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Hugo Bisio, Matthieu Legendre, Claire Giry, Nadege Philippe, Jean-Marie Alempic, Sandra Jeudy, Chantal Abergel, Information génomique et structurale (IGS), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Frederik Schulz, Chantal Abergel, Tanja Woyke, Information génomique et structurale (IGS), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Ruigrok, Rob, Drouet, Emmanuel, Morand, Patrice, Tarbouriech, Nicolas, Ruigrok, Rob W.H., Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Alexis Rybak, Corinne Levy, François Angoulvant, Anne Auvrignon, Piotr Gembara, Kostas Danis, Sophie Vaux, Daniel Levy-Bruhl, Sylvie van der Werf, Stéphane Béchet, Stéphane Bonacorsi, Zein Assad, Andréa Lazzati, Morgane Michel, Florentia Kaguelidou, Albert Faye, Robert Cohen, Emmanuelle Varon, Naïm Ouldali, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Health data- and model- driven Knowledge Acquisition (HeKA), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Epidémiologie Clinique et Evaluation Economique Appliquées aux Populations Vulnérables (ECEVE (U1123 / UMR_S_1123)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil (CHIC), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine and Pediatrics, Université de Montréal (UdeM), and This work was supported by funding from Pfizer (via ACTIV) for the pneumococcal carriage study, funding from the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (via the National Reference Center for Pneumococci) for the invasive pneumococcal disease study, and a 2021-2023 fellowship award from the European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Dr Ouldali).

Kahwagi, Jamil, Seye, Al Ousseynou, Mbodji, Ahmadou, Diagne, Rokhaya, Mbengue, El Hadji, Fall, Maouly, Andriamandimby, Soa Fy, Easton, Ava, Faye, Martin, Fall, Gamou, Dia, Ndongo, Ndiaye, Babacar, Ndiaye, Momo Banda, Gueye, Alle, Mbacke, Serigne Saliou, Kane, Fatou, Ghouriechy, Mohamed Inejih El, Investigators, Ensene, Seck, Lala Bouna, Gaye, Ndiaga Matar, Sall, Amadou Alpha, Ndiaye, Moustapha, Faye, Ousmane, Diop, Amadou Gallo, Heraud, Jean‐michel, University Hospital of Fann [Dakar, Senegal], Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre Hospitalier National de Pikine [Sénégal], Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Encephalitis Society, University of Liverpool, and Jamil Kahwagi and Jean-Michel Heraud received financial support from the Encephalitis Society through the 2021 International Research Seed Funding.

Chiara, Zurzolo, Département de Biologie cellulaire et infection - Department of Cell Biology and infection (BCI), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Pieter T. Visscher, Richard A. White, Brendan P. Burns, Plant Pathology, Washington State University (WSU), Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), RAW Molecular Systems LLC, Departments of Marine Sciences & Geosciences, University of Connecticut (UCONN), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, and National Science Foundation (Division of Ocean Sciences) grant 1561173.

Regnault, Béatrice, Bigot, Thomas, Ma, Laurence, Pérot, Philippe, Temmam, Sarah, Eloit, Marc, Découverte de pathogènes – Pathogen discovery, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Biomics (C2RT), Centre de Ressources et de Recherche Technologique - Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut Pasteur [Paris], This research was funded by the Thérèse Lebrasseur Prize 2016 awarded by the Fondation de France., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Walker, Peter J, Siddell, Stuart G, Lefkowitz, Elliot J, Mushegian, Arcady R, Adriaenssens, Evelien M, Alfenas-Zerbini, Poliane, Davison, Andrew J, Dempsey, Donald M, Dutilh, Bas E, García, María Laura, Harrach, Balázs, Harrison, Robert L, Hendrickson, R Curtis, Junglen, Sandra, Knowles, Nick J, Krupovic, Mart, Kuhn, Jens H, Lambert, Amy J, Łobocka, Małgorzata, Nibert, Max L, Oksanen, Hanna M, Orton, Richard J, Robertson, David L, Rubino, Luisa, Sabanadzovic, Sead, Simmonds, Peter, Smith, Donald B, Suzuki, Nobuhiro, Van Dooerslaer, Koenraad, Vandamme, Anne-Mieke, Varsani, Arvind, Zerbini, Francisco Murilo, Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), TB, HIV and opportunistic diseases and pathogens (THOP), University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF), Quadram Institute Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Institute for Veterinary Medical Research [Budapest] (AOTI), Centre for Agricultural Research [Budapest] (ATK), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory [Beltsville, USA], USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service-USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), University of Helsinki, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR-IPSP), UOS Torino, Mississippi State University [Mississippi], University of Oxford [Oxford], Okayama University, University of Arizona, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), E.M.A. gratefully acknowledges funding by the U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), this research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10356. A.J.D. is supported by the U.K. Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12014/3). B.E.D. is supported by Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi grant 864.14.004. B.H. is supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office—NKFIH (NN128309). N.J.K. is partially supported by core funding provided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. A.R.M. is a Program Director at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the statements and opinions expressed herein are made in a personal capacity and do not constitute endorsement by NSF or the government of the United States. H.M.O was supported by the University of Helsinki and Academy of Finland by funding for FINStruct and Instruct Centre FI, part of Biocenter Finland and Instruct-ERIC. D.L.R. is supported by the U.K. Medical Research Council (MC_UU_1201412). R.J.O. and D.B.S. are supported by the Wellcome Trust (WT108418AIA). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Except for Donald M. Dempsey, R. Curtis Hendrickson, Richard J. Orton and Donald B. Smith, the authors were members of the ICTV Executive Committee during the relevant period. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of Health and Human Services, or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors., Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Quadram Institute Bioscience [Norwich, U.K.] (QIB), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), The Pirbright Institute, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, CNR Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante [Torino, Italia] (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Oxford, and Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme

