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Investigating microbe–microbe interactions at the single-cell level is critical to unraveling the ecology and dynamics of microbial communities. In many situations, microbes assemble themselves into densely packed multispecies biofilms. The density and complexity pose acute difficulties for visualizing individual cells and analyzing their interactions. Here, we address this problem through an unconventional application of expansion microscopy, which allows for the “decrowding” of individual bacterial cells within a multispecies community. Expansion microscopy generally has been carried out under isotropic expansion conditions and used as a resolution-enhancing method. In our variation of expansion microscopy, we carry out expansion under heterotropic conditions; that is, we expand the space between bacterial cells but not the space within individual cells. The separation of individual bacterial cells from each other reflects the competition between the expansion force pulling them apart and the adhesion force holding them together. We employed heterotropic expansion microscopy to study the relative strength of adhesion in model biofilm communities. These included mono- and dual-species Streptococcus biofilms and a three-species synthetic community (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis) under conditions that facilitated interspecies coaggregation. Using adhesion mutants, we investigated the interplay between F. nucleatum outer membrane protein RadD and different Streptococcus species. We also examined the Schaalia-TM7 epibiont association. Quantitative proximity analysis was used to evaluate the separation of individual microbial members. Our study demonstrates that heterotropic expansion microscopy can “decrowd” dense biofilm communities, improve visualization of individual bacterial members, and enable analysis of microbe–microbe adhesive interactions at the single-cell level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has garnered significant attention in the field of dentistry due to its wide applications. This paper proposes the incorporation of the nystatin coated copper oxide (CuO) particles having desirable conductivity and antifungal properties, as a filler in the PMMA denture to address their low thermal conductivity, low impact strength, low fatigue resistance, and microbial adhesion. The prepared nystatin coated CuO particles were characterized with several analytical techniques. The nystatin coated CuO particles were mixed in different ratios (0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%) in PMMA corresponding to groups C, E1, E2, and E3, respectively. The prepared samples of composite PMMA with nystatin coated CuO were evaluated to determine their transverse strength, impact strength, Vickers hardness (HV), and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, antifungal properties of CuO particles, nystatin coated CuO particles, and their acrylic composites were evaluated against Candida albicans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the particles' spherical and irregular shapes. The particle sizes range from nano to micron level. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirmed the coating of nystatin on CuO. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the diffraction patterns and planes of CuO monoclinic shape structure. The composite prepared to have higher values of HV (19.53 ± 0.65, 20.16 ± 0.37, and 21.11 ± 0.75, respectively) as compared to the control. The impact strength values were measured high at 14.12 ± 5.55 kJ/m2 for 2% containing nystatin coated CuO acrylic resins compared to control and other groups. The conductivity increased linearly with the addition of CuO particles. The addition of CuO particles causes a reduction in flexural strength as compared to the control group. As the concentration of nystatin coated CuO (1%, 2%, and 4%) in acrylic samples increased, the antifungal properties were improved. Thus, the incorporation of optimized concentrations of nystatin coated CuO particles in acrylic resin resulted in the improved mechanical, thermal, and antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical properties of the bacterial surface are involved in several interfacial phenomena, such as microbial adhesion. Ecology Soil salinity is a crucial parameter for the distribution of Streptomyces. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of NaCl on the hydrophobicity and electron donor/acceptor characteristics of the cell surface of fourteen Streptomyces strains isolated from soils of the Beni Amir region (Morocco) with different salinities. The physicochemical properties of the surface were evaluated using the MATS (microbial adhesion to solvents) method at two concentrations of NaCl (0.1 M and 1.2 M). The results obtained show a significant change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic character. In particular, the Streptomyces lilaceus A53 strain showed the lowest variation (4.21%). On the other hand, the Streptomyces albogriseolus A65 strain presented the greatest variation (86.15%). These changes were observed when the salt concentration increased significantly from 0.1 M to 1.2 M NaCl. The electron donor/acceptor character systematically decreases and even becomes null for the majority of strains. Furthermore, a strong correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity and salinity of the original soil was observed with MATS at 1.2 M NaCl. This study highlighted the crucial importance of the NaCl concentration in the modulation of the physicochemical properties of the surface of Streptomyces bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of substrate surfaces with the environment (moisture, heat, pressure, chemicals) has cascade effects on their efficiency, performance, durability due to their susceptibility towards microbial adhesion, spontaneous leaching, impairment, corrosion etc. Many scientific, technological innovations such as smart coating have been discovered for the protection of these surfaces. It is a high‐tech, high value coating capable of responding to environmental impulses. Incorporation of nanofillers, nanomatrices in smart coating improve surface performance by extending service life, provide high durability, high physical coverage, adhesive strength etc. Real‐time monitoring of environmental conditions, structural health could be made possible by sensing coatings. This review predominantly highlights the essential features, design, advancements, applications of smart nanocoatings over elementary nanocoatings. To cover the whole study, drawbacks of traditional coating methods are also discussed. Finally, the research gaps, future perspectives of smart nanocoatings will be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone mammary implants (SMIs) frequently result in capsular fibrosis, which is marked by the overproduction of fibrous tissue surrounding the implant. This review provides a detailed examination of the molecular and immunological mechanisms driving capsular fibrosis, focusing on the role of foreign body responses (FBRs) and microbial biofilm formation. We investigate how microbial adhesion to implant surfaces and biofilm development contribute to persistent inflammation and fibrotic responses. The review critically evaluates antimicrobial strategies, including preoperative antiseptic protocols and antimicrobial-impregnated materials, designed to mitigate infection and biofilm-related complications. Additionally, advancements in material science, such as surface modifications and antibiotic-impregnated meshes, are discussed for their potential to reduce capsular fibrosis and prevent contracture of the capsule. By integrating molecular insights with clinical applications, this review aims to elucidate the current understanding of SMI-related fibrotic responses and highlight knowledge gaps. The synthesis of these findings aims to guide future research directions of improved antimicrobial interventions and implant materials, ultimately advancing the management of capsular fibrosis and enhancing patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research endeavors to scrutinize the influence of attachment systems and denture cleaning methodologies on microbial biomass and composition within the realm of implant-supported overdentures, a crucial consideration for patients with dentition defects necessitating such prosthetic solutions. Subjects and methods: Employing five polymethyl methacrylate specimens designed to emulate the fitting surfaces of traditional dentures and implant-supported overdentures. Following the polishing of each specimen and the quantification of its roughness, co-cultivation with three distinct microbial strains ensued, culminating in ultrasonic cleaning in water. The bar-clip group, differentiated by the depth of attachment, underwent cleaning employing four diverse methods. Biomass quantities were meticulously recorded both pre and post cleaning interventions, with subsequent data analysis via t-testing and one-way ANOVA, maintaining a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: The bar-clip groups demonstrated an elevated degree of microbial adhesion, with the deeper locator group