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1. Planck pre-launch status: Low Frequency Instrument calibration and expected scientific performance

Author

Mennella, A., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., Cuttaia, F., D'Arcangelo, O., Davis, R. J., Frailis, M., Galeotta, S., Gregorio, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leonardi, R., Lowe, S. R., Mandolesi, N., Maris, M., Meinhold, P., Mendes, L., Morgante, G., Sandri, M., Stringhetti, L., Terenzi, L., Tomasi, M., Valenziano, L., Villa, F., Zacchei, A., Zonca, A., Balasini, M., Franceschet, C., Battaglia, P., Lapolla, P. M., Leutenegger, P., Miccolis, M., Pagan, L., Silvestri, R., Aja, B., Artal, E., Baldan, G., Bastia, P., Bernardino, T., Boschini, L., Cafagna, G., Cappellini, B., Cavaliere, F., Colombo, F., de La Fuente, L., Edgeley, J., Falvella, M. C., Ferrari, F., Fogliani, S., Franceschi, E., Gaier, T., Gomez, F., Herreros, J. M., Hildebrandt, S., Hoyland, R., Hughes, N., Jukkala, P., Kettle, D., Laaninen, M., Lawson, D., Leahy, P., Levin, S., Lilje, P. B., Maino, D., Malaspina, M., Manzato, P., Marti-Canales, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Mediavilla, A., Pasian, F., Pascual, J. P., Pecora, M., Peres-Cuevas, L., Platania, P., Pospieszalsky, M., Poutanen, T., Rebolo, R., Roddis, N., Salmon, M., Seiffert, M., Simonetto, A., Sozzi, C., Tauber, J., Tuovinen, J., Varis, J., Wilkinson, A., and Winder, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We give the calibration and scientific performance parameters of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) measured during the ground cryogenic test campaign. These parameters characterise the instrument response and constitute our best pre-launch knowledge of the LFI scientific performance. The LFI shows excellent $1/f$ stability and rejection of instrumental systematic effects; measured noise performance shows that LFI is the most sensitive instrument of its kind. The set of measured calibration parameters will be updated during flight operations through the end of the mission., Comment: Accepted for publications in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2010 (acceptance date: 12 Jan 2010)

Published
2010
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2. Planck pre-launch status: Design and description of the Low Frequency Instrument

Author

Bersanelli, M., Mandolesi, N., Butler, R. C., Mennella, A., Villa, F., Aja, B., Artal, E., Artina, E., Baccigalupi, C., Balasini, M., Baldan, G., Banday, A., Bastia, P., Battaglia, P., Bernardino, T., Blackhurst, E., Boschini, L., Burigana, C., Cafagna, G., Cappellini, B., Cavaliere, F., Colombo, F., Crone, G., Cuttaia, F., D'Arcangelo, O., Danese, L., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., De Angelis, L., De Gasperis, G. C., De La Fuente, L., De Rosa, A., De Zotti, G., Falvella, M. C., Ferrari, F., Ferretti, R., Figini, L., Fogliani, S., Franceschet, C., Franceschi, E., Gaier, T., Garavaglia, S., Gomez, F., Gorski, K., Gregorio, A., Guzzi, P., Herreros, J. M., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hoyland, R., Hughes, N., Janssen, M., Jukkala, P., Kettle, D., Kilpia, V. H., Laaninen, M., Lapolla, P. M., Lawrence, C. R., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Leutenegger, P., Levin, S., Lilje, P. B., Lowe, S. R., Lubin, D. Lawson P. M., Maino, D., Malaspina, M., Maris, M., Marti-Canales, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Mediavilla, A., Meinhold, P., Miccolis, M., Morgante, G., Natoli, P., Nesti, R., Pagan, L., Paine, C., Partridge, B., Pascual, J. P., Pasian, F., Pearson, D., Pecora, M., Perrotta, F., Platania, P., Pospieszalski, M., Poutanen, T., Prina, M., Rebolo, R., Roddis, N., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Salmon, n M. J., Sandri, M., Seiffert, M., Silvestri, R., Simonetto, A., Sjoman, P., Smoot, G. F., Sozzi, C., Stringhetti, L., Taddei, E., Tauber, J., Terenzi, L., Tomasi, M., Tuovinen, J., Valenziano, L., Varis, J., Vittorio, N., Wade, L. A., Wilkinson, A., Winder, F., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

In this paper we present the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), designed and developed as part of the Planck space mission, the ESA program dedicated to precision imaging of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Planck-LFI will observe the full sky in intensity and polarisation in three frequency bands centred at 30, 44 and 70 GHz, while higher frequencies (100-850 GHz) will be covered by the HFI instrument. The LFI is an array of microwave radiometers based on state-of-the-art Indium Phosphide cryogenic HEMT amplifiers implemented in a differential system using blackbody loads as reference signals. The front-end is cooled to 20K for optimal sensitivity and the reference loads are cooled to 4K to minimise low frequency noise. We provide an overview of the LFI, discuss the leading scientific requirements and describe the design solutions adopted for the various hardware subsystems. The main drivers of the radiometric, optical and thermal design are discussed, including the stringent requirements on sensitivity, stability, and rejection of systematic effects. Further details on the key instrument units and the results of ground calibration are provided in a set of companion papers., Comment: 23 pages, 31 figures, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planck LFI technical papers published by JINST: http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/-page=extra.proc5/1748-0221

Published
2010
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3. Planck pre-launch status: the Planck-LFI programme

Author

Mandolesi, N., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., Artal, E., Baccigalupi, C., Balbi, A., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartelmann, M., Bennett, K., Bhandari, P., Bonaldi, A., Borrill, J., Bremer, M., Burigana, C., Bowman, R. C., Cabella, P., Cantalupo, C., Cappellini, B., Courvoisier, T., Crone, G., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., D'Arcangelo, O., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., De Angelis, L., de Gasperis, G., De Rosa, A., De Troia, G., de Zotti, G., Dick, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Dörl, U., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falvella, M. C., Finelli, F., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Gaier, T., Galeotta, S., Gasparo, F., Giardino, G., Gomez, F., Gonzalez-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F., Hell, R., Herranz, D., Herreros, J. M., Hildebrandt, S., Hovest, W., Hoyland, R., Huffenberger, K., Janssen, M., Jaffe, T., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leach, S. M., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Levin, S., Lilje, P. B., López-Caniego, M., Lowe, S. R., Lubin, P. M., Maino, D., Malaspina, M., Maris, M., Marti-Canales, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Meinhold, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Morgante, G., Morigi, G., Morisset, N., Moss, A., Nash, A., Natoli, P., Nesti, R., Paine, C., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Passvogel, T., Pearson, D., Pérez-Cuevas, L., Perrotta, F., Polenta, G., Popa, L. A., Poutanen, T., Prezeau, G., Prina, M., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Rocha, G., Roddis, N., Rohlfs, R., Rubiño-Martin, J. A., Salerno, E., Sandri, M., Scott, D., Seiffert, M., Silk, J., Simonetto, A., Smoot, G. F., Sozzi, C., Sternberg, J., Stivoli, F., Stringhetti, L., Tauber, J., Terenzi, L., Tomasi, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Valenziano, L., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L., White, M., White, S., Wilkinson, A., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) programme within the ESA Planck mission. The LFI instrument has been developed to produce high precision maps of the microwave sky at frequencies in the range 27-77 GHz, below the peak of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation spectrum. The scientific goals are described, ranging from fundamental cosmology to Galactic and extragalactic astrophysics. The instrument design and development are outlined, together with the model philosophy and testing strategy. The instrument is presented in the context of the Planck mission. The LFI approach to ground and inflight calibration is described. We also describe the LFI ground segment. We present the results of a number of tests demonstrating the capability of the LFI data processing centre (DPC) to properly reduce and analyse LFI flight data, from telemetry information to calibrated and cleaned time ordered data, sky maps at each frequency (in temperature and polarization), component emission maps (CMB and diffuse foregrounds), catalogs for various classes of sources (the Early Release Compact Source Catalogue and the Final Compact Source Catalogue). The organization of the LFI consortium is briefly presented as well as the role of the core team in data analysis and scientific exploitation. All tests carried out on the LFI flight model demonstrate the excellent performance of the instrument and its various subunits. The data analysis pipeline has been tested and its main steps verified. In the first three months after launch, the commissioning, calibration, performance, and verification phases will be completed, after which Planck will begin its operational life, in which LFI will have an integral part., Comment: 25 pages, 16 figures. In press on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Published
2010
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4. PLANCK/LFI: an Advanced Multi-beam High Performance mm-wave Optics for Space Applications