Kuhn, Jens H, Adkins, Scott, Agwanda, Bernard R, Al Kubrusli, Rim, Alkhovsky, Sergey V, Amarasinghe, Gaya K, Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A, Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J, Basler, Christopher F, Bavari, Sina, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bennett, Andrew J, Bente, Dennis A, Bergeron, Éric, Bird, Brian H, Blair, Carol D, Blasdell, Kim R, Blystad, Dag-Ragnar, Bojko, Jamie, Borth, Wayne B, Bradfute, Steven, Breyta, Rachel, Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A, Brown, Judith K, Buchholz, Ursula J, Buchmeier, Michael J, Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H, Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N, Cheng, Qi, Chiaki, Yuya, Chiapello, Marco, Choi, Il-Ryong, Ciuffo, Marina, Clegg, J Christopher S, Crozier, Ian, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Swart, Rik L, Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M, Di Cicco, Emiliano, Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G, Digiaro, Michele, Dolnik, Olga, Drebot, Michael A, Drexler, J Felix, Dundon, William G, Duprex, W Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Dye, John M, Easton, Andrew J, Ebihara, Hideki, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Ferguson, Hugh W, Fooks, Anthony R, Forgia, Marco, Formenty, Pierre B H, Fránová, Jana, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Fu, Jingjing, Fürl, Stephanie, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Gāo, George Fú, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R, Gaskin, Thomas, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J, Griffiths, Anthony, Goldberg, Tony L, Groschup, Martin H, Günther, Stephan, Hall, Roy A, Hammond, John, Han, Tong, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hewson, Roger, Hong, Jiang, Hong, Ni, Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hu, John S, Hu, Tao, Hughes, Holly R, Hüttner, Florian, Hyndman, Timothy H, Ilyas, M, Jalkanen, Risto, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B, Junglen, Sandra, Kadono, Fujio, Kaukinen, Karia H, Kawate, Michael, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kobinger, Gary, Koloniuk, Igor, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V, Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J, Langevin, Stanley L, Lee, Benhur, Lefkowitz, Elliot J, Leroy, Eric M, Li, Shaorong, Li, Longhui, Lǐ, Jiànróng, Liu, Huazhen, Lukashevich, Igor S, Maes, Piet, de Souza, William Marciel, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H, Marzano, Shin-Yi L, Massart, Sebastien, McCauley, John W, Melzer, Michael, Mielke-Ehret, Nicole, Miller, Kristina M, Ming, Tobi J, Mirazimi, Ali, Mordecai, Gideon J, Mühlbach, Hans-Peter, Mühlberger, Elke, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, José A, Netesov, Sergey V, Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R T, Olmedo-Velarde, Alejandro, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Pályi, Bernadett, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Park, Adam C, Parrish, Colin R, Patterson, David A, Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T, Payne, Susan, Peracchio, Carlotta, Pérez, Daniel R, Postler, Thomas S, Qi, Liying, Radoshitzky, Sheli R, Resende, Renato O, Reyes, Carina A, Rima, Bertus K, Luna, Gabriel Robles, Romanowski, Víctor, Rota, Paul, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A, Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sall, Amadou Alpha, Salvato, Maria S, Sang, Rosemary, Sasaya, Takahide, Schulze, Angela D, Schwemmle, Martin, Shi, Mang, Shí, Xiǎohóng, Shí, Zhènglì, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Shirako, Yukio, Siddell, Stuart G, Simmonds, Peter, Sironi, Manuela, Smagghe, Guy, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R, Stenglein, Mark D, Stone, David M, Sugano, Jari, Suttle, Curtis A, Tabata, Amy, Takada, Ayato, Takeuchi, Shigeharu, Tchouassi, David P, Teffer, Amy, Tesh, Robert B, Thornburg, Natalie J, Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Torto, Baldwyn, Towner, Jonathan S, Tsuda, Shinya, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E, Uchida, Janice, Usugi, Tomio, Vaira, Anna Maria, Vallino, Marta, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Varsani, Arvind, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J, Wang, Lin-Fa, Wang, Guoping, Wang, Yanxiang, Wang, Yaqin, Waqas, Muhammad, Wèi, Tàiyún, Wen, Shaohua, Whitfield, Anna E, Williams, John V, Wolf, Yuri I, Wu, Jiangxiang, Xu, Lei, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yang, Caixia, Yang, Zuokun, Zerbini, F Murilo, Zhai, Lifeng, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Jinguo, Zhang, Zhe, Zhou, Xueping, Kuhn, Jens H., Agwanda, Bernard R., Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Amarasinghe, Gaya K., Ayllón, María A., Ballinger, Matthew J., Basler, Christopher F., Bennett, Andrew J., Bente, Dennis A., Bird, Brian H., Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Borth, Wayne B., Brown, Paul A., Brown, Judith K., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Calisher, Charles H., Charrel, Rémi N., Clegg, J. Christopher S., de Swart, Rik L., Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Dietzgen, Ralf G., Drebot, Michael A., Drexler, J. Felix, Dundon, William G., Duprex, W. Paul, Dye, John M., Easton, Andrew J., Ferguson, Hugh W., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B. H., Garrison, Aura R., Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Goldberg, Tony L., Groschup, Martin H., Hall, Roy A., Hu, John S., Hughes, Holly R., Hyndman, Timothy H., Ilyas, M., Jonson, Gilda B., Kaukinen, Karia H., Koonin, Eugene V., Lambert, Amy J., Langevin, Stanley L., Lefkowitz, Elliot J., Leroy, Eric M., Lukashevich, Igor S., Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., McCauley, John W., Miller, Kristina M., Ming, Tobi J., Mordecai, Gideon J., Navarro, José A., Netesov, Sergey V., Nunes, Márcio R. T., Park, Adam C., Parrish, Colin R., Patterson, David A., Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Postler, Thomas S., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rima, Bertus K., Runstadler, Jonathan A., Salvato, Maria S., Schulze, Angela D., Siddell, Stuart G., Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Stone, David M., Suttle, Curtis A., Tchouassi, David P., Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Towner, Jonathan S., Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Walker, Peter J., Whitfield, Anna E., Williams, John V., Wolf, Yuri I., Zerbini, F. Murilo, NIH - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (Estados Unidos), NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), United States Department of Agriculture. National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Cancer Research UK (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), Wellcome Trust, Mississippi State University (Estados Unidos), Battelle National Biodefense Institute, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Tunnell Government Services (Estados Unidos), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory ( Fort Pierce, USA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), National Museums of Kenya, Humboldt University Of Berlin, Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation [Moscow], Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), University of Ljubljana, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), University of Georgia [USA], Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre collaborateur de l'OMS Arbovirus et Fièvres Hémorragiques virales - Stratégies antivirales (CC-OMS), NIAID under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C, NCI, NIH under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494, Cancer Research UK (FC001030), UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), Wellcome Trust (FC001030), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), ARS, Medical School, University of Ljubljana, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Virology