exhibiting heightened biomass residue post-cleaning, indicative of increased cleaning complexity. Ultrasonic cleaning predominantly targeted biofilm and deceased bacteria, whereas chemical cleaners primarily reduced the quantity of viable bacteria. The synergistic application of ultrasonics and chemical cleaning treatments yielded the minimal biomass residue. Conclusion: In contemplating the utilization of dentures milled by dental computer-aided design/manufacturing systems, meticulous pre-use surface polishing is imperative. The extent of biofilm adhesion correlates with the chosen attachment system. This study advocates for the incorporation of ultrasonic cleaning in conjunction with chemical cleaning solutions to optimize the removal of biofilm and live cellular entities in the context of implant-supported overdentures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the influence of yeast fermentation and inoculation methods on the quality of coffee across 3 different coffee cultivars. Fermenting Sacchoromyces cerevisiae SafAle s-33 on Coffea arabica cv. Caltimor via bucket inoculation outperforms spray inoculation across all aspects including microbial cell adhesion, the chemical profile, reducing sugar content and sensory analysis conducted by a Q-grader. The PCA analysis revealed distinct profiles of organic acids and volatile compounds in roasted beans in yeast fermentation and natural fermentation of all 3 coffee varieties. Particularly, volatile compounds such 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)octan-1-one, 8-Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one and 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl-1-thio)-3 trimethylsilyl methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and, furfuryl ethyl ether and 5-methyl furfural were detected only in yeast fermented bean. The malic acid also contained a higher amount in roasted coffee beans from the yeast fermentation of all 3 coffee varieties than the natural fermentation. Those compounds present a notably positive influence on the sensory aspects of the coffee i.e. sweet caramel, dry fruit, vanilla and hazelnut-like flavors. In addition, roasted beans from the yeast fermentation of C. arabica cv. Caltimor and C. canephora cv. Robusta displayed higher sensory scores when compared to those from natural fermentation, conversely in C. arabica cv. Bourbon, beans from both yeast fermentation and natural fermentation displayed similar quality levels. Our study concluded that the commercial yeast strain within the beer and wine industry proved to be an alternative source for coffee fermentation. Nevertheless, the selection of the coffee variety plays a crucial role when utilizing S. cerevisiae SafAle s-33 as a starter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic technology has drawn extensive interests for its great potential in marine antifouling applications. However, its effects on the adhesion behavior of marine fouling organisms on marine structures remain underexplored. This work investigated how ultrasonic treatment impacted the adhesion of Pseudoalteromonas on a gel-like marine epoxy primer. And the process parameters for ultrasonic treatment were optimized using response surface analysis with Design-Expert software 11. The results revealed that ultrasonic treatment disrupted the cellular structure of Pseudoalteromonas, causing the deformation and fragmentation of the cell membrane, leading to bacterial death. Additionally, ultrasonic treatment reduced the particle size and Zeta potential value of Pseudoalteromonas, which disrupted the stability of bacterial suspensions. It also increased the relative surface hydrophobicity of Pseudoalteromonas cells, resulting in a reduction in adhesion to the gel-like marine epoxy primer. This study demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment significantly disturbed the adhesion behavior of microorganisms like Pseudoalteromonas on the gel-like marine epoxy primer, which provided an effective approach for controlling marine biofouling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To verify the parameters and characteristics evaluated in 3D-printed complete denture (CD) bases and how they influence CD properties. Materials and Methods: This work was registered in Open Science Framework (osf.io/4um6v) and followed the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. A search of peer-reviewed articles published up to April 9, 2020, was performed on the PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct databases. The review question based on the PCC (population, concept, and context) was: What printing parameters and characteristics of CD bases can influence their properties? Results: The database search resulted in 1,945 articles, and the initial screening was carried out in 1,390 articles, 17 of which were selected for inclusion in this review. The present authors verified that cleaning the prosthesis with alcohol after printing followed by a postcuring cycle influences biocompatibility and residual monomers. The printing angle influences physicomechanical properties, microbial adhesion, and tissue adaptation. Accuracy is influenced by layer thickness and manufacturing technique, which also influences retention and tissue adaptation. The incorporation of antimicrobial agents influences physicomechanical properties and antimicrobial activity. The method of union between the denture base and teeth influences mechanical strength. Conclusions: Printed denture bases showed good adaptation to tissues and accuracy with 100-µm layer thickness, but the base must be cleaned in ethanol followed by postcuring for better biocompatibility. Nano- and microparticles can be added to provide antimicrobial activity and better resistance. The printing angle and mechanical properties must be better evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adhesion of microorganisms and the subsequent formation of mineralized layers in biofilms are of great significance in inhibiting the corrosion of metal materials. In this work, we found that the adhesion and subsequent mineralization of Bacillus subtilis on the surface of low-alloy steel are influenced by the molybdenum in the material. The addition of molybdenum will lead to increased adhesion of B. subtilis on the material surface, and the subsequent biomineralization ability has also been improved. Through transcriptome and physiological and biochemical tests, we found that molybdenum can affect the chemotaxis, mobility and carbonic anhydrase secretion related genes of B. subtilis, and then affect the formation and mineralization of the biofilm of B. subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite global efforts to manage water eutrophication, the continual release of ammonia nitrogen from sediments maintains the eutrophic state of water bodies, presenting serious challenges to the management. In order to find an efficient method for sediment remediation, the experiment of using signal molecules to enhance the adhesion of microorganisms on zeolite was carried out. Five different zeolitic ammonium adsorptions were examined using two different signal molecules, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OHHL) and N-(β-ketocaproyl)-dl-homoserine lactone (C6), to enhance microbial attachment on two types of zeolites. The results showed that the modified microbial attached Z1 zeolite reinforced with signal molecule C6 had the best effect. The effect was better in the case of high ammonium adsorption, and the TN removal could reach 7.99 mg·L−1 with an inhibition rate of 90.08%. The ammonia nitrogen removal reached 4.75 mg·L−1 with an inhibition rate of 87.64%, and the ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen of the overlying water reached the surface III water quality standard. In addition, the addition of the signal molecule increased the zeta potential on the surface of the bacterial colloid. In addition, the amount of protein I in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) fraction increased, improving microbial adhesion ability and facilitating their attachment to the zeolite surface. The signal molecule C6 could increase the zeta potential of microbial surface and promote the production of protein I, thus strengthening the attachment of zeolite biofilm and improving the water quality. Efficient biological removal of ammonia by microbial self aggregation zeolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin is the largest protective tissue of the body and is at risk of damage. Hence, the design and development of wound dressing materials is key for tissue repair and regeneration. Although silk fibroin is a known biopolymer in tissue engineering, its degradation rate is not correlated with wound closure rate. To address this disadvantage, we mimicked the hierarchical structure of skin and also provided antibacterial properties; a hydrogel with globular structure consisting of silk fibroin, pluronic F127, and curcumin was developed. In this regard, the effect of pluronic and curcumin on the structural and mechanical properties of the hydrogel was studied. The results showed that curcumin affected the particle size, crystallinity, and ultimate elongation of the hydrogels. In vitro assays confirmed that the hydrogel containing curcumin is not cytotoxic while the diffused curcumin and pluronic provided a considerable bactericidal property against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, presence of pluronic caused more than a 99% reduction in planktonic and adherent bacteria in the curcumin-free hydrogel groups. Moreover, curcumin improved this number further and inhibited bacteria adhesion to prevent biofilm formation. Overall, the developed hydrogel showed the potential to be used for skin tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Denture stomatitis, affecting approximately 65% of denture wearers, is a common symptom of oral candidiasis. With the advancement of digital dentistry, more contemporary materials are being used as denture base materials. The effect of Candida albicans adhesion on new-generation denture bases has not been investigated. This study aims to examine the adhesion of C. albicans to various dental polymers produced by different manufacturing methods and the effect of thermal cycling. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 disk samples (10×2 mm) were produced for microbiological tests. The samples were divided into two subgroups for each material group (n = 10). Three different denture base materials were produced using different techniques: 3 dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin, Formlabs (FL); conventional heat-polymerized acrylic, Meliodent (MD); and milled pre-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin disc manufactured using computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, Ivobase (IB). Before and after thermocycling, specimens were tested (5000 cycles, 5 °C/55 °C). The adhesion of C. albicans on the samples was examined under a microscope. Surface images of all groups were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Post-hoc Tukey test and two-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The CAD/CAM milled group and the 3D printed group showed significantly less C.albicans adhesion compared to the heat-polymerized acrylic resin. The effect of thermal cycling on microbial adhesion was found to be insignificant for all groups tested. Conclusion: Candida infections and associated denture stomatitis are less common in new-generation denture base materials compared to conventional heatpolymerized acrylic. To reduce microbial adhesion, denture base materials produced by 3D printing and milled by CAD/CAM could be a better choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread phenomenon of antibiotic resistance and the diffusion of multiple drug-resistant bacterial strains, enormous efforts are being conducted to identify suitable alternative agents against pathogenic microorganisms. Since an association between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance phenotype has been observed, a promising strategy pursued in recent years focuses on controlling and preventing this formation by targeting and inhibiting the Quorum Sensing (QS) system, whose central role in biofilm has been extensively demonstrated. Therefore, the research and development of Quorum Quenching (QQ) compounds, which inhibit QS, has gradually attracted the attention of researchers and has become a new strategy for controlling harmful microorganisms. Among these, a number of both natural and synthetic compounds have been progressively identified as able to interrupt the intercellular communication within a microbial community and the adhesion to a surface, thus disintegrating mature/preformed biofilms. This review describes the role played by QS in the formation of bacterial biofilms and then focuses on the mechanisms of different natural and synthetic QS inhibitors (QSIs) exhibiting promising antibiofilm ability against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and on their applications as biocontrol strategies in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a correction notice for an article titled "Biodentine Inhibits the Initial Microbial Adhesion of Oral Microbiota In Vivo." The correction addresses concerns about the peer-review process and updates specific details in the original publication, such as inclusion and exclusion criteria, discussion on biofilm formation, and clinical implications of the study. The correction does not impact the scientific content of the article, and the updated version is available online. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion of Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis yeasts to disk-shaped resin materials produced from resin which used in the production of surgical guide with 0, 45 and 90-degrees printing orientations by Liquid Crystal Display additive manufacturing technology. Methods Disk-shaped specimens were printed with surgical guide resin using the Liquid Crystal Display production technique in 3 printing orientations (0, 45 and 90-degrees). Surface roughness and contact angle values were evaluated. Real-Time PCR analysis was performed to evaluate Candida adhesion (C. glabrata, C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the materials were obtained. Results Specimens oriented at 45-degrees demonstrated higher surface roughness (P .05). A higher proportion of C. krusei and C. tropicalis was found in the specimens printed at orientation degrees of 45 = 90

The bioelectrochemical conversion of CO2 to CH4 (electromethanogenesis), using renewable energy, is a promising power-to-gas technology. However, maximizing its potential requires the development of cost-effective materials for biocathodes. A recent research achieved significant progress by employing a ternary composite material comprising porous carbon (biochar) modified with 20 wt% copper and 10 wt% hydroxyapatite (HAP). Notably, the addition of HAP led to a remarkable increase in methane production compared to undoped biochar and Cu-doped biochar, reaching a maximum of 0.87 mol m−2 d−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 64%. Based on these results, this study aims to elucidate the pivotal role of hydroxyapatite as a crucial modifier in biochar-based cathode materials. Employing a range of characterization techniques such as N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, solid–liquid phase titrations with probe molecules, electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy, the research delved into the unique contributions of hydroxyapatite surface features to the electromethanogenesis process on the composite cathode. The results underscored the beneficial effects of HAP in enhancing reagent adsorption, providing a hydrophilic interface beneficial to microbial adhesion, and stabilizing the interface pH. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on the factors underlying the enhanced performance of bioelectrochemical systems facilitated by HAP-modified cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (plastic particles < 5 mm) are ubiquitous pollutants that have the ability to carry microbiota, including pathogens. Microbial adhesion is usually a sign of pathogenicity; thus, we investigated the adherent microbiota found on 4 mm nylon strips, which were ingested and excreted by wild fish specimens. Retention times were recorded and the polymer analysis of the excreted samples was performed, which showed no signs of degradation, nor did their controls, represented by the nylon strips submerged in the same water tanks. Both the ingested samples and controls presented pathogens in large quantities. Following Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight identification, the dominant genus was represented by Aeromonas, revealing the fact that nylon microplastics can serve as undegradable physical carriers for this pathogen, among others, in the aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the feasibility of using poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) filament and fused deposition modeling (FDM) to manufacture denture bases via the development of a study that considers both conventional and additive‐based manufacturing techniques. Materials and Methods: Five sample groups were compared: heat and cold cured acrylic resins, CAD/CAM milled PMMA, 3D‐printed PMMA (via FDM), and 3D‐printed methacrylate resin (via stereolithography, SLA). All groups were subjected to mechanical testing (flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness), water sorption and solubility tests, a tooth bonding test, microbiological assessment, and accuracy of fit measurements. The performance of sample groups was referred to ISO 20795‐1 and ISO/TS 19736. The data was analyzed using one‐way ANOVA. Results: Samples manufactured using FDM performed within ISO specifications for mechanical testing, water sorption, and solubility tests. However, the FDM group failed to achieve the ISO requirements for the tooth bonding test. FDM samples presented a rough surface finish which could ultimately encourage an undesirable high level of microbial adhesion. For accuracy of fit, FDM samples showed a lower degree of accuracy than existing materials. Conclusions: Although FDM samples were a cost‐effective option and were able to be quickly manufactured in a reproducible manner, the results demonstrated that current recommended testing regimes for