Author

Villa, F., Sandri, M., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., Mandolesi, N., Mennella, A., Marti-Canales, J., and Tauber, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

The Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) is one of the two instruments onboard the ESA PLANCK satellite foreseen to be launched in 2007. The LFI will image the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies and the polarization in four different bands, with an unprecedented combination of sky coverage, calibration accuracy, control of systematic errors, and sensitivity. LFI is coupled to the PLANCK Telescope by an array of 23 high performance dual profiled corrugated feed horns. The dual reflector off axis-design of the 1.5 meter projected aperture telescope is the most advanced optical design ever conceived for accommodating large multi-beam and multi-frequency focal plane units. The location and the design of the feed horns, for both instruments, have been optimised in order to maintain good beam symmetry, even far from the optical axis, and an excellent straylight rejection. In this paper we describe the LFI instrument with emphasis on its optical performance and coupling with the PLANCK telescope., Comment: On behalf of LFI Consortium, proceedings of the 25th Antenna Workshop on Satellite Antenna Technology, 18-20 Sept. 2002, ESA-ESTEC, NL

Published
2003

5. Reconstruction of measured antenna patterns and related time-varying aperture fields

Author

Marti-Canales, J. and Ligthart, L.P.

Subjects
Antennas (Electronics) -- Design and construction, Antennas (Electronics) -- Analysis, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

In this paper, the authors present a method to reconstruct measured antenna radiation patterns and their related time-varying aperture fields. The method is based on a model that accounts for the measurement scenario and the antenna radiation characteristics through its radiation centers. The inputs to the model are radiation pattern measurements over a certain bandwidth. Solving the model provides the number of radiation centers, the patterns coupled with each radiation center, and the time delay at which these patterns would be measured. With this information one can reconstruct the measured pattern and retrieve the time-varying aperture fields of the antenna. The latter also provides a diagnostic tool for complex radiating structures. The method and the model are validated with measurements performed in a compact range of two spaceborne antennas. Index Terms--Antenna measurements, time domain holography.

Published
2004

6. PLANCK pre-launch status: Low Frequency Instrument calibration and scientific performance

Author

MENNELLA A, BERSANELLI M, BUTLER R. C, CUTTAIA F, DARCANGELO O, DAVIS R. J, FRAILIS M, GALEOTTA S, LAWRENCE C. R, LEONARDI R, LOWE S. R, MANDOLESI N, MARIS M, MEINHOLD P, MENDES L, MORGANTE G, SANDRI M, STRINGHETTI L, TERENZI L, TOMASI M, VALENZIANO L, VILLA F, ZACCHEI A, ZONCA A, BALASINI M, FRANCESCHET C, BATTAGLIA P, LAPOLLA P. M, LEUTENEGGER P, MICCOLIS M, PAGAN L, SILVESTRI R, AJA B, ARTAL E, BALDAN G, BASTIA P, BERNARDINO T, BOSCHINI L, CAFAGNA G, CAPPELLINI B, CAVALIERE F, COLOMBO F, DE LA FUENTE L, EDGELEY J, FALVELLA M. C, FERRARI F, FOGLIANI S, FRANCESCHI E, GAIER T, GOMEZ F, HERREROS J. M, HILDEBRANDT S, HOYLAND R, HUGHES N, JUKKALA P, KETTLE D, LAANINEN M, LAWSON D, LEAHY P, LEVIN S, LILJE P. B, MAINO D, MALASPINA M, MANZATO P, MARTI CANALES J, MARTINEZ GONZALEZ E, MEDIAVILLA A, PASIAN F, PASCUAL J. P, PECORA M, PERES CUEVAS L, PLATANIA P, POSPIESZALSKY M, POUTANEN T, REBOLO R, RODDIS N, SALMON M, SEIFFERT M, SIMONETTO A, SOZZI C, TAUBER J, TUOVINEN J, VARIS J, WILKINSON A, WINDER F., GREGORIO, ANNA, Mennella, A, Bersanelli, M, BUTLER R., C, Cuttaia, F, Darcangelo, O, DAVIS R., J, Frailis, M, Galeotta, S, Gregorio, Anna, LAWRENCE C., R, Leonardi, R, LOWE S., R, Mandolesi, N, Maris, M, Meinhold, P, Mendes, L, Morgante, G, Sandri, M, Stringhetti, L, Terenzi, L, Tomasi, M, Valenziano, L, Villa, F, Zacchei, A, Zonca, A, Balasini, M, Franceschet, C, Battaglia, P, LAPOLLA P., M, Leutenegger, P, Miccolis, M, Pagan, L, Silvestri, R, Aja, B, Artal, E, Baldan, G, Bastia, P, Bernardino, T, Boschini, L, Cafagna, G, Cappellini, B, Cavaliere, F, Colombo, F, DE LA FUENTE, L, Edgeley, J, FALVELLA M., C, Ferrari, F, Fogliani, S, Franceschi, E, Gaier, T, Gomez, F, HERREROS J., M, Hildebrandt, S, Hoyland, R, Hughes, N, Jukkala, P, Kettle, D, Laaninen, M, Lawson, D, Leahy, P, Levin, S, LILJE P., B, Maino, D, Malaspina, M, Manzato, P, MARTI CANALES, J, MARTINEZ GONZALEZ, E, Mediavilla, A, Pasian, F, PASCUAL J., P, Pecora, M, PERES CUEVAS, L, Platania, P, Pospieszalsky, M, Poutanen, T, Rebolo, R, Roddis, N, Salmon, M, Seiffert, M, Simonetto, A, Sozzi, C, Tauber, J, Tuovinen, J, Varis, J, Wilkinson, A, and Winder, F.

Subjects
Planck ESA mission, CMB physics
Abstract

We present the calibration and scientific performance parameters of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) measured during the ground cryogenic test campaign. These parameters characterise the instrument response and constitute our optimal pre-launch knowledge of the LFI scientific performance. The LFI shows excellent 1/ f stability and rejection of instrumental systematic effects; its measured noise performance shows that LFI is the most sensitive instrument of its kind. The calibration parameters will be updated during flight operations until the end of the mission.

Published
2010

7. A simple radio telescope operating at Ku band for educational purposes

Author

Bhatia, R.S., Marti-Canales, J., Matos, C. de, Fritzsche, B., Haiduk, F., Knöchel, U., and Publica

Subjects
electrical engineering education, educational technology, radio astronomy
Abstract

A small radio telescope has been developed, which can be installed at high shools and universities to further the interest of students in science and technology. The telescope kit is based on existing commercially available satellite television equipment. Safe assembly and operation of the telescope were primary drivers in the design of the system, along with the need to keep the cost down to ~6.000 Euros. The telescope uses a 1.2 m diameter dish and a receiver operating at Ku band (10-12 GHz). The system has a basic tracking capability, and is remotely commanded through a computer interface. Detailed user-friendly manuals were written to enable students to assemble, calibrate, and operate the telescope themselves, under the guidance of a high shool teacher. The performance of the prototype telescope was evaluated, and sun and moon observations were executed. Although the low cost of the system leads to limitations in sensitivity and pointing accuracy, there are nonetheless significant pedagogical benefits from this project in a variety of educational subjects involving science and technology. A number of extensions to the basic telescope kit may be implemented to improve its performance.