Walker, Peter J, Siddell, Stuart G, Lefkowitz, Elliot J, Mushegian, Arcady R, Adriaenssens, Evelien M, Dempsey, Donald M, Dutilh, Bas E, Harrach, Balázs, Harrison, Robert L, Hendrickson, R Curtis, Junglen, Sandra, Knowles, Nick J, Kropinski, Andrew M, Krupovic, Mart, Kuhn, Jens H, Nibert, Max, Orton, Richard J, Rubino, Luisa, Sabanadzovic, Sead, Simmonds, Peter, Smith, Donald B, Varsani, Arvind, Zerbini, Francisco Murilo, Davison, Andrew J, Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences [Alexandria, USA] (MCB), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF), Quadram Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Humboldt University Of Berlin, The Pirbright Institute, Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], University of Oxford, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), The authors declare no conflicts of interest. A.R.M. is a Program Director at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the statements and opinions expressed herein are made in a personal capacity and do not constitute endorsement by NSF or the government of the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. N.J.K. is partially supported by core funding provided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK. B.E.D. is supported by Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi grant 864.14.004 and European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator grant 865694: DiversiPHI. B.H. is partially supported by National Research, Development and Innovation Office – NKFIH, NN128309. S.S. acknowledges partial support from Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. E.M.A. was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), this research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10356. S.J. is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under project number 01KI1716 as part of the Research Network Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. FMZ is partially supported by CAPES (Finance Code 001). None of the work reported involved research on human participants or animals. All authors have contributed to this work and agreed to its publication. Except for Donald M. Dempsey, R. Curtis Hendrickson, Richard J. Orton and Donald B. Smith, the authors were members of the ICTV Executive Committee during the relevant period., European Project: 865694,H2020-EU.1.1. - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC),DiversiPHI(2020), Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Oxford [Oxford], and Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV)

