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This paper presents progressive results of the project named Development of automated resource standardization system for energy- efficient construction (NORMENG) that have been achieved till the half of the three years duration of the project. The research has been directed in two streams. The first one is a study of classification systems for the construction industry (e.g., Uniclass 2015, OmniClass, CoClass, etc.) that enable data structuring in an agreed way and can be used for structuring cost information, specifications, and project information in general. The importance of classification is growing because building projects get more complex and international, but also because project data are based on automated processes. The second stream of research is dealing with construction work progress monitoring with use of two different digitalization tools: Faro Focus LIDAR scanner and drones. To find out the limitations of the rather innovative process of progress monitoring, six different work types were monitored, ranging from masonry works to fine plastering and painting works. The experimentation of the progress monitoring was conducted on a small house specially designed to implement all these six work types and to test out the possibilities and limitations of the progress monitoring technology in these specific conditions. In this paper, the authors will present the initial conclusions of the progress monitoring.

This research paper aims to bring closer the concepts of game theory and public procurement and to point out their connection and all the possibilities that the application of game theory opens in the field of public procurement in the construction industry. The idea behind the research was that game theory is used in public procurement processes, but that the players themselves, or bidders, may not be aware of this fact. In addition, the paper points out the existing application and some new possibilities. The process of creating this paper was based on the study of the already existing literature on game theory followed by a study of Croatia’s Public Procurement legislation. To gain further understanding of the two unrelated concepts and their potential interrelations, a survey was conducted in the form of an informative interview with two construction companies. Through these conversations, real possibilities of applying game theory were noticed, as well as the desire of companies to apply the game theory principles, while also realizing shortcomings that could occur. Finally, the paper presents a mathematical model which can be used as a decision support tool in the public tendering process, which was tested in two bidding processes. The application of game theory is not recommended as the only approach to public procurement tenders, but combined with experience, calculations, and other expert knowledge, it can certainly contribute to a better understanding of competition in public procurement bidding processes and increase the chances of success.

The European Union's (EU) main goal, as stated in the EU Green Deal, is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, and the construction sector plays a significant role in this achievement through efforts to make infrastructure, commercial, and private projects more sustainable. For many years, Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) has been used to evaluate and make decisions on co- financing large infrastructure projects funded by the EU. As a result, the EU has incorporated the CBA into its cohesion policies, major initiative objectives, major sectoral policies, and common links, such as climate change and resource efficiency. However, in order to achieve ambitious European goals, the CBA has found a much broader application and is now used for the evaluation of circular economy projects, alternative materials in construction projects, in waste management and sustainable design, or to prove the efficiency of information processes or corporate governance. This paper will provide an overview of the use of CBA in assessing various construction projects, as well as categorize identified benefits that were monetized in each group of projects. Finally, the general advantages and disadvantages of using CBA when evaluating and selecting projects from various construction areas will be summarized.

Construction industry remains one of the most hazardous industries to work in, despite numerous efforts by researchers and practitioners to improve levels of Health & Safety (H&S) and reduce the number of accidents which occur on the construction sites. A potential method to reduce the number accidents is to educate construction workers in hazard identification and to raise their awareness of the risks they face at the construction site through the use of emerging technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). This paper presents the first intellectual output of an Erasmus+ project titled Construction Safety with Education and Training using Immersive Reality (CSETIR), whose goal is to examine and apply such VR and AR tools to improve the levels of H&S. Through the literature review and discussions with relevant stakeholders, most appropriate training methods were identified for the development of safety educational tools in the following project phases. VR and AR technologies have the potential to train construction workers in H&S, especially those who have little experience in construction safety, workers with literacy limitations and workers that do not speak the local language. Visual training tools, especially immersive ones, also provide better retention of acquired knowledge and skills. An immersive reality safety education tool, therefore, has the potential to increase the levels of construction H&S and to reduce the number of accidents at construction sites.