Published
2006

8. Planck pre-launch status: The optical system

Author

Tauber, J.A., Norgaard-Nielsen, H.U., Ade, P.A.R., Amiri Parian, J., Banos, T., Bersanelli, M., Burigana, C., Chamballu, A., de Chambure, D., Christensen, P.R., Corre, O., Cozzani, A., Crill, B.P., Crone, G., D'Arcangelo, O., Daddato, R., Doyle, D., Dubruel, D., Forma, G., Hills, R., Huffenberger, K., Jaffe, A.H., Jessen, N., Kletzkine, P., Lamarre, J.-M., Leahy, J.P., Longval, Y., deMaagt, P., Maffei, B., Mandolesi, N., Marti-Canales, J., Martin-Polegre, A., Martin, P., Mendes, L., Murphy, J.Anthony, Nielsen, P., Noviello, F., Paquay, M., Peacocke, T., Ponthieu, N., Pontoppidan, k., Ristorcelli, I., Riti, J.-B., Rolo, L., Rosset, C., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Sudiwala, R., Tristram, M., Valenziano, L., van der Vorst, M., van 't Klooster, K., Villa, F., Yurchenko, V., Tauber, J.A., Norgaard-Nielsen, H.U., Ade, P.A.R., Amiri Parian, J., Banos, T., Bersanelli, M., Burigana, C., Chamballu, A., de Chambure, D., Christensen, P.R., Corre, O., Cozzani, A., Crill, B.P., Crone, G., D'Arcangelo, O., Daddato, R., Doyle, D., Dubruel, D., Forma, G., Hills, R., Huffenberger, K., Jaffe, A.H., Jessen, N., Kletzkine, P., Lamarre, J.-M., Leahy, J.P., Longval, Y., deMaagt, P., Maffei, B., Mandolesi, N., Marti-Canales, J., Martin-Polegre, A., Martin, P., Mendes, L., Murphy, J.Anthony, Nielsen, P., Noviello, F., Paquay, M., Peacocke, T., Ponthieu, N., Pontoppidan, k., Ristorcelli, I., Riti, J.-B., Rolo, L., Rosset, C., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Sudiwala, R., Tristram, M., Valenziano, L., van der Vorst, M., van 't Klooster, K., Villa, F., and Yurchenko, V.

Abstract

Planck is a scientific satellite that represents the next milestone in space-based research related to the cosmic microwave background, and in many other astrophysical fields. Planck was launched on 14 May of 2009 and is now operational. The uncertainty in the optical response of its detectors is a key factor allowing Planck to achieve its scientific objectives. More than a decade of analysis and measurements have gone into achieving the required performances. In this paper, we describe the main aspects of the Planck optics that are relevant to science, and the estimated in-flight performance, based on the knowledge available at the time of launch. We also briefly describe the impact of the major systematic effects of optical origin, and the concept of in-flight optical calibration. Detailed discussions of related areas are provided in accompanying papers.