Pierre Boudinot, Valérie Briolat, Luc Jouneau, Valerio Laghi, Jean-Pierre Levraud, Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), This work was supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche Project Fish-RNAvax (Grants ANR-16-CE20-0002-02 and ANR-16-CE20-0002-03) and the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 721537–ImageInLife., We thank Jean-Yves Coppee and Caroline Proux (Transcriptomics Platform, Institut Pasteur) for generation and sequencing of RNA libraries. We are indebted to Rune Hartmann (Aarhus University) for recombinant zebrafish IFN and stimulating discussion. We thank Emma Colucci and Pedro Hernandez-Cerda for critical reading of the manuscript., ANR-16-CE20-0002,Fish-RNAvax,Vaccins ARN éco-compatibles pour l'induction de réponses immunitaires protectrices chez le poisson d'élevage(2016), European Project: 721537,ImageInLife(2017), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Christophe Batéjat, Thomas Labadie, India Leclercq, Jean Claude Manuguerra, Centre de Biochimie Structurale [Montpellier] (CBS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Environnement et Risques infectieux - Environment and Infectious Risks (ERI), and We express our gratitude to the library of the Institut Pasteur in Paris for their help and support in accessing historical documents. We also wish to acknowledge the help provided by Pr. Maxime Schwartz (National Academy of Sciences) for the references he kindly provided.

Dušan Petrić, Oleksandr Gaidash, Elisa Pérez-Ramírez, Bulent Alten, Igor Pajovic, David Roiz, Lusine Paronyan, Afrim Hamidi, Filiz Gunay, Jelena Maric, Golubinka Bosevska, Zoubir Harrat, Ali Bouattour, Maria-Grazia Dente, Vincent Robert, Nabil Haddad, Marie Picard, Khalil Kanani, Tatiana Sulesco, Silvia Declich, Chafika Faraj, Enkeledja Velo, Marija Zgomba, Frédéric Jourdain, M’hammed Sarih, Ibrahim Salem, Taher Shaibi, Abdallah M. Samy, Roena Sukhiasvili, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ain Shams University (ASU), University of Prishtina, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale [Tunis, Tunisie], Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Institut National d'Hygiène [Maroc], University of Novi Sad, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Institute of Public Health - Instituti i Shëndetit Publik [Tirana] (ISHP), Institute of Public Health of Republic of North Macedonia [Skopje], Ministry of Health [Ramallah], University of Montenegro (UCG), PI Veterinary Institute of the Republic of Srpska 'Dr. Vaso Butozan' (VIRS-VB), National Center for Diseases Control and Prevention [Armenia], Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Maladies Vectorielles - Vector Borne Diseases (LMV), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Maladies Vectorielles [Maroc], Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), Odessa National I.I.Mechnikov University, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health [Tbilisi, Armenia], University of Tripoli - University Al Fateh, Ministry of Education, Culture and Research [Chisinau, Moldova], Laboratoire d’Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations [Alger], Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, This study was partially funded by the European Commission (DEVCO: IFS/21010/23/_194) in the framework of MediLabSecure project., and Biyoloji

Abdeljelil Ghram, Issam Hmila, Pia Fällgren, Mikael Leijon, Nacira Laamiri, Jaouher Ben Ali, Siamak Zohari, Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Microbiologie Vétérinaire (LR11IPT03), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de Carthage - University of Carthage, Statens Veterinarmedicinska Anstalt (SVA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'ingénieurs de Tunis (ENSIT), Université de Tunis, This work was supported by the Institut Pasteur de Tunis (LEMV project), the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Tunisia), and by the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden., and We thank Hechmi Louzir, the head of the Institut Pasteur de Tunis, for his constant encouragements and Walter Fuchs (Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany) for providing the A489 ILTV strain. We extend many thanks to the supervisors and technician staff who provided laboratory assistance and helpful suggestions and advices.

Catherine Hennechart-Collette, Sylvie Perelle, Sandra Martin-Latil, Audrey Fraisse, Océane Dehan, Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments de Maisons-Alfort (LSAl), and Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)