conventionally manufactured denture‐based polymers are not directly applicable to additive‐manufactured denture base polymers. Therefore, new standards should be developed to ensure the correct implementation of additive manufacturing techniques within denture‐based fabrication workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact lenses (CL) have become an immensely popular means of vision correction, offering comfort to millions worldwide. However, the persistent issue of biofilm formation on lenses raises significant problems, leading to various ocular complications and discomfort. The aim of this review is to develop safer and more effective strategies for preventing and managing microbial biofilms on CL, improving the eye health and comfort of wearers. Taking these into consideration, the present study investigates the intricate mechanisms of biofilm formation, by exploring the interplay between microbial adhesion, the production of extracellular polymeric substances, and the properties of the lens material itself. Moreover, it emphasizes the diverse range of microorganisms involved, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and other opportunistic pathogens, elucidating their implications within lenses and other medical device-related infections and inflammatory responses. Going beyond the challenges posed by biofilms on CL, this work explores the advancements in biofilm detection techniques and their clinical relevance. It discusses diagnostic tools like confocal microscopy, genetic assays, and emerging technologies, assessing their capacity to identify and quantify biofilm-related infections. Finally, the paper delves into contemporary strategies and innovative approaches for managing and preventing biofilms development on CL. In Conclusion, this review provides insights for eye care practitioners, lens manufacturers, and microbiology researchers. It highlights the intricate interactions between biofilms and CL, serving as a foundation for the development of effective preventive measures and innovative solutions to enhance CL safety, comfort, and overall ocular health. Research into microbial biofilms on CL is continuously evolving, with several future directions being explored to address challenges and improve eye health outcomes as far as CL wearers are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This in vitro study aimed to develop a novel nanocomposite acrylic resin with inherent antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated its effectiveness against microbial biofilm formation, while also assessing its physical and mechanical properties. Methods. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was modified with four different concentrations of chlorhexidine halloysite nanotubes (CHX-HNTs): 1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5 wt.% by weight, along with a control group (0 wt.% CHX-HNTs). The biofilm inhibition ability of the modified CHX-HNTs acrylic against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae was assessed using microtiter biofilm test. In addition, ten samples from each group were then tested for flexural strength, surface roughness, and hardness. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for comparison (P < 0.05). Results. CHX-HNTs effectively reduced the adhesion of Candida albicans and bacteria to the PMMA in a dose-dependent manner. The higher the concentration of CHX-HNTs, the greater the reduction in microbial adhesion, with the highest concentration (4.5 wt.%) showing the most significant effect with inhibition rates ≥98%. The addition of CHX-HNTs at any tested concentration (1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5 wt.%) did not cause any statistically significant difference in the flexural strength, surface roughness, or hardness of the PMMA compared to the control group. Conclusions. The novel integration of CHX-HNT fillers shows promising results as an effective biofilm inhibitor on acrylic appliances. This new approach has the potential to successfully control infectious diseases without negatively affecting the mechanical properties of the acrylic resin. Clinical Relevance. The integration of CHX-HNTs into presurgical infant orthopedic appliances should be thoroughly assessed as a promising preventive measure to mitigate microbial infections. This evaluation holds significant potential for controlling infectious diseases among infants with cleft lip and palate, thereby offering a valuable contribution to their overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban tailwater typically has a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and adding external carbon sources can effectively improve the denitrification performance of wastewater. However, it is difficult to determine the dosage of additional carbon sources, leading to insufficient or excessive addition. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare solid slow-release carbon source (SRC) materials to solve the difficulty in determining the dosage of carbon sources. This study selected two SRCs of slow-release carbon source 1 (SRC1) and slow-release carbon source 2 (SRC2), with good slow-release performance after static carbon release and batch experiments. The composition of SRC1 was: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/disodium fumarate/polyhydroxy alkanoate (HPMC/DF/PHA) at a ratio of 3:2:4, with an Fe3O4 mass fraction of 3%. The composition of SRC2 was: HPMC/DF/PHA with a ratio of 1:1:1 and an Fe3O4 mass fraction of 3%. The fitted equations of carbon release curves of SRC1 and SRC2 were y = 61.91 + 7190.24e−0.37t and y = 47.92 + 8770.42e−0.43t, respectively. The surfaces of SRC1 and SRC2 had a loose and porous morphological structure, which could increase the specific surface area of materials and be more conducive to the adhesion and metabolism of microorganisms. The experimental nitrogen removal by denitrification with SRCs showed that when the initial total nitrogen concentration was 40.00 mg/L, the nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) concentrations of the SRC1 and SRC2 groups on the 10th day were 2.57 and 2.66 mg/L, respectively. On the 20th day, the NO3−-N concentrations of the SRC1 and SRC2 groups were 1.67 and 2.16 mg/L, respectively, corresponding to removal efficiencies of 95.83% and 94.60%, respectively. The experimental results indicated that SRCs had a good nitrogen removal effect. Developing these kinds of materials can provide a feasible way to overcome the difficulty in determining the dosage of carbon sources in the process of heterotrophic denitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aimed to identify markers of enterococci's virulence potential by evaluating the properties of strains of different sites of isolation. Enterococcal strains were isolated as commensals from faeces and as invasive strains from the urine and blood of patients from the University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland. Changes in monocytes' susceptibility to the cytotoxic activity of isolates of different origins and their adherence to biofilm were evaluated using a flow cytometer. The bacterial protein profile was estimated by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer. The cytotoxicity of biofilm and monocytes' adherence to it were the most accurate factors in predicting the prevalence of the strain in the specific niche. Additionally, a bacterial protein with mass-to-charge ratio (m / z) 5000 was found to be responsible for the increased bacterial cytotoxicity, while monocytes' decreased adherence to biofilm was linked with the presence of proteins either with m / z 3330 or 2435. The results illustrate that monocytes' reaction when exposed to the bacterial biofilm can be used as an estimator of pathogens' virulence potential. The observed differences in monocytes' response are explainable by the bacterial proteins' profile. Additionally, the results indicate that the features of both bacteria and monocytes impact the outcome of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Post-processing (PP) is performed to improve the surface, which can favor microbial adhesion and consequent pathological manifestations that impair the indication of polylactic acid (PLA) obtained by fused filament fabrication (FFF) for biomedical applications. This aims to evaluate the influence of chemical, thermal, and mechanical PP on the adhesion of Streptococcus mutants and Candida albicans , roughness, and wettability of the PLA obtained by FFF with and without thermal aging. The specimens were designed in the 3D modeling program and printed. The chemical PP was performed by immersion in chloroform, the thermal by the annealing method, and the mechanical by polishing. Thermal aging was performed by alternating the temperature from 5 °C to 55 °C with 5000 cycles. Colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) counting was performed on dual-species biofilm of C. albicans and S. mutans. Roughness was analyzed by rugosimeter and wettability by the sessile drop technique. Data were verified for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05) applied for CFU and wettability, and Kruskal-Wallis (α = 0.05) for roughness. Chemical, thermal, and mechanical PP methods showed no