Published
2010

9. Planck pre-launch status: The Planck mission

Author

Tauber, J. A., Mandoles, N., Puget, J.-L., Banos, T., Bersanelli, M., Bouchet, F. R., Butler, R. C., Charra, J., Crone, G., Dodsworth, J., Efstathiou, G., Gispert, R., Guyot, G., Gregorio, A., Juillet, J. J., Lamarre, J.-M., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Passvogel, T., Reix, J. M., Texier, D., Vilbert, L., Zacchei, A., Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Aja, B., Alippi, E., Aloy, L., Armand, P., Arnaud, M., Arondel, A., Arreola-Villanueva, A., Artal, E., Artina, E., Arts, A., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Azzaro, M., Bacchetta, A., Baccigalupi, C., Baker, M., Balasini, M., Balbi, A., Banday, A. J., Barbier, G., Barreiro, R. B., Bartelmann, M., Battaglia, P., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Beney, J.-L., Beneyton, R., Bennett, K., Benoit, A., Bernard, J.-P., Bhandari, P., Bhatia, R., Biggi, M., Biggins, R., Billig, G., Blanc, Y., Blavot, H., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, R., Bonis, J., Borders, J., Borrill, J., Boschini, L., Boulanger, F., Bouvier, J., Bouzit, M., Bowman, R., Bréelle, E., Bradshaw, T., Braghin, M., Bremer, M., Brienza, D., Broszkiewicz, D., Burigana, C., Burkhalter, M., Cabella, P., Cafferty, T., Cairola, M., Caminade, S., Camus, P., Cantalupo, C. M., Cappellini, B., Cardoso, J.-F., Carr, R., Catalono, A., Caýon, L., Cesa, M., Chaigneau, M., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chambelland, J. P., Charra, M., Chiang, L.-Y., Chlewicki, G., Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Ciancietta, E., Cibrario, M., Cizeron, R., Clements, D., Collaudin, B., Colley, J.-M., Colombi, S., Colombo, A., Colombo, F., Corre, O., Couchot, F., Cougrand, B., Coulais, A., Couzin, P., Crane, B., Crill, B., Crook, M., Crumb, D., cuttala, F., Döri, U., da Silva, P., Daddato, R., Damasio, C., Danese, L., d'Aquino, G., D'Arcangelo, O., Dassas, K., Davies, R. D., Davies, W., Davis, R. J., De Bernardis, P., de Chambure, D., de Gasperis, G., De la Fuente, M. L., De Paco, P., De Rosa, A., De Troia, G., De Zotti, G., Dehamme, M., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J.-M., Désert, F.-X., di Girolamo, G., Dickinson, C., Doelling, E., Dolag, K., Domken, I., Douspis, M., Doyle, D., Du, S., Dubruel, D., Dufour, C., Dumesnil, C., Dupac, X., Duret, P., Eder, C., Elfving, A., Enßlin, T. A., Eng, P., English, K., Eriksen, H. K., Estaria, P., Falvella, M. C., Ferrari, F., Finelli, F., Fishman, A., Fogliani, S., Foley, S., Fonseca, A., Forma, G., Forni, O., Fosalba, P., Fourmond, J.-J., Frallis, M., Franceschet, C., Franceschi, E., François, S., Frerking, M., Gómez-Reñasco, M. F., Gorski, K. M., Gaier, T. C., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., García Lázaro, J., Garnica, A., Gaspard, M., Gavila, E., Giard, m., Giardino, G., Glenger, G., Giraud-Heraud, Y., Glorian, J.-M., Griffin, M., Gruppuso, A., Guglieimi, L., Guichon, D., Guillaume, B., Guillouet, P., Haissinski, J., Hansen, F. K., Hardy, J., Harrison, D., Hazell, A., Hechler, M., Heckenauer, V., Heinzer, D., Hell, R., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernándes-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Herreros, J. M., Hervier, V., Heske, A., Heurtel, A., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hills, R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Hollert, D., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, Allan, Hovest, W., Hoyland, R. J., Huey, G., Huffenberger, K. M., Hughes, N., Israelsson, U., Jackson, B., Jaffe, A., Jaffe, T. R., Jagemann, T., Jessen, Niels Christian, Jewell, J., Jones, W., Juvela, M., Kaplan, J., Karlmann, P., Keck, F., Kelhänen, E., King, M., Kisner, T. S., Kletzkine, P., Kneissi, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Koch, T., Krassenburg, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lagache, G., Lagorio, E., Lami, P., Lande, J., Lange, A., Langlet, F., Lapini, R., Lapolla, M., Lasenby, A., Le Jeune, M., Leahy, J. P., Lefebvre, M., Legrand, F., Le Meur, G., Leonardi, R., Leriche, B., Leroy, C., Leutenegger, P., Levin, S. M., Lilje, P. B., Lindensmith, C., Linden-Vørnle, Michael, Loc, A., Longval, Y., Lubin, P. M., Luchik, T., Luthold, I., Macias-Perez, J. F., Maciaszek, T., MacTavish, C., Madden, S., Maffei, B., Magneville, C., Maino, D., Mambretti, A., Mansoux, B., Marchioro, D., Maris, M., Marliani, F., Marrucho, J.-C., Marti-Canales, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Martin-Polegre, A., Martin, P., Marty, C., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McDonald, A., McGrath, P., Mediavilla, A., Meinhold, P. R., Mélin, J.-B., Melot, F., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Mervier, C., Meslier, L., Miccolis, M., Miville-Deschenes, M.-A., Moneti, A., Montet, D., Montier, L., Mora, J., Morgante, G., Morigi, G., Morinaud, G., Morisset, N., Mortlock, D., Mottet, S., Mulder, J., Munshi, D., Murphy, A., Murphy, P., Musi, P., Narbonne, J., Naselsky, P., Nash, A., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, B., Newell, J., Nexon, M., Nicolas, C., Hansen, P. H., Ninane, N., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., O´Dwyer, I. J., Oldeman, P., Olivier, P., Ouchet, L., Oxborrow, Carol Anne, Pérez-Cuevas, L., Pagan, L., Paine, C., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Pancher, F., Panh, J., Parks, G., Parnaudeau, P., Patridge, B., Parvin, B., Pascual, J. P., Pasian, F., Pearson, D. P., Pearson, T., Pecora, M., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Placentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Piersanti, O., Plaige, E., Plaszczynski, S., Platania, P., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poulleau, G., Poutanen, T., Prézeau, G., Pradell, L., Prina, M., Prunet, S., Rachen, J. P., Rambaud, D., Rame, F., Rasmussen, I., Rautakoski, J., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Reiter, J., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Rideau, P., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., Riti, J. B., Tauber, J. A., Mandoles, N., Puget, J.-L., Banos, T., Bersanelli, M., Bouchet, F. R., Butler, R. C., Charra, J., Crone, G., Dodsworth, J., Efstathiou, G., Gispert, R., Guyot, G., Gregorio, A., Juillet, J. J., Lamarre, J.-M., Laureijs, R. J., Lawrence, C. R., Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Passvogel, T., Reix, J. M., Texier, D., Vilbert, L., Zacchei, A., Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Aja, B., Alippi, E., Aloy, L., Armand, P., Arnaud, M., Arondel, A., Arreola-Villanueva, A., Artal, E., Artina, E., Arts, A., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Azzaro, M., Bacchetta, A., Baccigalupi, C., Baker, M., Balasini, M., Balbi, A., Banday, A. J., Barbier, G., Barreiro, R. B., Bartelmann, M., Battaglia, P., Battaner, E., Benabed, K., Beney, J.-L., Beneyton, R., Bennett, K., Benoit, A., Bernard, J.-P., Bhandari, P., Bhatia, R., Biggi, M., Biggins, R., Billig, G., Blanc, Y., Blavot, H., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bond, R., Bonis, J., Borders, J., Borrill, J., Boschini, L., Boulanger, F., Bouvier, J., Bouzit, M., Bowman, R., Bréelle, E., Bradshaw, T., Braghin, M., Bremer, M., Brienza, D., Broszkiewicz, D., Burigana, C., Burkhalter, M., Cabella, P., Cafferty, T., Cairola, M., Caminade, S., Camus, P., Cantalupo, C. M., Cappellini, B., Cardoso, J.-F., Carr, R., Catalono, A., Caýon, L., Cesa, M., Chaigneau, M., Challinor, A., Chamballu, A., Chambelland, J. P., Charra, M., Chiang, L.-Y., Chlewicki, G., Christensen, P. R., Church, S., Ciancietta, E., Cibrario, M., Cizeron, R., Clements, D., Collaudin, B., Colley, J.-M., Colombi, S., Colombo, A., Colombo, F., Corre, O., Couchot, F., Cougrand, B., Coulais, A., Couzin, P., Crane, B., Crill, B., Crook, M., Crumb, D., cuttala, F., Döri, U., da Silva, P., Daddato, R., Damasio, C., Danese, L., d'Aquino, G., D'Arcangelo, O., Dassas, K., Davies, R. D., Davies, W., Davis, R. J., De Bernardis, P., de Chambure, D., de Gasperis, G., De la Fuente, M. L., De Paco, P., De Rosa, A., De Troia, G., De Zotti, G., Dehamme, M., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J.-M., Désert, F.-X., di Girolamo, G., Dickinson, C., Doelling, E., Dolag, K., Domken, I., Douspis, M., Doyle, D., Du, S., Dubruel, D., Dufour, C., Dumesnil, C., Dupac, X., Duret, P., Eder, C., Elfving, A., Enßlin, T. A., Eng, P., English, K., Eriksen, H. K., Estaria, P., Falvella, M. C., Ferrari, F., Finelli, F., Fishman, A., Fogliani, S., Foley, S., Fonseca, A., Forma, G., Forni, O., Fosalba, P., Fourmond, J.-J., Frallis, M., Franceschet, C., Franceschi, E., François, S., Frerking, M., Gómez-Reñasco, M. F., Gorski, K. M., Gaier, T. C., Galeotta, S., Ganga, K., García Lázaro, J., Garnica, A., Gaspard, M., Gavila, E., Giard, m., Giardino, G., Glenger, G., Giraud-Heraud, Y., Glorian, J.-M., Griffin, M., Gruppuso, A., Guglieimi, L., Guichon, D., Guillaume, B., Guillouet, P., Haissinski, J., Hansen, F. K., Hardy, J., Harrison, D., Hazell, A., Hechler, M., Heckenauer, V., Heinzer, D., Hell, R., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hernándes-Monteagudo, C., Herranz, D., Herreros, J. M., Hervier, V., Heske, A., Heurtel, A., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hills, R., Hivon, E., Hobson, M., Hollert, D., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, Allan, Hovest, W., Hoyland, R. J., Huey, G., Huffenberger, K. M., Hughes, N., Israelsson, U., Jackson, B., Jaffe, A., Jaffe, T. R., Jagemann, T., Jessen, Niels Christian, Jewell, J., Jones, W., Juvela, M., Kaplan, J., Karlmann, P., Keck, F., Kelhänen, E., King, M., Kisner, T. S., Kletzkine, P., Kneissi, R., Knoche, J., Knox, L., Koch, T., Krassenburg, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lagache, G., Lagorio, E., Lami, P., Lande, J., Lange, A., Langlet, F., Lapini, R., Lapolla, M., Lasenby, A., Le Jeune, M., Leahy, J. P., Lefebvre, M., Legrand, F., Le Meur, G., Leonardi, R., Leriche, B., Leroy, C., Leutenegger, P., Levin, S. M., Lilje, P. B., Lindensmith, C., Linden-Vørnle, Michael, Loc, A., Longval, Y., Lubin, P. M., Luchik, T., Luthold, I., Macias-Perez, J. F., Maciaszek, T., MacTavish, C., Madden, S., Maffei, B., Magneville, C., Maino, D., Mambretti, A., Mansoux, B., Marchioro, D., Maris, M., Marliani, F., Marrucho, J.-C., Marti-Canales, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Martin-Polegre, A., Martin, P., Marty, C., Masi, S., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Mazzotta, P., McDonald, A., McGrath, P., Mediavilla, A., Meinhold, P. R., Mélin, J.-B., Melot, F., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Mervier, C., Meslier, L., Miccolis, M., Miville-Deschenes, M.-A., Moneti, A., Montet, D., Montier, L., Mora, J., Morgante, G., Morigi, G., Morinaud, G., Morisset, N., Mortlock, D., Mottet, S., Mulder, J., Munshi, D., Murphy, A., Murphy, P., Musi, P., Narbonne, J., Naselsky, P., Nash, A., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Netterfield, B., Newell, J., Nexon, M., Nicolas, C., Hansen, P. H., Ninane, N., Noviello, F., Novikov, D., Novikov, I., O´Dwyer, I. J., Oldeman, P., Olivier, P., Ouchet, L., Oxborrow, Carol Anne, Pérez-Cuevas, L., Pagan, L., Paine, C., Pajot, F., Paladini, R., Pancher, F., Panh, J., Parks, G., Parnaudeau, P., Patridge, B., Parvin, B., Pascual, J. P., Pasian, F., Pearson, D. P., Pearson, T., Pecora, M., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Perrotta, F., Placentini, F., Piat, M., Pierpaoli, E., Piersanti, O., Plaige, E., Plaszczynski, S., Platania, P., Pointecouteau, E., Polenta, G., Ponthieu, N., Popa, L., Poulleau, G., Poutanen, T., Prézeau, G., Pradell, L., Prina, M., Prunet, S., Rachen, J. P., Rambaud, D., Rame, F., Rasmussen, I., Rautakoski, J., Reach, W. T., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Reiter, J., Renault, C., Ricciardi, S., Rideau, P., Riller, T., Ristorcelli, I., and Riti, J. B.