Eric M. Leroy, Rita Sem Ouilibona, Mélanie Caron, Andriniaina Andy Nkili-Meyong, Huguette Simo Tchetgna, Nicolas Berthet, Benjamin Selekon, Emmanuel Nakouné, Richard Njouom, Ingrid Labouba, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Environnement et Risques infectieux - Environment and Infectious Risks (ERI), Institut Pasteur [Paris], This study was supported by the Institut Pasteur de Bangui, the CIRMF (funded by the Gabonese Government), Total Gabon, the LMI ZOOFAC at IRD, and the French Foreign Ministry. The funders had no role in study design, data analysis, or preparation of the manuscript., We acknowledge Dr Carolyn Engel-Gautier for improving English usage in the manuscript., and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Katja R. Richert-Pöggeler, Emmanuelle Muller, Neil E. Olszewski, Michael Tristem, Pierre-Yves Teycheney, Benham E Lockhart, Balázs Harrach, Hanu R. Pappu, Jens Mayer, Andrew D. W. Geering, Jan Kreuze, John M. Coffin, Robert J. Gifford, Jonathan P. Stoye, James E. Schoelz, Hung Fan, Mikhail M. Pooggin, Livia Stavolone, Susan Seal, Hélène Sanfaçon, Sead Sabanadzovic, Jens H. Kuhn, Carlos Llorens, Welkin E. Johnson, Eugene V. Koonin, Dirk Lindemann, Indranil Dasgupta, Mart Krupovic, Jonas Blomberg, Roger Hull, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Uppsala University, Tufts University School of Medicine [Boston], University of Delhi, University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Glasgow, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), John Innes Centre [Norwich], Boston College (BC), International Potato Center [Lima] (CIP), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Institute of Virology [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Universitat de València (UV), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Saarland University [Saarbrücken], Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Washington State University (WSU), Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (UMR BGPI), Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, University of Greenwich, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Imperial College London, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute's prime contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, contract no. HHSN272200700016I, J.H.K.). E.V.K. is supported by intramural funds from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (to the National Library of Medicine). S.S. acknowledges support from SRI Funds from Mississippi Agriculture and the Forestry Experiment Station of Mississippi State University. J.F.K. is supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) and supported by CGIAR Fund Donors (http://www.cgiar.org/aboutus/our-funders/). M.K. is supported by l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France) project ENVIRA., M. Krupovic, B. Harrach, S. Sabanadzovic, H. Sanfaçon, and J. H. Kuhn were members of the 2014–2017 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Executive Committee. J. Blomberg, J. M. Coffin, H. Fan, R. Gifford, W. Johnson, D. Lindemann, J. Mayer, J. P. Stoye, and M. Tristem were members of the 2014–2017 ICTV Retroviridae Study Group. I. Dasgupta, A. D. Geering, R. Hull, J. F. Kreuze, B. Lockhart, E. Muller, N. Olszewski, H. R. Pappu, M. Pooggin, K. R. Richert-Pöggeler, J. E. Schoelz, S. Seal, L. Stavolone, and P.-Y. Teycheney were members of the 2014–2017 ICTV Caulimoviridae Study Group. R. Hull is retired from the John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom, ANR-17-CE15-0005,ENVIRA,Remodelage de la membrane cytoplasmique par les virus enveloppés d'archées(2017), International Potato Center, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), University of Missouri [Columbia], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)

Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Valerian V. Dolja, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Oregon State University (OSU), Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], EVK is supported by the intramural funds of the US Department of Health and Human Services (National Library of Medicine)., The authors thank David Karlin and Tero Ahola for the kind permission to cite the results of their work before publication., and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Bruno Canard, Etienne Decroly, Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques ( AFMB ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), and ANR-16-CE11-0031,RAB-CAP,Rabies virus RNA capping machinery as antiviral target(2016)

Simmonds, Peter, Adams, Mike J., Benkő, Mária, Breitbart, Mya, Brister, J. Rodney, Carstens, Eric B., Davison, Andrew J., Delwart, Eric, Gorbalenya, Alexander E., Harrach, Balázs, Hull, Roger, King, Andrew M.Q., Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kuhn, Jens H., Lefkowitz, Elliot J., Nibert, Max L., Orton, Richard, Roossinck, Marilyn J., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sullivan, Matthew B., Suttle, Curtis A., Tesh, Robert B., van der Vlugt, René A., Varsani, Arvind, Zerbini, F Murilo, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), College of Marine Science [St Petersburg, FL], University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], University of Glasgow, Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California-University of California, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), John Innes Centre [Norwich], Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Mississippi State University [Mississippi], Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), The workshop and discussions were funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant WT108418AIA). The work of A.E.G. was partially supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (under grant agreement number 653316, the European Virus Archive goes Global, EVAg). R.A.v.d.V. was partly supported by the EU Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) programme (action FA1407). S.S. acknowledges partial financial support from Mississippi State University (MSU)–Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) Strategic Research Initiative grants. The work of E.D. was supported by the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI, grant R01 HL105770). Research by J.R.B. and E.V.K. was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), US National Library of Medicine. M.Breitbart was supported through the Assembling the Tree of Life Programme of the US National Science Foundation (grant DEB-1239976). M.B.S. was supported by an award from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (number 3790). The involvement of J.H.K. was supported, in part, through the prime contract of the Battelle Memorial Institute with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under contract number HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to the Battelle Memorial Institute who carried out this work is J.H.K., who is an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. The views and conclusions that are contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies that are affiliated with the authors., The authors thank the members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Executive Committee who did not attend (A. Kropinski, R. Harrison, H. Sanfaçon, A. Mushegian, N. Knowles and S. Siddell) for thoughtful comments and discussion, and S. Roux from the Department of Microbiology at Ohio State University, USA, for the preparation of figure 1., University of Oxford, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Universiteit Leiden, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), The Pirbright Institute, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV)