influence on CFU/mL of C. albicans (p = 0.296) and S. mutans (p = 0.055). Thermal aging did not influence microbial adhesion. Chemical PP had lower roughness, which had increased after aging. Wettability of the mechanical PP was lower. Post-processing techniques, do not present an influence on the adhesion of S. mutans and C. albicans in PLA obtained by FFF, chemical PP reduced roughness, and mechanical reduced wettability. Thermal aging did not alter the microbial adhesion and altered the roughness and wettability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical, electrochemical and microbiological corrosive degradation of metals is a versatile harmful problem that causes significant economic loss all over the world. The mitigation of these undesired processes needs basic knowledge on the mechanisms of processes in order to control these reactions with environmentally acceptable chemicals and techniques. This paper focuses on the up-to-date possibilities that help in the mitigation of chemical/electrochemical corrosion and, at the same time, in decrease the deposition of corrosion relevant microorganisms, as the microbes in biofilms are more dangerous than the planktonic cells. Some chemicals or coatings due to their specific properties can fulfill multiple functions; they are able to control the corrosion caused by aggressive materials (that could be the metabolites of a corrosion relevant microorganism) and, at the same time, reduce the microbial adhesion. These additives that have important application possibilities in the chemical industry, marine environment, medical field, nanoelectronics, etc., can save energy, materials consumption and cost, and, at the same time, the efficiency is improved. All resolutions will be brought into prominence when the same chemicals (either in dissolved form or in coatings/nanolayers) can effectively control the different appearance of corrosion and, additionally, the microbial adhesion and microbiologically influenced corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms inhabit a range of environments, such as dental plaques or soil micropores, often characterized by noneven surfaces. However, the impact of surface irregularities on the population dynamics of biofilms remains elusive, as most experiments are conducted on flat surfaces. Here, we show that the shape of the surface on which a biofilm grows influences genetic drift and selection within the biofilm. We culture Escherichia coli biofilms in microwells with a corrugated bottom surface and observe the emergence of clonal sectors whose size corresponds to that of the corrugations, despite no physical barrier separating different areas of the biofilm. The sectors are remarkably stable and do not invade each other; we attribute this stability to the characteristics of the velocity field within the biofilm, which hinders mixing and clonal expansion. A microscopically detailed computer model fully reproduces these findings and highlights the role of mechanical interactions such as adhesion and friction in microbial evolution. The model also predicts clonal expansion to be limited even for clones with a significant growth advantage--a finding which we confirm experimentally using a mixture of antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant mutants in the presence of sublethal concentrations of the antibiotic rifampicin. The strong suppression of selection contrasts sharply with the behavior seen in range expansion experiments in bacterial colonies grown on agar. Our results show that biofilm population dynamics can be affected by patterning the surface and demonstrate how a better understanding of the physics of bacterial growth can be used to control microbial evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate microorganism adhesion and biofilm formation between pure and ceramic-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials. Methods: A total of 72 rectangular (8 x 8 x 4 mm) samples were prepared from pure-PEEK without filler and PEEK (Ceramicreinforced PEEK - bio high-performance polymer) containing 20% nano-ceramic filler. A profilometer contact surface measurement device was used to assess the surface roughness of the samples. PEEK groups (36 pure PEEK, 36 Ceramic-reinforced PEEK) were divided into 4 sub-groups of 9 according to the microorganism strains. Staphylococcus aureus [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 29213)], Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) standard strains were used for microbiological analysis. Blocks were added to 24-well microplates containing suspensions of microorganisms and were incubated at 37 °C for 72 hours. Microplates were read at a wavelength of 490 nm using crystal violet. Results: No significant difference was determined between the PEEK groups in terms of surface roughness. No significant differences in biofilm formation of S. aureus, A. baummanii, E. faecalis, and C. albicans strains were found between the PEEK groups (p>0.05). In the pure-PEEK, the highest adhesion was recorded in S. aureus (p<0.001), and the lowest adhesion in C. albicans (p<0.001). In the ceramic-reinforced PEEK group, S. aureus and A. baummanii adhesions were observed more than E. faecalis and C. Albicans (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this investigation demonstrated no significant differences in the biofilm formation of different strains between PEEK materials. This was a preliminary study to define the biological characteristics of ceramic-reinforced PEEK. There is a need for further comparative and clinical studies on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica degrades petroleum compounds, including alkanes, via the monoterminal oxidation pathway, the hydrophobic carbon substrate assimilation is mediated by biosurfactants, and extracellular amphiphilic molecules are produced by the yeast cell. This study focuses on the ability of the strain Y. lipolytica CMGB32 to degrade n-hexadecane by producing biosurfactants with high potential for bioremediation. The hydrocarbon-degrading potential of the yeast strain was observed via a 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) test in Bushnell–Hass medium with 1% n-hexadecane, and cell hydrophobicity was expressed as microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH). Biosurfactant production on yeast peptone (YP) with 1% n-hexadecane was estimated after 72 h using the emulsification index (E24%) against toluene. Crude biosurfactant (cell-free broth) stability tests were performed at different temperatures (4 °C, 70 °C) and NaCl concentrations (2–10%). The effects of a biosurfactant on synthetic wastewater remediation comprised the growth curves (OD measurements) of natural heavy metal degrader Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, determination of nutrients (spectrophotometrically), physico-chemical parameters, and removal capacity of lead and cadmium ions (via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—ICP-MS). The antimicrobial and anti-adherence activities of 20 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL of the biosurfactant against pathogenic Candida krusei strains involved growth observations and the crystal violet microtiter method. The DCPIP decolorization occurred after six days, corresponding to the maximum growth phase of the Y. lipolytica culture. After 72 h, the cells presented high hydrophobicity (82.61% MATH) and stable biosurfactant production (E24% 47%). The crude biosurfactant (5%) increased the growth of R. mucilaginosa strains cultivated on synthetic wastewater cultures contaminated with Pb2+ and Cd2+, increased the conductivity and COD (86%) of the samples, and determined Pb2+ (66%) and Cd2+ (42%) ions reduction. The concentrated biosurfactant inhibited C. krusei growth (70%) and biofilm adherence. In conclusion, Y. lipolytica CMGB32 shows important potential for development of biosurfactant-based technologies for the remediation of heavy-metal- and emerging pathogen-contaminated wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and contact angle of composite resins produced by CAD/CAM milling and three-dimensional (3D) printing for permanent restorations as well as the adhesion of S. mutans and S. sanguinis bacteria to these composites. Three CAD/CAM milling composite resins (Vita Enamic-VE, Cerasmart-CE, Lava Ultimate-LU) and three 3D printing resins (Varseo Smile Crown plus-VSC, Saremco print Crowntech-SPC, Formlabs 3B Permanent crown-FLP) were selected. Twenty samples were prepared for each group. Using a contact profilometer, the surface roughness was determined, and an optical goniometer was used to quantify the contact angle. To evaluate the bacterial adhesion, composite specimens were immersed in mucin containing artificial saliva. All samples were incubated for 24 h at 37°C in 5% CO2. CFUs were determined by counting colonies after the incubation period. Surface roughness values of test samples were the highest in the Group VSC [0.46 (0.14) µm], whereas the lowest values were found in the Group LU [0.23 (0.05) µm]. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in contact angle values (p > 0.05). The S. mutans adhesion extent on the Group SPC was statistically higher compared to all other materials with p < 0.05. For S. sanguinis, the lowest bacterial adhesion value was recorded in Group CE (3.00 × 104 CFU/ml) and statistically significant differences were found with Group VE and VSC (p < 0.05). Different digital manufacturing techniques and material compositions can affect the surface roughnesses of composite resins. All composite resin samples have hydrophobic characteristics. Microbial adhesion of the tested composite resins may be varied depending on the bacterial species. S. mutans showed much more adhesion to these materials than S. sanguinis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Magnetron sputtering was evaluated to equip surfaces of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Material and Methods: Antibacterial properties were evaluated by the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Polyurethane‐based elastomeric ligatures were coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms via direct current magnetron sputtering. Surface roughness (Ra) and surface‐free energy (SFE) were assessed. Coated specimens were incubated with S. mutans for 2 h. Adhering bacteria were visualized by Hoechst staining and quantified by an ATP‐based luminescence assay. One‐way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc testing and Pearson correlation analysis were performed (p <.05) to relate bacterial adhesion to surface roughness and surface‐free energy. Results: Elastomeric ligatures were successfully coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Ra was significantly reduced by silver coating. Silver and bismuth coatings showed significantly higher SFE than controls. Adhesion of S. mutans was significantly decreased by silver coating. No correlation between bacterial adhesion and SFE was found. Correlation between bacterial adhesion and Ra was positive but not statistically significant. Conclusions: Magnetron sputtering proved to be a feasible method to equip orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Silver coatings of elastomeric ligatures may reduce white spots and carious lesions in orthodontic patients. Future research is required to stabilize coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fairly low power density, mainly resulting from poor electroactive bacterial (EAB) adhesion and the sluggish extracellular electron transfer (EET) at the anode interface, constrains the practical implementation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Therefore, the properties of the anode material are considered to be a crucial factor for the long-term operational performance of MFCs. In order to enhance the power production performance of MFCs, an aerogel composed of Fe, N, and S co-doped carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was employed as a high-performance anode material by electrospinning, high-temperature pyrolysis and freeze-drying. The doping of Fe, N and S elements induced the formation of abundant reactive sites on the CNFs, which enhanced the electrochemical performance of the anode and the EET process. The huge electroactive area of the samples facilitated the formation of dense biofilms. Therefore, an MFC with the FeS/Fe3C@NCNFs/rGO-modified anode achieved a maximum power density of 2792.56 mW m−2 and the highest output voltage of 0.658 V, both of which were significantly higher than those of the carbon cloth anode (773.97 mW m−2 and 0.443 V). Considering the great improvement in power production, it has considerable potential as a low-cost but high-performance anode material for MFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human dentin is a highly organized dental tissue displaying a complex microarchitecture consisting of micrometer-sized tubules encased in a mineralized type-I collagen matrix. As such, it serves as an important substrate for the adhesion of microbial colonizers and oral biofilm formation in the context of dental caries disease, including root caries in the elderly. Despite this issue, there remains a current lack of effective biomimetic in vitro dentin models that facilitate the study of oral microbial adhesion by considering the surface architecture at the micro- and nanoscales. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a novel in vitro microfabricated biomimetic dentin surface that simulates the complex surface microarchitecture of exposed dentin. For this, a combination of soft lithography microfabrication and biomaterial science approaches were employed to construct a micropitted PDMS substrate functionalized with mineralized type-I collagen. These dentin analogs were subsequently glycated with methylglyoxal (MGO) to simulate dentin matrix aging in vitro and analyzed utilizing an interdisciplinary array of techniques including atomic force microscopy (AFM), elemental analysis, and electron microscopy. AFM force-mapping demonstrated that the nanomechanical properties of the biomimetic constructs were within the expected biological parameters, and that mineralization was mostly predominated by hydroxyapatite deposition. Finally, dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were grown and characterized on the biofunctionalized PDMS microchips, demonstrating biofilm-specific morphologic characteristics and confirming the suitability of this model for the study of early biofilm formation under controlled conditions. Overall, we expect that this novel biomimetic dentin model could serve as an in vitro platform to study oral biofilm formation or dentin–biomaterial bonding in the laboratory without the need for animal or human tooth samples in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally, often necessitating mastectomy and subsequent breast reconstruction. Silicone mammary implants (SMIs) play a pivotal role in breast reconstruction, yet their interaction with the host immune system and microbiome remains poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of SMI surface topography on host antimicrobial responses, wound proteome dynamics, and microbial colonization. Biological samples were collected from ten human patients undergoing breast reconstruction with SMIs. Mass spectrometry profiles were analyzed for acute and chronic wound proteomes, revealing a nuanced interplay between topography and antimicrobial response proteins. 16S rRNA sequencing assessed microbiome dynamics, unveiling topography-specific variations in microbial composition. Surface topography alterations influenced wound proteome composition. Microbiome analysis revealed heightened diversity around rougher SMIs, emphasizing topography-dependent microbial invasion. In vitro experiments confirmed staphylococcal adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation on SMI surfaces, with increased texture correlating positively with bacterial colonization. This comprehensive investigation highlights the intricate interplay between SMI topography, wound proteome dynamics, and microbial transmission. The findings contribute to understanding host–microbe interactions on SMI surfaces, essential for optimizing clinical applications and minimizing complications in breast reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This study aimed to investigate the changes of cell membrane structure and function of Issatchenkia terricola under citric acid by performing physiological analysis. Methods and results The membrane integrity, surface hydrophobicity, structure, fluidity, apoptosis, and fatty acid methyl esters composition of I. terricola WJL-G4 cells were determined by propidium iodide staining, microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon test, transmission electron microscopy analysis, fluorescence anisotropy, flow cytometry, and gas chromatography-mass, respectively. The results showed that with the increasing of citric acid concentrations, the cell vitality, membrane integrity, and fluidity of I. terricola reduced; meanwhile, apoptosis rate, membrane permeable, hydrophobicity, and ergosterol contents augmented significantly. Compared to control, the activities of Na+, K+-ATPase, and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase increased by 3.73-fold and 6.70-fold, respectively, when citric acid concentration increased to 20 g l−1. The cells cracked and their cytoplasm effused when the citric acid concentration reached 80 g l−1. Conclusions I. terricola could successfully adjust its membrane structure and function below 60 g l−1 of citric acid. However, for citric acid concentrations above 80 g l−1, its structure and function were dramatically changed, which might result in reduced functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6-Iodo-substituted carboxy-quinolines were obtained using a one-pot, three-component method with trifluoroacetic acid as a catalyst under acidic conditions. Iodo-aniline, pyruvic acid and 22 phenyl-substituted aldehydes (we varied the type and number of radicals) or O-heterocycles, resulting in different electronic effects, were the starting components. This approach offers advantages such as rapid response times, cost-effective catalysts, high product yields and efficient purification procedures. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to examine the impact of aldehyde structure on the synthesis pathway. A library of compounds was obtained and characterized by FT-IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and single-ray crystal diffractometry. Their antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, K. pneumonie and C. parapsilosis was tested in vitro. The effect of iodo-quinoline derivatives on microbial adhesion, the initial stage of microbial biofilm development, was also investigated. This study suggests that carboxy-quinoline derivatives bearing an iodine atom are interesting scaffolds for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone materials are widely used in fouling release coatings, but developing eco-friendly protection via biosourced coatings, such as polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHA) presents a major challenge. Anti-bioadhesion properties of medium chain length PHA and short chain length PHA films are studied and compared with a reference Polydimethylsiloxane coating. The results highlight the best capability of the soft and low-roughness PHA-mcl films to resist bacteria or diatoms adsorption as compared to neat PDMS and PHBHV coatings. These parameters are insufficient to explain all the results and other properties related to PHA crystallinity are discussed. Moreover, the addition of a low amount of PEG copolymers within the coatings, to create amphiphilic coatings, boosts their anti-adhesive properties. This work reveals the importance of the physical or chemical ambiguity of surfaces in their anti-adhesive effectiveness and highlights the potential of PHA-mcl film to resist the primary adhesion of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living photovoltaics are microbial electrochemical devices that use whole cell–electrode interactions to convert solar energy to electricity. The bottleneck in these technologies is the limited electron transfer between the microbe and the electrode surface. This study focuses on enhancing this transfer by engineering a polydopamine (PDA) coating on the outer membrane of the photosynthetic microbe Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. This coating provides a conductive nanoparticle shell to increase electrode adhesion and improve microbial charge extraction. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Vis absorption, and Raman spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the nanoparticle shell under various synthesis conditions. The cell viability and activity were further assessed through oxygen evolution, growth curve, and confocal fluorescence microscopy measurements. The results show sustained cell growth and detectable PDA surface coverage under slightly alkaline conditions (pH 7.5) and at low initial dopamine (DA) concentrations (1 mM). The exoelectrogenicity of the cells prepared under these conditions was also characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The measurements show a three-fold enhancement in the photocurrent at an applied bias of 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl [3 M KCl]) compared to non-coated cells. This study thus lays the framework for engineering the next generation of living photovoltaics with improved performances using biosynthetic electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of bone tissue engineering is steadily being improved by novel experimental approaches. Nevertheless, microbial adhesion after scaffold implantation remains a limitation that could lead to the impairment of the regeneration process, or scaffold rejection. The present study introduces a methodology that employs laser-based strategies for the development of antimicrobial interfaces on tricalcium phosphate–hydroxyapatite (TCP-HA) scaffolds. The outer surfaces of the ceramic scaffolds with inner porosity were structured using a femtosecond laser (λ = 800 nm; τ = 70 fs) for developing micropatterns and altering local surface roughness. The pulsed laser deposition of ZnO was used for the subsequent functionalization of both laser-structured and unmodified surfaces. The impact of the fs irradiation was investigated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of the ZnO-layered ceramic surfaces on initial bacterial adherence were assessed by culturing Staphylococcus aureus on both functionalized and non-functionalized scaffolds. Bacterial metabolic activity and morphology were monitored via the Resazurin assay and microscopic approaches. The presence of ZnO evidently decreased the metabolic activity of bacteria and led to impaired cell morphology. The results from this study have led to the conclusion that the combination of fs laser-structured surface topography and ZnO could yield a potential antimicrobial interface for implants in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine plastic pollution is rapidly colonized by a biofilm of microorganisms associated with the control of biogeochemical cycles, plastic biodegradation, and potentially pathogenic activities. An extensive number of studies have described the taxonomic composition of this biofilm, referred to as the 'plastisphere', and previous reviews have reported on the influence of location, plastic type, and plastic-biodegradation ability on plastisphere formation. However, few studies have investigated the metabolic activity of this complex biofilm and how microbial pathogenicity and bioremediation could be regulated in this ecosystem. In this review, we highlight the understudied molecular and abiotic factors influencing plastisphere formation and microbial functioning beyond taxonomic description. In this context, we critically discuss the impacts of (i) organism-organism interaction, (ii) microbial cell wall composition, and (iii) commonly encountered plastic-bound co-pollutants (heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, UV filters). For the first time, we review the anticipated impact of lipophilic organic UV-filters – found in plastic additives and sunscreens – on the plastisphere due to their reported affinity for plastics, persistence, and co-location at high concentrations in touristic coastal environments. Herein, we integrate the findings of 34 global studies exploring plastisphere composition, 35 studies quantifying co-pollutant concentrations, and draw upon 52 studies of cell -cell and -substrate interaction to deduce the inferred, yet still unknown, metabolic interactions within this niche. Finally, we provide novel future directions for the advancement of functional plastisphere research applying advanced molecular tools to new, and appropriate research questions. Data was compiled from 97 plastispheres across 34 different studies and an additional 87 studies relating to the impacts of plastisphere components on microbial species. The biotic and abiotic factors influencing microbial adhesion to different plastic polymers, including cell wall composition, and plastisphere location are considered. The impacts of heavy metals and organic co-pollutants – and for the first time, organic UV-filters – on plastisphere formation and function are reviewed and discussed. A change in direction from novel research questions to the use of state-of-the-art methodologies are recommended for the advancement of functional plastisphere research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint replacement is a common surgery and is predominantly utilized for treatment of osteoarthritis in the aging population. The longevity of many of these implants depends on bony ingrowth. Here, we provide an overview of current techniques in osteogenesis (inducing bone growth onto an implant), which is affected by aging and inflammation. In this review we cover the biologic underpinnings of these processes as well as the clinical applications. Overall, aging has a significant effect at the cellular and macroscopic level that impacts osteosynthesis at bone-metal interfaces after joint arthroplasty; potential solutions include targeting prolonged inflammation, preventing microbial adhesion, and enhancing osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This hypothesis demonstrates that the efficiency of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for nucleic acid detection can be positively influenced by the preconcentration of microbial cells onto hydrophobic paper surfaces. The mechanism of this model is based on the high affinity of microbes towards hydrophobic surfaces. Extensive studies have demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces exhibit enhanced bacterial and fungal adhesion. By exploiting this inherent affinity of hydrophobic paper substrates, the preconcentration approach enables the adherence of a greater number of target cells, resulting in a higher concentration of target templates for amplification directly from urine samples. In contrast to conventional methods, which often involve complex procedures, this approach offers a simpler, cost-effective, and user-friendly alternative. Moreover, the integration of cell adhesion, LAMP amplification, and signal readout within paper origami-based devices can provide a portable, robust, and highly efficient platform for rapid nucleic acid detection. This innovative hypothesis holds significant potential for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and field surveillance applications. Further research and development in this field will advance