Abstract

The European Space Agency's Planck satellite, launched on 14 May 2009, is the third-generation space experiment in the field of cosmic microwave background (CMB) research. It will image the anisotropies of the CMB over the whole sky, with unprecedented sensitivity ( ~ 2 × 10-6) and angular resolution (~5 arcmin). Planck will provide a major source of information relevant to many fundamental cosmological problems and will test current theories of the early evolution of the Universe and the origin of structure. It will also address a wide range of areas of astrophysical research related to the Milky Way as well as external galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The ability of Planck to measure polarization across a wide frequency range (30-350 GHz), with high precision and accuracy, and over the whole sky, will provide unique insight, not only into specific cosmological questions, but also into the properties of the interstellar medium. This paper is part of a series which describes the technical capabilities of the Planck scientific payload. It is based on the knowledge gathered during the on-ground calibration campaigns of the major subsystems, principally its telescope and its two scientific instruments, and of tests at fully integrated satellite level. It represents the best estimate before launch of the technical performance that the satellite and its payload will achieve in flight. In this paper, we summarise the main elements of the payload performance, which is described in detail in the accompanying papers. In addition, we describe the satellite performance elements which are most relevant for science, and provide an overview of the plans for scientific operations and data analysis.

Published
2010

11. Planckpre-launch status: Low Frequency Instrument calibration and expected scientific performance

Author

Mennella, A., primary, Bersanelli, M., additional, Butler, R. C., additional, Cuttaia, F., additional, D'Arcangelo, O., additional, Davis, R. J., additional, Frailis, M., additional, Galeotta, S., additional, Gregorio, A., additional, Lawrence, C. R., additional, Leonardi, R., additional, Lowe, S. R., additional, Mandolesi, N., additional, Maris, M., additional, Meinhold, P., additional, Mendes, L., additional, Morgante, G., additional, Sandri, M., additional, Stringhetti, L., additional, Terenzi, L., additional, Tomasi, M., additional, Valenziano, L., additional, Villa, F., additional, Zacchei, A., additional, Zonca, A., additional, Balasini, M., additional, Franceschet, C., additional, Battaglia, P., additional, Lapolla, P. M., additional, Leutenegger, P., additional, Miccolis, M., additional, Pagan, L., additional, Silvestri, R., additional, Aja, B., additional, Artal, E., additional, Baldan, G., additional, Bastia, P., additional, Bernardino, T., additional, Boschini, L., additional, Cafagna, G., additional, Cappellini, B., additional, Cavaliere, F., additional, Colombo, F., additional, de La Fuente, L., additional, Edgeley, J., additional, Falvella, M. C., additional, Ferrari, F., additional, Fogliani, S., additional, Franceschi, E., additional, Gaier, T., additional, Gomez, F., additional, Herreros, J. M., additional, Hildebrandt, S., additional, Hoyland, R., additional, Hughes, N., additional, Jukkala, P., additional, Kettle, D., additional, Laaninen, M., additional, Lawson, D., additional, Leahy, P., additional, Levin, S., additional, Lilje, P. B., additional, Maino, D., additional, Malaspina, M., additional, Manzato, P., additional, Marti-Canales, J., additional, Martinez-Gonzalez, E., additional, Mediavilla, A., additional, Pasian, F., additional, Pascual, J. P., additional, Pecora, M., additional, Peres-Cuevas, L., additional, Platania, P., additional, Pospieszalsky, M., additional, Poutanen, T., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Roddis, N., additional, Salmon, M., additional, Seiffert, M., additional, Simonetto, A., additional, Sozzi, C., additional, Tauber, J., additional, Tuovinen, J., additional, Varis, J., additional, Wilkinson, A., additional, and Winder, F., additional

Published
2010
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12. Planckpre-launch status: ThePlanck-LFI programme

Author

Mandolesi, N., primary, Bersanelli, M., additional, Butler, R. C., additional, Artal, E., additional, Baccigalupi, C., additional, Balbi, A., additional, Banday, A. J., additional, Barreiro, R. B., additional, Bartelmann, M., additional, Bennett, K., additional, Bhandari, P., additional, Bonaldi, A., additional, Borrill, J., additional, Bremer, M., additional, Burigana, C., additional, Bowman, R. C., additional, Cabella, P., additional, Cantalupo, C., additional, Cappellini, B., additional, Courvoisier, T., additional, Crone, G., additional, Cuttaia, F., additional, Danese, L., additional, D'Arcangelo, O., additional, Davies, R. D., additional, Davis, R. J., additional, De Angelis, L., additional, de Gasperis, G., additional, De Rosa, A., additional, De Troia, G., additional, de Zotti, G., additional, Dick, J., additional, Dickinson, C., additional, Diego, J. M., additional, Donzelli, S., additional, Dörl, U., additional, Dupac, X., additional, Enßlin, T. A., additional, Eriksen, H. K., additional, Falvella, M. C., additional, Finelli, F., additional, Frailis, M., additional, Franceschi, E., additional, Gaier, T., additional, Galeotta, S., additional, Gasparo, F., additional, Giardino, G., additional, Gomez, F., additional, Gonzalez-Nuevo, J., additional, Górski, K. M., additional, Gregorio, A., additional, Gruppuso, A., additional, Hansen, F., additional, Hell, R., additional, Herranz, D., additional, Herreros, J. M., additional, Hildebrandt, S., additional, Hovest, W., additional, Hoyland, R., additional, Huffenberger, K., additional, Janssen, M., additional, Jaffe, T., additional, Keihänen, E., additional, Keskitalo, R., additional, Kisner, T., additional, Kurki-Suonio, H., additional, Lähteenmäki, A., additional, Lawrence, C. R., additional, Leach, S. M., additional, Leahy, J. P., additional, Leonardi, R., additional, Levin, S., additional, Lilje, P. B., additional, López-Caniego, M., additional, Lowe, S. R., additional, Lubin, P. M., additional, Maino, D., additional, Malaspina, M., additional, Maris, M., additional, Marti-Canales, J., additional, Martinez-Gonzalez, E., additional, Massardi, M., additional, Matarrese, S., additional, Matthai, F., additional, Meinhold, P., additional, Melchiorri, A., additional, Mendes, L., additional, Mennella, A., additional, Morgante, G., additional, Morigi, G., additional, Morisset, N., additional, Moss, A., additional, Nash, A., additional, Natoli, P., additional, Nesti, R., additional, Paine, C., additional, Partridge, B., additional, Pasian, F., additional, Passvogel, T., additional, Pearson, D., additional, Pérez-Cuevas, L., additional, Perrotta, F., additional, Polenta, G., additional, Popa, L. A., additional, Poutanen, T., additional, Prezeau, G., additional, Prina, M., additional, Rachen, J. P., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Reinecke, M., additional, Ricciardi, S., additional, Riller, T., additional, Rocha, G., additional, Roddis, N., additional, Rohlfs, R., additional, Rubiño-Martin, J. A., additional, Salerno, E., additional, Sandri, M., additional, Scott, D., additional, Seiffert, M., additional, Silk, J., additional, Simonetto, A., additional, Smoot, G. F., additional, Sozzi, C., additional, Sternberg, J., additional, Stivoli, F., additional, Stringhetti, L., additional, Tauber, J., additional, Terenzi, L., additional, Tomasi, M., additional, Tuovinen, J., additional, Türler, M., additional, Valenziano, L., additional, Varis, J., additional, Vielva, P., additional, Villa, F., additional, Vittorio, N., additional, Wade, L., additional, White, M., additional, White, S., additional, Wilkinson, A., additional, Zacchei, A., additional, and Zonca, A., additional

Published
2010
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13. Planckpre-launch status: Design and description of the Low Frequency Instrument