Normiranje rada projektanata i nadzornih inženjera zahtjevan je poduhvat s mnogo nepoznanica, pogotovo u usporedbi s normiranjem rada radnika čiji je radni proces lako pratiti. Inženjerske aktivnosti složenije su i obuhvaćaju velik opseg rada koji nije izravno vidljiv u konačnome proizvodu. Zato bi cilj takvoga normiranja rada projektanata i nadzornih inženjera bio istražiti koje je to prosječno vrijeme koje bi bilo potrebno za izradu projektne ili druge dokumentacije za određenu vrstu građevinskoga poduhvata u odnosu na složenost i na procijenjenu vrijednost građenja. Prethodna znanstvena istraživanja na temu normiranja rada projektanata uglavnom su teorijska i ne nude praktične primjene za normiranje. Postojeći i još uvijek važeći Pravilnik nudi upravo jedno takvo praktično rješenje na temelju kojeg se može izračunati broj norma sati, međutim trebalo bi ga uskladiti s trenutačnom regulativom i stanjem u građevinarstvu. U predavanju detaljnije je prikazana problematika normiranja rada projektanata te su prikazane izmjene i aktualizacije u novopredloženom tekstu pravilnika o standardu usluga projektiranja i stručnog nadzora građenja osoba građevinske struke.

Rad projektanata kreativan je postupak kojeg je teško standardizirati i potom vremenski normirati. Aktualni Pravilnici o standardima usluga daju neka početna rješenja kako procijeniti potreban broj norma sati, međutim potrebno ih je prvo aktualizirati, a kasnije i unaprijediti. Ovo će predavanje stoga predstaviti trenutačnu metodu izračuna norma sati rada inženjera građevinarstva, prikazati aktivnosti koje je Povjerenstvo za normiranje poslova i usluga pri HKIG provelo na izradi nove verzije Pravilnika o standardu usluga te planirane daljnje korake.

This paper presents the goals of a project named Development of automated resource standardization system for energy-efficient construction (NORMENG) and how it is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals and the education of civil engineers. The project itself was started with the idea of modernising the construction industry in Croatia. Lack of up to date, automated system for resource standardization is a significant setback in all areas of construction, from education to practical work. Bringing changes in the education of civil engineers is a first step, one significant for the future of the construction industry in Croatia because educating a new generation of engineers, giving them proper tools to keep up with new ways of building, solutions for new problems they might come across. Educating a new generation of civil engineers will help the whole industry to increase productivity and to generally move forward. The project itself is related to the following topics of this conference: SDG4 – improving quality of education for civil engineers ; SDG8 – increasing production should lead to increased decent work and economic growth ; SDG9 - Industry, innovation and infrastructure as a project is focused on innovation in the construction industry of Croatia ; and because of projects focus on green building, it is also related to SDG11 – sustainable cities and development and SDG13 – climate action as well. The project not only aims to develop labour productivity standards and to improve productivity, but it also aims to do so for those types of construction works that are important for green building. The construction industry is usually seen only as a danger for the protected environment due to the nature of the works, but that can be changed ; there is a lot of space to reduce negative effects on the environment and to help preserve it at the same time. Hopefully, with the successful conclusion of this project and the application of achieved results in practical work, contractors from Croatia and the region will see benefits in green building and decide to change their policy of work, as green building is not only important for preserving the planet and reducing climate change effects, but this project will also try to prove it as cost-efficient compared to traditional ways of building.

This paper compares the feasibility of constructing a building using standard technology (materials and systems) and building by applying the low energy building principles. On the one hand, the construction sector is one of the largest environmental polluters and on the other hand, it is experiencing growth so there is a need for low energy construction to reduce the adverse environmental impacts. In this paper, two building types for the same building have been analyzed. The first type is insulated according to the minimum technical requirements under the conditions of the current regulation. Natural gas is used as a heating energy source and cooling is done via an air conditioner (electricity). For the second type, building materials and heating / cooling system were changed. For both building types construction costs and annual energy consumption were calculated. Based on the investment costs and the planned realized revenues, an economic and financial analysis was made as a basis for the evaluation of the investment project. The estimate shows that despite of the higher initial costs by using low energy building principles, significant savings are achieved in total energy consumption at the stage of building use, for an investor but also for the end-user.