the implementation of this technology, contributing to improved healthcare systems and public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens worldwide has raised concerns regarding the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This can be observed in ESKAPE pathogens, among others, whose multiple resistance mechanisms have led to a reduction in effective treatment options. Innovative strategies aimed at mitigating the incidence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens encompass the potential use of biosurfactants. These surface-active agents comprise a group of unique amphiphilic molecules of microbial origin that are capable of interacting with the lipidic components of microorganisms. Biosurfactant interactions with different surfaces can affect their hydrophobic properties and as a result, their ability to alter microorganisms' adhesion abilities and consequent biofilm formation. Unlike synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants present low toxicity and high biodegradability and remain stable under temperature and pH extremes, making them potentially suitable for targeted use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. This review discusses the development of biosurfactants in biomedical and therapeutic uses as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents, in addition to considering the potential synergistic effect of biosurfactants in combination with antibiotics. Furthermore, the anti-cancer and anti-viral potential of biosurfactants in relation to COVID-19 is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilms pose serious problems in medical and industrial settings. One of the major societal challenges lies in the increasing resistance of bacteria against biocides used in antimicrobial treatments, e.g., via overabundant use in medicine, industry, and agriculture or cleaning and disinfection in private households. Hence, new efficient bacteria‐repellent strategies avoiding the use of biocides are strongly desired. One promising route to achieve bacteria‐repellent surfaces lies in the contactless and aseptic large‐area laser‐processing of technical surfaces. Tailored surface textures, enabled by different laser‐processing strategies that result in topographic scales ranging from nanometers to micrometers may provide a solution to this challenge. This article presents a current state‐of‐the‐art review of laser‐surface subtractive texturing approaches for controlling the biofilm formation for different bacterial strains and in different environments. Based on specific properties of bacteria and laser‐processed surfaces, the challenges of anti‐microbial surface designs are discussed, and future directions will be outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology: It is an application to study the basic principles of molecules and compounds that do not exceed one hundred nanometers in size and to engineer them for use in useful applications such as in the field of medicine to treat cancerous diseases and various microbial infections and in the field of engineering, chemistry, physics and other sciences. Numerous bacteria strains that are resistant to antibiotics have arisen as a result of the careless and overuse use antibiotics. As a result, the use of nanoparticles has emerged as a competitive substitute for antibiotics in the fight against the evolution of bacterial drug resistance. In addition to having strong antimicrobial properties that may act by weakening already-existing antimicrobial mechanisms, many organic and inorganic nanomaterials also have unique physical and chemical properties that make them important for the quick, sensitive, and selective detection of microbial infections. Furthermore, compared to traditional antibiotics, nanoparticles have less negative effects. In addition, the incorporation of antimicrobial nanomaterial in medical devices can prevent microbial adhesion and infection, also it used as vaccine adjuvants and/or delivery vehicles can evoke more efficient immune responses against microbial infection. The process of microbial production of nanoparticles (NPs) involves a bottom-up approach. Defense mechanisms for detoxification, such as the oxidation/reduction of metal ions, the creation of metal phosphates, carbonates, and sulfides, or the volatilization of metal ions, function as vital survival procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slippery surfaces (i.e., surfaces that display high liquid droplet mobility) are receiving significant attention due to their biofluidic applications. Non‐textured, all‐solid, slippery hydrophilic (SLIC) surfaces are an emerging class of rare and counter‐intuitive surfaces. In this work, the interactions of blood and bacteria with SLIC surfaces are investigated. The SLIC surfaces demonstrate significantly lower platelet and leukocyte adhesion (≈97.2% decrease in surface coverage), and correspondingly low platelet activation, as well as significantly lower bacterial adhesion (≈99.7% decrease in surface coverage of live Escherichia Coli and ≈99.6% decrease in surface coverage of live Staphylococcus Aureus) and proliferation compared to untreated silicon substrates, indicating their potential for practical biomedical applications. The study envisions that the SLIC surfaces will pave the path to improved biomedical devices with favorable blood and bacteria interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nylon versus heat‑cure acrylic resin on microbial adhesion of a closed hollowed obturator. Patients and methods Twelve male patients with a unilaterally acquired maxillary defect (Aramany Class IV) were chosen from the outpatient clinic of the Prosthodontics Department at the Faculty of Dentistry, Sinai University (Kantara branch). These patients were divided into two equal groups: group I was provided with an obturator made of heat‑cured acrylic resin (P.M.M.A.‑Vertex), while group II received an obturator made of thermopress resin (nylon breflex, 2nd edition). Each group underwent microbial evaluation through follow‑up recall visits at 2 and 4 weeks. The results were recorded, tabulated, and subjected to statistical analysis. Results There is a significant difference between group I and group II. The conventional acrylic resin group showed higher bacterial adhesion than the nylon. Conclusion Within the limitations of the study, a closed hollow bulb constructed with thermopress resin exhibits reduced bacterial colonization when compared to heat‑cured acrylic resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesDigital denture fabrication became an alternative method to conventional denture fabrication. However reviewing the antimicrobial performance of newly introduced digital fabrication methods in comparison to the conventional method is neglected. Aim of study: this review was to compare the antiadherence properties of various CAD-CAM subtractive (milled), additive (3D printed) conventional denture base resins. In order to answer the developed PICO question: “Does CAD-CAM milled and 3D printed denture base resins have microbiological antiadherence properties over the conventional ones?” We included comparative studies on digitally fabricated Denture base resins with conventionally fabricated one in term of microbial adhesion.MethodsAll in vitro studies investigated the microbial adherence to CAD-CAM milled and 3D printed denture base resins in comparison to conventional were searched in the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases up to December 2023.ResultsFifteen studies have been investigated the microbial adhesion to milled and 3D printed denture base resins. CAD-CAM milled resins significantly decreased the microbial adhesion when compared with the conventional resins and 3D printed resins, while the later showed a high tendency for microbial adhesion. The addition of antifungal agents to 3D printed resins significantly reduced C. albicans adhesion. In terms of 3D printing parameters, printing orientation affected adherence while printing technology had no effect on microbial adhesion.ConclusionDenture base materials and fabrication methods significantly affect the microbial adhesion. CAD-CAM milled denture base resins demonstrated low microbial adhesion. 3D-printed resins showed high tendency for C. albicans adhesion. The antiadherent properties of 3D-printed resins can be improved by incorporating antifungal agents or changing the printing parameters, but further investigations are required to validate these modifications.

Abstract Objectives Magnetron sputtering was evaluated to equip surfaces of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Material and Methods Antibacterial properties were evaluated by the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Polyurethane‐based elastomeric ligatures were coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms via direct current magnetron sputtering. Surface roughness (Ra) and surface‐free energy (SFE) were assessed. Coated specimens were incubated with S. mutans for 2 h. Adhering bacteria were visualized by Hoechst staining and quantified by an ATP‐based luminescence assay. One‐way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc testing and Pearson correlation analysis were performed (p