Author

Bersanelli, M., primary, Mandolesi, N., additional, Butler, R. C., additional, Mennella, A., additional, Villa, F., additional, Aja, B., additional, Artal, E., additional, Artina, E., additional, Baccigalupi, C., additional, Balasini, M., additional, Baldan, G., additional, Banday, A., additional, Bastia, P., additional, Battaglia, P., additional, Bernardino, T., additional, Blackhurst, E., additional, Boschini, L., additional, Burigana, C., additional, Cafagna, G., additional, Cappellini, B., additional, Cavaliere, F., additional, Colombo, F., additional, Crone, G., additional, Cuttaia, F., additional, D'Arcangelo, O., additional, Danese, L., additional, Davies, R. D., additional, Davis, R. J., additional, De Angelis, L., additional, De Gasperis, G. C., additional, De La Fuente, L., additional, De Rosa, A., additional, De Zotti, G., additional, Falvella, M. C., additional, Ferrari, F., additional, Ferretti, R., additional, Figini, L., additional, Fogliani, S., additional, Franceschet, C., additional, Franceschi, E., additional, Gaier, T., additional, Garavaglia, S., additional, Gomez, F., additional, Gorski, K., additional, Gregorio, A., additional, Guzzi, P., additional, Herreros, J. M., additional, Hildebrandt, S. R., additional, Hoyland, R., additional, Hughes, N., additional, Janssen, M., additional, Jukkala, P., additional, Kettle, D., additional, Kilpiä, V. H., additional, Laaninen, M., additional, Lapolla, P. M., additional, Lawrence, C. R., additional, Lawson, D., additional, Leahy, J. P., additional, Leonardi, R., additional, Leutenegger, P., additional, Levin, S., additional, Lilje, P. B., additional, Lowe, S. R., additional, Lubin, P. M., additional, Maino, D., additional, Malaspina, M., additional, Maris, M., additional, Marti-Canales, J., additional, Martinez-Gonzalez, E., additional, Mediavilla, A., additional, Meinhold, P., additional, Miccolis, M., additional, Morgante, G., additional, Natoli, P., additional, Nesti, R., additional, Pagan, L., additional, Paine, C., additional, Partridge, B., additional, Pascual, J. P., additional, Pasian, F., additional, Pearson, D., additional, Pecora, M., additional, Perrotta, F., additional, Platania, P., additional, Pospieszalski, M., additional, Poutanen, T., additional, Prina, M., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Roddis, N., additional, Rubiño-Martin, J. A., additional, Salmon, M. J., additional, Sandri, M., additional, Seiffert, M., additional, Silvestri, R., additional, Simonetto, A., additional, Sjoman, P., additional, Smoot, G. F., additional, Sozzi, C., additional, Stringhetti, L., additional, Taddei, E., additional, Tauber, J., additional, Terenzi, L., additional, Tomasi, M., additional, Tuovinen, J., additional, Valenziano, L., additional, Varis, J., additional, Vittorio, N., additional, Wade, L. A., additional, Wilkinson, A., additional, Winder, F., additional, Zacchei, A., additional, and Zonca, A., additional

Published
2010
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21. Modelling and pattern error correction of time domain far-field antenna measurements

Author

Marti´-Canales, J. and Ligthart, L.P.

Abstract

The paper presents a basic model for far-field antenna measurements in the time domain. Its application to range evaluation, pattern reconstruction and pattern error correction is discussed and illustrated with measurement results. The model parameters are the number of responses in the measurement and associated arrival times and amplitudes. Such parameters are solved with super-resolution techniques. Since the measurements are performed in the time domain, the applications of the model require only a single measurement, reducing the overall measurement time and cost.

Published
2001

22. PLANCK/LFI: an Advanced Multi-beam High Performance mm-wave Optics for Space Applications

Author

Villa, F., Sandri, M., Bersanelli, M., Reginald Butler, Mandolesi, N., Mennella, A., Marti-Canales, J., and Tauber, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics
Abstract

The Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) is one of the two instruments onboard the ESA PLANCK satellite foreseen to be launched in 2007. The LFI will image the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies and the polarization in four different bands, with an unprecedented combination of sky coverage, calibration accuracy, control of systematic errors, and sensitivity. LFI is coupled to the PLANCK Telescope by an array of 23 high performance dual profiled corrugated feed horns. The dual reflector off axis-design of the 1.5 meter projected aperture telescope is the most advanced optical design ever conceived for accommodating large multi-beam and multi-frequency focal plane units. The location and the design of the feed horns, for both instruments, have been optimised in order to maintain good beam symmetry, even far from the optical axis, and an excellent straylight rejection. In this paper we describe the LFI instrument with emphasis on its optical performance and coupling with the PLANCK telescope., On behalf of LFI Consortium, proceedings of the 25th Antenna Workshop on Satellite Antenna Technology, 18-20 Sept. 2002, ESA-ESTEC, NL

31. Planckpre-launch status: The Planck-LFI programme

Author

Mandolesi, N., Bersanelli, M., Butler, R. C., Artal, E., Baccigalupi, C., Balbi, A., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartelmann, M., Bennett, K., Bhandari, P., Bonaldi, A., Borrill, J., Bremer, M., Burigana, C., Bowman, R. C., Cabella, P., Cantalupo, C., Cappellini, B., Courvoisier, T., Crone, G., Cuttaia, F., Danese, L., D'Arcangelo, O., Davies, R. D., Davis, R. J., De Angelis, L., de Gasperis, G., De Rosa, A., De Troia, G., de Zotti, G., Dick, J., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Donzelli, S., Dörl, U., Dupac, X., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falvella, M. C., Finelli, F., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Gaier, T., Galeotta, S., Gasparo, F., Giardino, G., Gomez, F., Gonzalez-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gregorio, A., Gruppuso, A., Hansen, F., Hell, R., Herranz, D., Herreros, J. M., Hildebrandt, S., Hovest, W., Hoyland, R., Huffenberger, K., Janssen, M., Jaffe, T., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, A., Lawrence, C. R., Leach, S. M., Leahy, J. P., Leonardi, R., Levin, S., Lilje, P. B., López-Caniego, M., Lowe, S. R., Lubin, P. M., Maino, D., Malaspina, M., Maris, M., Marti-Canales, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Massardi, M., Matarrese, S., Matthai, F., Meinhold, P., Melchiorri, A., Mendes, L., Mennella, A., Morgante, G., Morigi, G., Morisset, N., Moss, A., Nash, A., Natoli, P., Nesti, R., Paine, C., Partridge, B., Pasian, F., Passvogel, T., Pearson, D., Pérez-Cuevas, L., Perrotta, F., Polenta, G., Popa, L. A., Poutanen, T., Prezeau, G., Prina, M., Rachen, J. P., Rebolo, R., Reinecke, M., Ricciardi, S., Riller, T., Rocha, G., Roddis, N., Rohlfs, R., Rubiño-Martin, J. A., Salerno, E., Sandri, M., Scott, D., Seiffert, M., Silk, J., Simonetto, A., Smoot, G. F., Sozzi, C., Sternberg, J., Stivoli, F., Stringhetti, L., Tauber, J., Terenzi, L., Tomasi, M., Tuovinen, J., Türler, M., Valenziano, L., Varis, J., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wade, L., White, M., White, S., Wilkinson, A., Zacchei, A., and Zonca, A.

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) programme within the ESA Planck mission. The LFI instrument has been developed to produce high precision maps of the microwave sky at frequencies in the range 27–77 GHz, below the peak of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation spectrum. The scientific goals are described, ranging from fundamental cosmology to Galactic and extragalactic astrophysics. The instrument design and development are outlined, together with the model philosophy and testing strategy. The instrument is presented in the context of the Planck mission. The LFI approach to ground and inflight calibration is described. We also describe the LFI ground segment. We present the results of a number of tests demonstrating the capability of the LFI data processing centre (DPC) to properly reduce and analyse LFI flight data, from telemetry information to calibrated and cleaned time ordered data, sky maps at each frequency (in temperature and polarization), component emission maps (CMB and diffuse foregrounds), catalogs for various classes of sources (the Early Release Compact Source Catalogue and the Final Compact Source Catalogue). The organization of the LFI consortium is briefly presented as well as the role of the core team in data analysis and scientific exploitation. All tests carried out on the LFI flight model demonstrate the excellent performance of the instrument and its various subunits. The data analysis pipeline has been tested and its main steps verified. In the first three months after launch, the commissioning, calibration, performance, and verification phases will be completed, after which Planck will begin its operational life, in which LFI will have an integral part.

