypothesis regarding the role between variables which can later be used for further research in the scope of business management. The scientific literature review article on the role of marketing mix, share market and e-commerce on business management which is a scientific literature article in the scope of business management science. The approach used in this literature review research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique used in this literature article is a literature study or review of relevant previous articles. The data used in this descriptive qualitative approach comes from previous studies relevant to this research such as academic online media including Thomson Reuters Journals, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Scopus Emerald, Elsevier, Sage, Web of Science, Sinta Journals, DOAJ, EBSCO, Google Scholar and digital reference books. In previous studies, one to two relevant previous articles were used to review each independent variable. The results of this literature review article are: 1) Marketing mix plays a role in Business Management; 2) Share Market plays a role in Business Management; and 3) E-Commerce plays a role in Business Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper addresses the common question of how service providers compare to their competitors and what their competitive advantages are. It focuses on the North Adriatic ports of Trieste, Koper, Rijeka, Venice, and Ravenna, all members of the North Adriatic Ports Association, analyzing their position, size, competitiveness, and role in the container market. Methods: The research employs three distinct methods: market structure analysis using several concentration indices, the R method for ranking terminals, and aggregation of these indices to create a combined index for port performance. Results: Based on the rankings, indicators, the BCG matrix, and future development plans for each terminal, the ports are ranked as follows: Koper, Rijeka, Trieste, Venice, and Ravenna. Koper emerges as the leader, positioned in the high market share and strong growth category. This advantageous position allows Koper to efficiently attract traffic without requiring substantial investments. Conclusions: The contribution of the work is that the specific measure indices were applied, which were not used in the analysis of the North Adriatic container terminals until now. The research provides both a broad and detailed understanding of the position, role, and condition of each terminal. This insight enables stakeholders to take timely, strategic actions aimed at boosting productivity and traffic, ultimately improving their competitive standing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We evaluate the incentives to create within‐industry independent divisions once the vertical structure of the industry is considered. Divisionalization allows a firm to gain market share in the final market, but it also leads to an increase in total payments to the input supplier. The less competitive the upstream market, the more important the second effect will be, and this reduces the profitability of divisionalization. As a consequence, a less competitive upstream segment leads to a lower total number of divisions in equilibrium and a less competitive final market, harming end consumers who will face higher prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparkling wines produced using the ancestral method, also known as Pét-Nats, are gaining more and more market share these days. However, scientific information on these wines is very scarce. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the physicochemical composition and sensory characteristics of a representative selection of commercial sparkling wines produced using the ancestral and traditional methods. Ancestral sparkling wines were more heterogeneous than traditional sparkling wines, as some of them showed lower internal pressure, higher turbidity, higher color intensity and lower effervescence. These differences are probably due to the fact that the protocol for making sparkling wines using the ancestral method is not as well defined as that for traditional sparkling wines. However, the ancestral method has the advantage of being able to work with riper grapes and a lower sulfur dioxide dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper constructs a monthly price series for electricity retailers in New Zealand, broken down by region and retailer, from January 2018 until June 2023. Since 2014, there has been no such price series for New Zealand that is disaggregated by retailer. We find that, over the time period of our dataset, while average prices across the largest five retailers are consistently higher than that of the smaller retailers in our dataset, the gap has narrowed substantially. The narrowing of this price gap is associated with the following trends in market shares. While, from January 2018 to September 2021, the smaller retailers, taken as a group, made considerable gains in market share at the expense of the larger retailers, the growth in the market share of the smaller retailers in our dataset stagnated in the remainder of the time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the competitive landscape of modern business, organizations adopt diverse strategies to achieve their objectives and gain market advantage. This paper explores four primary types of business strategies: cost leadership, differentiation, focus, and growth strategies. Cost leadership enables firms to attract a broad customer base through low prices but may compromise quality and innovation. Differentiation allows companies to build strong brand loyalty by offering unique products; however, it carries risks of imitation and high operational costs. Focus strategies target specific market niches, fostering customer loyalty but limiting growth potential and increasing vulnerability to market shifts. Growth strategies, encompassing mergers and expansions, aim to enhance market share but can strain resources and lead to neglect of core operations. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies is crucial for organizations to navigate challenges effectively and sustain long-term success.

Firm performance is of global interest for sustainable growth and is a function of multiple factors. Market share is often considered the source of competitive position and ability to generate financial performance. By understanding these dynamics, organizations can develop tailored strategies incorporating corporate governance to enhance competitiveness for improved performance outcomes. This study examines the impact of market share on firm performance, considering the moderated effect of firm size and mediating effects of corporate governance with capital structure, growth, and innovation as control variables. This study relies on seven-year firm-level data, utilizing an uneven sample of 40 non-financial companies listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange (NSE) and encompassing 280 observations. A causal-comparative research design was used with Process Macro tools in a moderated mediating model to examine the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant impact of market share on firm performance, i.e., ROA (β = 0.195, p < 0.01) and Tobin’s Q (β = 0.232, p < 0.01). Additionally, firm size moderated negatively (β = –0.82, p < 0.01), while corporate governance positively mediated the relationship (β = 0.184, p < 0.01; Tobin’s Q: β = 0.188, p < 0.05). Control variables had no significant impact on corporate governance. The study highlights the implication of balance of market share, corporate governance, and innovation with firm size for the firm’s performance. By utilizing these insights, firms can create strategic initiatives to boost competitiveness, improve resource allocation, and reinforce governance practices. Acknowledgment We acknowledge all the individuals who supported this research process directly and indirectly. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on improving the quality of the paper.