This dissertation presents the development of the Hazard integration system (System). The System was developed with a goal to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities and to improve the Health and Safety (H&S) process in the construction industry. It does so by leveraging the potential of innovative technologies, namely Building Information Modelling (BIM), to enable automated hazard identification through combining the data rich BIM models with a specially developed Construction hazards database. The basic premise of the System is that all elements of the BIM model, which represent real elements of the constructed building, are constructed from a known and finite number of individual construction activities. Those construction activities are performed by construction workers and generate construction hazards while they are performed. The hazards, in turn, potentially effect the workers performing the construction activities. Through the literature review it was discovered that a majority of research is focused on the construction phase of the project and on one project type, specifally buildings. Furthermore, an overwhelming proportion is focused on the industry and project level with a relatively small focus on activity and task levels. Finally, of those research focusing on the activity level, most are focused on identifying specific hazards, such as fall hazards, congestion or collision hazards. This research contributes to the field of construction Health and Safety by developing a conceptually universal hazard identification methodology. The developed concept can be applied to identify hazards generated by performing construction activities on any building element modellable in BIM.

Ovaj članak prikazuje izazove s kojima se susreću nadzorni inženjeri u okviru njihovih obaveza propisanih regulativom i ugovornim odnosima u području kontrole količina izvedenih radova i praćenja napretka radova te načine prevladavanja tih izazova. Trenutne metode kontrole količina, iako su dokazane u praksi i dovoljno točne u primjeni, polako postaju nedovoljno učinkovite obzirom na moderne zahtjeve građevinske industrije. Potreba za modernizacijom povećava se proporcionalno s porastom složenosti građevinskih projekata i sve većim zahtjevima za učinkovitosti. Određen broj novih tehnologija koje su primarno razvijene za druge svrhe mogu se prilagoditi upotrebi u građevinarstvu kako bi se ubrzao i automatizirao proces kontrole količina izvedenih radova i praćenju izvršenja. Prednosti modernizacije ne uključuju samo povećanje brzine obavljanja tih zadataka već i povećanja točnosti budući da se ljudski faktor u procesu može barem djelomično poboljšati moderniziranim tehnikama prikupljanja podataka. Tehnologije obrađene u članku prezentirat će se skupa sa svojim prednostima i nedostacima u kontekstu mjerenja količina izvedenih radova. Poseban naglasak bit će stavljen na Building Information Modelling (BIM) kao platformu za mjerenje i izvještavanje o napretku izvršavanja građevinskih radova kroz integraciju s navedenim tehnologijama.

Requirements of the job market have substantially changed in the recent years while the teaching methods have remained largely the same. Employers find the graduates lacking in teamwork, communication and other soft skills as well as in engineering thinking, engineering intuition and higher order thinking and problem solving skills. Project based learning (PBL) appears to provide an alternative teaching process capable of addressing these employers’ needs. The problem arises with implementation of PBL into existing engineering curricula, which are not flexible and easily changeable. Therefore, if full scale implementation of PBL courses is difficult, most significant advantages and barriers to implementation should be sought out. Goal of the paper was to discover the most significant advantages and disadvantages of PBL from the students’ and professors’ point of view. To that end, both students and professors were questioned on their perception of PBL from their own personal experience on a complex interdisciplinary student project. Taking into account the difference in sample sizes of the two groups, the students’ opinions were collected through an online survey and the professors’ through semistructured interviews and an ABC method questionnaire. Research findings from this paper may be used to determine which aspects of PBL are most suited for engineering education and conversely, which should be focused on the most. On the other hand, it is useful to know which disadvantages and barriers to implementation are the most significant and which need to be overcome first to enable PBL implementation.

Rad prikazuje trenutno stanje istraživanja u području provedbe i primjene načela zaštite na radu u građevinarstvu u fazi projektiranja.

U radu se prikazuje potencijal primjene modeliranja organizacijskih procesa u procesu gradnje. Kroz pregled literature dane su definicije osnovnih pojmova te su definirane općenite prednosti i nedostaci modeliranja organizacijskih procesa. Od navedenih prednosti odabrane su one koje su najprimjenjivije na građevinarstvo te je primjerom iz sfere aktivnosti stručnog nadzora pokazana prednost modeliranja

Project Based Learning (PBL) is a teaching method that has re-emerged in recent years as an alternative to traditional education. The demands of the work market have grown in such a way that certain skills are required of young engineers, which cannot be acquired through traditional education. Literature research suggest that PBL is better suited for today’s engineering education, but PBL itself has a few shortcomings compared to the traditional education. This paper details the implementation and the implications of project based learning on an interdisciplinary and a technologically complicated project. The project in the focus is the MemBrain project, a student application to the international competition where the goal was to design and build a passive smart house in which the participants were students and mentors from 13 faculties of the University of Zagreb. The paper gives an introduction into what PBL is and a literature review with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of PBL. A survey was then carried out among the students of Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb who participated in the MemBrain project with the goal to examine their opinions on PBL in general and their experience on the project. Those findings were compared to the findings in the literature review and conclusions were made.