Published
2010

32. Planck pre-launch status:Design and description of the Low Frequency Instrument

Author

M. Bersanelli, N. Mandolesi, R. C. Butler, A. Mennella, F. Villa, B. Aja, E. Artal, E. Artina, C. Baccigalupi, M. Balasini, G. Baldan, A. Banday, P. Bastia, P. Battaglia, T. Bernardino, E. Blackhurst, L. Boschini, C. Burigana, G. Cafagna, B. Cappellini, F. Cavaliere, F. Colombo, G. Crone, F. Cuttaia, O. D'Arcangelo, L. Danese, R. D. Davies, R. J. Davis, L. De Angelis, G. C. De Gasperis, L. De La Fuente, A. De Rosa, G. De Zotti, M. C. Falvella, F. Ferrari, R. Ferretti, L. Figini, S. Fogliani, C. Franceschet, E. Franceschi, T. Gaier, S. Garavaglia, F. Gomez, K. Gorski, A. Gregorio, P. Guzzi, J. M. Herreros, S. R. Hildebrandt, R. Hoyland, N. Hughes, M. Janssen, P. Jukkala, D. Kettle, V. H. Kilpiä, M. Laaninen, P. M. Lapolla, C. R. Lawrence, D. Lawson, J. P. Leahy, R. Leonardi, P. Leutenegger, S. Levin, P. B. Lilje, S. R. Lowe, P. M. Lubin, D. Maino, M. Malaspina, M. Maris, J. Marti-Canales, E. Martinez-Gonzalez, A. Mediavilla, P. Meinhold, M. Miccolis, G. Morgante, P. Natoli, R. Nesti, L. Pagan, C. Paine, B. Partridge, J. P. Pascual, F. Pasian, D. Pearson, M. Pecora, F. Perrotta, P. Platania, M. Pospieszalski, T. Poutanen, M. Prina, R. Rebolo, N. Roddis, J. A. Rubiño-Martin, M. J. Salmon, M. Sandri, M. Seiffert, R. Silvestri, A. Simonetto, P. Sjoman, G. F. Smoot, C. Sozzi, L. Stringhetti, E. Taddei, J. Tauber, L. Terenzi, M. Tomasi, J. Tuovinen, L. Valenziano, J. Varis, N. Vittorio, L. A. Wade, A. Wilkinson, F. Winder, A. Zacchei, A. Zonca, APC - Cosmologie, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), PLANCK, Universidad de Cantabria, Bersanelli, M, Mandolesi, N, BUTLER R., C, Mennella, A, Villa, F, Aja, B, Artal, E, Artina, E, Baccigalupi, C, Balasini, M, Baldan, G, Banday, A, Bastia, P, Battaglia, P, Bernardino, T, Blackhurst, E, Boschini, L, Burigana, C, Cafagna, G, Cappellini, B, Cavaliere, F, Colombo, F, Crone, G, Cuttaia, F, Darcangelo, O, Danese, L, DAVIES R., D, DAVIS R., J, DE ANGELIS, L, DE GASPERIS G., C, DE LA FUENTE, L, DE ROSA, A, DE ZOTTI, G, FALVELLA M., C, Ferrari, F, Ferretti, R, Figini, L, Fogliani, S, Franceschet, C, Franceschi, E, Gaier, T, Garavaglia, S, Gomez, F, Gorski, K, Gregorio, Anna, Guzzi, P, HERREROS J., M, HILDEBRANDT S., R, Hoyland, R, Hughes, N, Janssen, M, Jukkala, P, Kettle, D, KILPIA V., H, Laaninen, M, LAPOLLA P., M, LAWRENCE C., R, Lawson, D, LEAHY J., P, Leonardi, R, Leutenegger, P, Levin, S, LILJE P., B, LOWE S., R, LUBIN P., M, Maino, D, Malaspina, M, Maris, M, MARTI CANALES, J, MARTINEZ GONZALEZ, E, Mediavilla, A, Meinhold, P, Miccolis, M, Morgante, G, Natoli, P, Nesti, R, Pagan, L, Paine, C, Partridge, B, PASCUAL J., P, Pasian, F, Pearson, D, Pecora, M, Perrotta, F, Platania, P, Pospieszalski, M, Poutanen, T, Prina, M, Rebolo, R, Roddis, N, RUBINO MARTIN J., A, SALMON M., J, Sandri, M, Seiffert, M, Silvestri, R, Simonetto, A, Sjoman, P, SMOOT G., F, Sozzi, C, Stringhetti, L, Taddei, E, Tauber, J, Terenzi, L, Tomasi, M, Tuovinen, J, Valenziano, L, Varis, J, Vittorio, N, WADE L., A, Wilkinson, A, Winder, F, Zacchei, A, Zonca, A., Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
detectors – instrumentation, Computer science, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Cosmic microwave background, cosmic microwave background, cosmology: observations, space vehicles: instruments, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, CMB physics, observations [Cosmology], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Planck ESA mission, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), symbols, Radiometric dating, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Low frequency, Radio spectrum, instruments – instrumentation [cosmic microwave background – telescopes – space vehicles], [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], instruments [Space vehicles], symbols.namesake, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Calibration, Black-body radiation, Sensitivity (control systems), Planck, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), cosmic microwave background – telescopes – space vehicles: instruments – instrumentation, Radiometer, cosmology-observations, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Amplifier, Astronomy and Astrophysics, polarimeters – submillimeter, Space and Planetary Science, general, space vehicles-instruments, Microwave
Abstract

21 páginas, 23 figuras, 13 tablas.-- et al., In this paper we present the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), designed and developed as part of the Planck space mission, the ESA programme dedicated to precision imaging of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Planck-LFI will observe the full sky in intensity and polarisation in three frequency bands centred at 30, 44 and 70 GHz, while higher frequencies (100–850 GHz) will be covered by the HFI instrument. The LFI is an array of microwave radiometers based on state-of-the-art indium phosphide cryogenic HEMT amplifiers implemented in a differential system using blackbody loads as reference signals. The front end is cooled to 20 K for optimal sensitivity and the reference loads are cooled to 4 K to minimise low-frequency noise. We provide an overview of the LFI, discuss the leading scientific requirements, and describe the design solutions adopted for the various hardware subsystems. The main drivers of the radiometric, optical, and thermal design are discussed, including the stringent requirements on sensitivity, stability, and rejection of systematic effects. Further details on the key instrument units and the results of ground calibration are provided in a set of companion papers., T.P.’s work was supported in part by the Academy of Finland grants 205800, 214598, 121703, and 121962. T.P. thanks the Waldemar von Frenckells Stiftelse, Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation, and Väisälä Foundation for financial support. We acknowledge partial support from the NASA LTSA Grant NNG04CG90G.

Published
2010
Full Text
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33. Planck pre-launch status: The Planck-LFI programme