Stuart G. Siddell, Robert L. Harrison, Max L. Nibert, Andrew M. Q. King, Andrew J. Davison, Hélène Sanfaçon, Mart Krupovic, Sead Sabanadzovic, Arvind Varsani, Balázs Harrach, Nick J. Knowles, Andrew M. Kropinski, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Michael J. Adams, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, B. Douglas Smith, Jens H. Kuhn, Richard J. Orton, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Arcady Mushegian, Peter Simmonds, University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), University of Guelph, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Oxford, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), University of Glasgow, University of Edinburgh, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Universiteit Leiden, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), The ICTV is supported by Grants from IUMS, the American Society of Virology and the Microbiology Society, and by a Grant from the Wellcome Trust (WT108418AIA) to P.S., A.J.D. and S.G.S. The involvement of J.H.K. was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. The involvement of A.R.M. was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Individual Research and Development program. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of Health and Human Services, US National Science Foundation, or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors., The authors are the current ICTV EC Members together with two researchers (R.J.O., D.B.S.) supported by the Wellcome Trust grant detailed below. We gladly acknowledge the dedicated, voluntary efforts of hundreds of virologists based in various parts of the world over the entire period of the existence of the ICTV. The work of the organisation through its EC and Study Groups has always depended upon that contribution and will continue to do so., Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), University of Oxford [Oxford], and Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV)

Adams, M, Lefkowitz, E, King, A, Harrach, B, Harrison, R, Knowles, N, Kropinski, A, Krupovic, M, Kuhn, J, Mushegian, A, Nibert, M, Sabanadzovic, S, Sanfaçon, H, Siddell, S, Simmonds, P, Varsani, A, Zerbini, F, Gorbalenya, A, Davison, A, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), University of Guelph, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Oxford [Oxford], Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), University of Glasgow, A.R.M. is a Program Director at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), his work on this project was supported in part by the NSF Independent Research and Development program, but the statements and opinions expressed herein are made in the personal capacity and do not constitute the endorsement by NSF or the government of the United States. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Health and Human Services or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is: J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. N.J.K. is partially supported by core funding provided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK. B.H. is partially supported by National Research, Development and Innovation Office—NKFIH, K100163. A.E.G. is partially supported by EU project EVAg 653316 and the Leids Universiteits Fonds. A.J.D. is supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12014/3). S.S. acknowledges partial support from Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES)., The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), University of Oxford, Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), and Universiteit Leiden

Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), E.V.K. is supported by intramural funds of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (to the National Library of Medicine)., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Mart Krupovic, Eugene V. Koonin, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Leo A. B. Joosten, David L. Williams, Trees Jansen, Daniela C. Ifrim, Cor Jacobs, Liesbeth Jacobs, Jos W. M. van der Meer, Mihai G. Netea, Neil A. R. Gow, Jessica Quintin, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], University of Aberdeen, Swansea University, and East Tennessee State University (ETSU)

Michael J. Adams, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Andrew M. Q. King, Balázs Harrach, Robert L. Harrison, Nick J. Knowles, Andrew M. Kropinski, Mart Krupovic, Jens H. Kuhn, Arcady R. Mushegian, Max Nibert, Sead Sabanadzovic, Hélène Sanfaçon, Stuart G. Siddell, Peter Simmonds, Arvind Varsani, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Andrew J. Davison, GlaxoSmithKline [Stevenage, UK] (GSK), GlaxoSmithKline [Headquarters, London, UK] (GSK), University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), University of Guelph, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Oxford, University of Canterbury [Christchurch], Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Universiteit Leiden, University of Glasgow, This work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is: J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc., Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), University of Oxford [Oxford], and Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV)

Vincent Deubel, Jing Zhang, Wei Dong, Philippe Buchy, Arnaud Fontanet, Sek Mardy, Philippe Cavailler, Jun Sheng, Wei Wang, Huajie Yan, Peijun Ren, Johann Cailhol, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology (LMVI), Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Pediatric Department, Shanghai Nanxiang Hospital, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)

Wei Wang, Astrid Vabret, Vincent Deubel, Huajie Yan, Lili Hou, Peijun Ren, Jun Sheng, Philippe Buchy, Sek Mardy, Jing Zhang, François Freymuth, Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Shanghai Nanxiang Hospital, Pediatric Department, China, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Laboratoire de Virologie Humaine et Moléculaire [Caen], CHU Caen, and Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)

Bernhard Lieb, Jozef Van Beeumen, Aleksander Dolashki, Bart Devreese, Angel S. Galabov, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavlina Dolashka-Angelova, Nina Heilen, Koen Sandra, Stefan Stevanovic, Wolfgang Voelter, Ludmila Velkova, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut Stephan Angeloff, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institute of Biochemistry, and This work was supported by a research grant by the Ministry of Sciences and Education through the grant: DAAD-17/2007 (VU-L-310/07) and TK01/496, DFG (Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschaft) (Germany), Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) through project VS.011.06N and CNR (Italy).