Author

P. B. Lilje, Amedeo Balbi, Fabio Finelli, S. Leach, Roger J. Hoyland, L. A. Wade, Krzysztof M. Gorski, F. Gasparo, E. Franceschi, Luigi Danese, Jose M. Diego, T. Riller, Christopher G. Paine, M. C. Falvella, Hannu Kurki-Suonio, A. Mennella, Francesca Perrotta, Joseph Silk, Matthias Bartelmann, U. Dörl, L. Mendes, A. Bonaldi, Jose Alberto Rubino-Martin, Carlo Burigana, Sabino Matarrese, Anne Lähteenmäki, G. de Zotti, Torsten A. Enßlin, G. Prézeau, M. Bremer, E. Keihänen, M. Prina, S. Galeotta, M. Sandri, G. De Troia, X. Dupac, L. Popa, L. Pérez-Cuevas, S. Donzelli, Althea Wilkinson, Adam Moss, M. Maris, Alessandro Melchiorri, F. Pasian, Kevin M. Huffenberger, R. Hell, J. Dick, Rafael Rebolo, R. J. Davis, Reijo Keskitalo, F. Gomez, M. López-Caniego, Michael Janssen, Ted Kisner, G. Giardino, Luca Terenzi, Davide Maino, Anna Gregorio, M. Tomasi, N. Mandolesi, F. K. Hansen, Pradeep Bhandari, Eduardo Artal, Fabrizio Villa, Enrique Martínez-González, Charles R. Lawrence, Todd Gaier, J. P. Leahy, O. D'Arcangelo, Andrea Zacchei, T. Passvogel, J. Sternberg, Alessandro Gruppuso, F. Matthai, Julian Borrill, Paolo Cabella, S. Ricciardi, Steven Levin, Jörg P. Rachen, Nicola Vittorio, Peter Meinhold, N. Morisset, Marc Türler, Jussi Varis, Marco Bersanelli, R. Rohlfs, A. Nash, Sergi R. Hildebrandt, B. Cappellini, Diego Herranz, J. Marti-Canales, J. González-Nuevo, Martin White, Douglas Scott, George F. Smoot, R. B. Barreiro, N. Roddis, Emanuele Salerno, Michael Seiffert, P. Vielva, S. N. White, Marcella Massardi, J. A. Tauber, F. Cuttaia, Renzo Nesti, T. Poutanen, A. J. Banday, R. C. Butler, R. D. Davies, Robert C. Bowman, S. R. Lowe, José Miguel Herreros, Luca Stringhetti, Paolo Natoli, J. Tuovinen, H. K. Eriksen, Rodrigo Leonardi, David Pearson, Bruce Partridge, T. Jaffe, G. Polenta, Clive Dickinson, G. de Gasperis, M. Frailis, L. De Angelis, Carlo Baccigalupi, Philip Lubin, C. Cantalupo, A. de Rosa, F. Stivoli, Gianluca Morgante, Andrea Zonca, G. Crone, Luca Valenziano, T. J. L. Courvoisier, M. Malaspina, Carlo Sozzi, Graca Rocha, M. Reinecke, A. Simonetto, G. Morigi, K. Bennett, W. Hovest, Department of Physics, Helsinki Institute of Physics, APC - Cosmologie, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANCK, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Mandolesi, N, Bersanelli, M, BUTLER R., C, Artal, E, Baccigalupi, C, Balbi, A, BANDAY A., J, BARREIRO R., B, Bartelmann, M, Bennett, K, Bhandari, P, Bonaldi, A, Borrill, J, Bremer, M, Burigana, C, BOWMAN R., C, Cabella, P, Cantalupo, C, Cappellini, B, Courvoisier, T, Crone, G, Cuttaia, F, Danese, L, Darcangelo, O, DAVIES R., D, DAVIS R., J, DE ANGELIS, L, DE GASPERIS, G, DE ROSA, A, DE TROIA, G, DE ZOTTI, G, Dick, J, Dickinson, C, DIEGO J., M, Donzelli, S, Dorl, U, Dupac, X, ENLIN T., A, ERIKSEN H., K, FALVELLA M., C, Finelli, F, Frailis, M, Franceschi, E, Gaier, T, Galeotta, S, Gasparo, F, Giardino, G, Gomez, F, GONZALEZ NUEVO, J, GORSKI K., M, Gregorio, Anna, Gruppuso, A, Hansen, F, Hell, R, Herranz, D, HERREROS J., M, Hildebrandt, S, Hovest, W, Hoyland, R, Huffenberger, K, Janssen, M, Jaffe, T, Keihanen, E, Keskitalo, R, Kisner, T, KURKI SUONIO, H, Lahteenmaki, A, LAWRENCE C., R, M., S, J., Leach, Leahy, P, Leonardi, R, Levin, S, LILJE P., B, LOPEZ CANIEGO, M, LOWE S., R, LUBIN P., M, Maino, D, Malaspina, M, Maris, M, MARTI CANALES, J, MARTINEZ GONZALEZ, E, Massardi, M, Matarrese, S, Matthai, F, Meinhold, P, Melchiorri, A, Mendes, L, Mennella, A, Morgante, G, Morigi, G, Morisset, N, Moss, A, Nash, A, Natoli, P, Nesti, R, Paine, C, Partridge, B, Pasian, F, Passvogel, T, Pearson, D, PEREZ CUEVAS, L, Perrotta, F, Polenta, G, POPA L., A, Poutanen, T, Prezeau, G, Prina, M, RACHEN J., P, Rebolo, R, Reinecke, M, Ricciardi, S, Riller, T, Rocha, G, Roddis, N, Rohlfs, R, RUBINO MARTIN J., A, Salerno, E, Sandri, M, Scott, D, Seiffert, M, Silk, J, Simonetto, A, SMOOT G., F, Sozzi, C, Sternberg, J, Stivoli, F, Stringhetti, L, Tauber, J, Terenzi, L, Tomasi, M, Tuovinen, J, Turler, M, Valenziano, L, Varis, J, Vielva, P, Villa, F, Vittorio, N, Wade, L, White, M, White, S, Wilkinson, A, Zacchei, A, Zonca, A., Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Universidad de Cantabria

Subjects
Electromagnetic spectrum, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], submillimeter: generaltelescopes, cosmic microwave background, space vehicles: instruments, submillimeter: general, instrumentation: polarimeters, telescopes, instrumentation: detectors, Cosmic microwave background, data analysis, Astrophysics, general [Submillimeter], 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE, CMB physics, cosmic microwave backgroundin, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, detectors [Instrumentation], media_common, Physics, Data processing, Planck ESA mission, Galactic and extragalactic asrophysics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, STRAYLIGHT CONTAMINATION, LOW-FREQUENCY INSTRUMENT, DMR SKY MAPS, MICROWAVE BACKGROUND MAPS, galactic and extragalactic astrophysics, symbols, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, GALACTIC FOREGROUNDS, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], COMPONENT SEPARATION, Cosmic microwawe background, media_common.quotation_subject, ANGULAR POWER SPECTRA, education, strumentation: detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 114 Physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], instruments [Space vehicles], symbols.namesake, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Ground segment, Planck, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), DATA-PROCESSING CENTERS, Remote sensing, polarimeters [Instrumentation], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, calibration, 115 Astronomy, Space science, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Space and Planetary Science, Sky, NON-GAUSSIANITY, space vehicles, Telescopes
Abstract

24 páginas, 16 figuras, 5 tablas.-- et al., This paper provides an overview of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) programme within the ESA Planck mission. The LFI instrument has been developed to produce high precision maps of the microwave sky at frequencies in the range 27–77 GHz, below the peak of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation spectrum. The scientific goals are described, ranging from fundamental cosmology to Galactic and extragalactic astrophysics. The instrument design and development are outlined, together with the model philosophy and testing strategy. The instrument is presented in the context of the Planck mission. The LFI approach to ground and inflight calibration is described. We also describe the LFI ground segment. We present the results of a number of tests demonstrating the capability of the LFI data processing centre (DPC) to properly reduce and analyse LFI flight data, from telemetry information to calibrated and cleaned time ordered data, sky maps at each frequency (in temperature and polarization), component emission maps (CMB and diffuse foregrounds), catalogs for various classes of sources (the Early Release Compact Source Catalogue and the Final Compact Source Catalogue). The organization of the LFI consortium is briefly presented as well as the role of the core team in data analysis and scientific exploitation. All tests carried out on the LFI flight model demonstrate the excellent performance of the instrument and its various subunits. The data analysis pipeline has been tested and its main steps verified. In the first three months after launch, the commissioning, calibration, performance, and verification phases will be completed, after which Planck will begin its operational life, in which LFI will have an integral part., The Planck-LFI project is developed by an International Consortium led by Italy and involving Canada, Finland, Germany, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA. The Italian contribution to Planck is supported by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) and INAF. We also wish to thank the many people of the Herschel/Planck Project and RSSD of ESA, ASI, THALES Alenia Space Industries and the LFI Consortium that have contributed to the realization of LFI. We are grateful to our HFI colleagues for such a fruitful collaboration during so many years of common work. The German participation at the Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik is funded by the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie through the Raumfahrt- Agentur of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) [FKZ: 50 OP 0901] and by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG). The Finnish contribution is supported by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) and the Academy of Finland. The Spanish participation is funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion through the project ESP2004-07067-C03 and AYA2007-68058-C03. The UK contribution is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). C. Baccigalupi and F. Perrotta acknowledge partial support of the NASA LTSA Grant NNG04CG90G.

Published
2010
Full Text
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