Patrick Forterre, Danièle Gadelle, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut de génétique et microbiologie [Orsay] (IGM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Alan François, Arnaud Autret, Laurence Mousson, Isabelle Pelletier, Bruno Blondel, Sandra Martin-Latil, Guillaume Catonnet, Violeta Niborski, Florence Colbère-Garapin, Ariane van de Moer, Gianfranco Grompone, Biologie des Virus entériques (BVE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Danone Research, Groupe DANONE, and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Mathieu Mateo, Alex R. Generous, Patrick L. Sinn, Roberto Cattaneo, Department of Molecular Medicine and Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Track, and Mayo Clinic [Rochester]

Mart Krupovic, Eugene V. Koonin, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), E.V.K. is supported by the intramural funds of the US Department of Health and Human Services (to the National Library of Medicine)., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Nahal Mansouri, Bertrand Boisson, Xianqin Zhang, Qing Kenneth Wang, Gillian I. Rice, Xing Wang, Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani, Chao Yuan, Yuval Itan, Flore Rozenberg, Satoshi Okada, Gilles Uzé, Dusan Bogunovic, Mugen Liu, Tao Ma, Pierre Lebon, Lilliana Radoshevich, Jingyu Liu, Wenqiang Liu, Tiantian Han, Davood Mansouri, Delin Liu, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Béatrice Payelle-Brogard, Yanick J. Crow, Dilek Yalnizoglu, Stefano Volpi, Zhi Li, Ozden Sanal, Lu Zeng, Bo Wang, Chunyuan Chen, Sandra Pellegrini, Shen-Ying Zhang, Emmanuelle Jouanguy, Luigi D. Notarangelo, Adolfo García-Sastre, Philippe Gros, Hui Jiang, Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis, Véronique Francois-Newton, Laurent Abel, Scott D. Speer, Ilhan Tezcan, Jacinta Bustamante, Li, Zhi, Host and microbial molecular dissection of pathogenesis and immunity in tuberculosis - HOMITB - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2008-11-01 - 2012-04-30 - 200732 - VALID, A system view on the differential activities of human type I interferons - IFNACTION - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2009-01-01 - 2012-12-31 - 223608 - VALID, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Signalisation des Cytokines, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Immunologia Clinica e Sperimentale, Ankara University School of Medicine [Turkey], University of Manchester [Manchester], Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University [New York], Institut des sciences du végétal (ISV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematics [Nanjing], Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics [Nanjing] (NUAA), Institut de Recherche en Communications Optiques et Microondes (IRCOM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPhP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses (Inserm U980), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IMAGINE - U1163), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Service de virologie, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Università degli Studi di Brescia = University of Brescia (UniBs), The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by grants from the French National Agency for Research (ANR), the EU grant HOMITB (HEALTH-F32008-200732), the St Giles Foundation, the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health grant number 8UL1TR000043, the Rockefeller University, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant number R37AI095983, Institut Merieux research grant and the Empire State Stem Cell fund through NYSDOH Contract #C023046 to Flow Cytometry Research Core at the Rockefeller University. The Cytokine Signaling Unit is supported by the Institut Pasteur, CNRS and INSERM. S.P. and G.U. received funding from the EU Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 223608. V.F.-N. was supported by the Ligue contre le Cancer. L.R. is a Human Frontier Science Program long-term fellow. L.D.N. was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant number 1PO1AI076210-01A1. Y.J.C. thanks the Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and the Greater Manchester Comprehensive Local Research Network, the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 241779, and the European Research Council (GA 309449). A.G.-S. acknowledges NIAID grants U19AI083025 and P01AI090935 for support. We thank C. Daussy for technical assistance, E. Bianchi and F. Michel for discussions. We thank D. Zhang and the members of the Zhang laboratory for assistance, advice and discussions. This work was supported by Chinese National Natural Science Foundation grants (81000079, 81170165) to X.Z. D.B. is supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant number R00AI106942-02., European Project: 200732,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2007-A,HOMITB(2008), European Project: 223608,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2007-B,IFNACTION(2009), Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, The Rockefeller University, St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, rockefeller university, Department of Mathematics (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département de Physique des Particules (ex SPP) (DPP), CHU Cochin [AP-HP], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Molecular Medicine Angello Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Università degli Studi di Brescia [Brescia], and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)

Florence Colbère-Garapin, Aure Saulnier, Karine Labadie, Isabelle Pelletier, Bruno Blondel, Virus Entérotropes et Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur, and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Bénédicte Hemonnot, Christine Cartier, Bernard Gay, Sandra Rebuffat, Martine Bardy, Christian Devaux, Véronique Boyer, Laurence Briant, Infections rétrovirales et signalisation cellulaire (IRSC), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurodegenerescence et Plasticite, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), This work was supported in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the French agency against AIDS (ANRS), and the association 'Ensemble contre le SIDA.', and Fraboulet, Sandrine

Marco Vignuzzi, Stéphanie Beaucourt, Populations virales et Pathogenèse - Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was funded by the Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases’ program (grant n° ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and the Institut Pasteur., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Maria-Carla Saleh, Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Serge Morand, Emmanuel Nakouné, Mathieu Bourgarel, Carine Ngoagouni, Peter Vallo, Eric M. Leroy, Thierno D. Dallo, Christian Drosten, Jan Felix Drexler, Gael Darren Maganga, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IVB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], University of Bonn Medical Centre [Bonn], Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Zoonoses virales et MTN (MIVEGEC-VIROZ), Biologie des infections virales: Emergence, DIFfusion, Impact, Contrôle, Elimination (EDIFICE), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Partenaires INRAE, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologie (INSAB), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

McIntyre, K. Marie, Setzkorn, Christian, Hepworth, Philip, Morand, Serge, Morse, Andrew, Baylis, Matthew, Institute of Infection and Global Health [University of Liverpool, UK], University of Liverpool, National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), School of Environmental Sciences [Liverpool], NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Stefano Marullo, Mathieu Coureuil, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), U1002, Pathogénie des infections systémiques (UMR_S 570), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Pathogénie des infections systémiques ( UMR_S 570 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Marullo, Stefano, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Pieter-Jan Ceyssens, Abram Aertsen, Mario Vaneechoutte, Rob Lavigne, David M. Donovan, Matthew B. Sullivan, Laurent Debarbieux, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Laboratory of Gene Technology, University of Arizona, Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Department Research (LBR), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), The conference, hosted by the Belgian Royal Military Academy, was the first in a series supported by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), but stemming from the 'Viruses of Microbes' meeting initiated at the Institut Pasteur in June 2010. Belgian grants from FWO Vlaanderen, the FNRS and the FWO research community Phagebiotics (WO.022.09), as well as grants from the Moore Foundation (UK) and sponsoring from several commercial companies, enabled the organization of this meeting., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT)

Mart Krupovic, Valerian V. Dolja, Oregon State University (OSU), Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Marc Lecuit, Marc Eloit, Biologie des Infections - Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Découverte de Pathogènes - Pathogen Discovery, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], and ProdInra, Migration

Sophie Goyet, Charles Mayaud, Arnaud Tarantola, Rith Sareth, Philippe Buchy, Philippe Cavailler, Vantha Te, Patrich Lorn Try, Gilles Guerrier, Bertrand Guillard, Eak Tep Chheng, Sirenda Vong, Laurence Borand, Blandine Rammaert, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ), National Paediatric Hospital, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ), Takeo Provincial hospital, CHU Tenon [APHP], Kampong Cham Provincial hospital, Kampong Cham Provincial hospital [Cambodia], This study was supported by Surveillance and Investigation of Epidemic Situations in Southeast Asia (SISEA) project., Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), National pediatric hospital, Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Donkeo Provincial Hospital, Epidémiologie & Santé Publique (epi@ipc), and Institut Pasteur du Cambodge-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut Pasteur du Cambodge-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP )

Michael Faubladier, Didier Debroas, François Enault, Nils Paulhe, Antoine Mahul, Aurélien Bernard, Simon Roux, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bioinformatique, phylogénie et génomique évolutive (BPGE), Département PEGASE [LBBE] (PEGASE), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Modélisation et d'optimisation des Systèmes (LIMOS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne (ENSM ST-ETIENNE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), and SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)

Maria-Carla Saleh, Valérie Gausson, Virus et Interférence ARN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Giulia C. Kennedy, Ana Maria Burguiere, Walter Lee, Hervé Bourhy, Philip Dickinson, Gilberte Coralie, Laurent Dacheux, Nicolas Berthet, Christopher Davies, Stewart T. Cole, Christophe Batéjat, Anita K. Reinhardt, Ingrid Filliol, Tatiana Vallaeys, Iain G. Old, Yaron Turpaz, Beate Heym, Shenglan Zhang, Katherine A. Kong, Jean Claude Manuguerra, Génotypage des Pathogènes et Santé Publique (Plate-forme) (PF8), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Affymetrix, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence - Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Hôpital Ambroise Paré [AP-HP], Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte (DyLAH), Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, This study was supported by Grant No. UC1 AI062613 (Kennedy) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. We thank A. Baldwin, S. Brisse, E. Carniel, J.-Y. Coppée, J.-M. Fournier, P. Glaser, P. Grimont, M. Mock, M. Popoff, O. Chesneau, P. Courvalin, P. Despres, C. LeBouguenec, B. Regnault, M.-L. Quilici and their staff for helpful suggestions and for providing nucleic acids from various bacteria and viruses. Vesicular stomatitis virus was a gift from Danielle Blondel, Unité Mixte de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR 2472, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France. We thank C. Drosten (Bernhard Nocht Institute, Hamburg, Germany) for kindly making primer sequences and plasmids available for this study. We thank Guoliang Xing, Gangwu Mei, Brant Wong and Michael Mittman for assistance in array design., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Thoulouze, Maria-Isabel, Alcover, Andrès, Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes (BIOCELLY), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)