Koncept Membrain studentski je projekt projektiranja i izgradnje samoodržive montažne kuće za sudjelovanje na natjecanju Solar Decathlon 2014. Rad prikazuje inovativne tehničke karakteristike objekta te proces provedbe projekta od nastanka ideje do realizacije i gradnje.

ESCO (Energy Service Company) describes the companies that deliver the energy service or more specifically, develop, implement and provide or arrange financing for upfront energy efficiency (EE) investments for its clients. The fundamental concept of the ESCO business model is that the client does not have to come up with any upfront capital investment and is only responsible for repaying the investment made or arranged by the ESCO. Repayments are made from the energy savings. Issues related to energy efficiency are known for a long time and solving the problems of high energy demands, high and growing energy price is a global priority. This article aims to investigate and demonstrate how ESCO models can help in improving energy efficiency and achieving energy savings. Available literature regarding ESCO models, legal and strategic documents about energy efficiency and ESCO market reports were used as resources. It was shown that ESCO projects can achieve significant energy savings, are a great quality solution for improving energy efficiency and that the ESCO market in Europe, including Croatia, is constantly growing and has a big potential for further development.

U predavanju su opisana iskustva nastavnika u provedbi projekne nastave na projektu Concept memBrain za studentsko natjecanja Solar Decathlon Europe.

There are lot of interfaces among civil engineering and geodesy. Two disciplines share the same engineering background and their body of knowledge interferes remarkably. The education processes contain the similarities in modules, and some of them are provided by each other. The system of professional chambers and other professional bodies is similar, and all that is overlapped with common legislative environment. Civil engineering project activities are based on data from cadastre and any activity at the construction site is followed by geodetic survey and measurement that can be for its complexity the subject of particular engineering challenge. The professionals from two fields cooperate in everyday activities and take each other as a matter of fact. However, the question is how we know each other beyond the common activities, how we are happy with our professional relations, do we have any suggestions for improvement of cooperation and what are the differences and similarities in perception of each other. This paper will summarize and characterize the contact areas among two professional fields, as well as present the results of research based on semi-structured interview on mutual perception of two professions. The interviews will be done with experts in both branches working at different positions within public institutions and private companies both civil engineering and geodetic. The goal of the research is to enable the better understanding of both fields and to improve the cooperation of these side by side existing professions.

Mjesec svibanj 2014. Slavonija će pamtiti po poplavama. Stradala je infrastruktura, javni objekti i obiteljske kuće. Hrvatska komora inženjera građevinarstva (HKIG) ponudila je raspoložive resurse Ministarstvu graditeljstva i prostornoga uređenja s ciljem pružanja stručne pomoći za provedbu potrebnih aktivnosti na poplavljenim područjima. Zbog razmjera štete počinjene u katastrofalnoj poplavi, trebalo je u kratkom roku angažirati veći broj stručnjaka pa je HKIG pozvala svoje članstvo da volonterski sudjeluje u planiranim aktivnostima pod sloganom Poklonimo Slavoniji jedan svoj radni dan. Osim što je ponudila znanje i volonterski rad svojih članova HKIG je organizirala i financirala izradu metodologije ocjene stanja, prikupljanje podataka o oštećenjima, izradu baze podataka i izvještaja potrebnih Ministarstvu za odlučivanje o daljnjim akcijama. U tom smislu procijenjena je šteta i izrađeni su troškovnici za oko 1029 objekata.

U radu se analizira pojam, uloga i važnost informacija u suvremenom poslovanju, a posebno u graditeljstvu. Iznose se bitne teoretske činjenice o načelima upravljanja poslovnim informacijama, kao i rezultati istraživanja prisutne prakse u hrvatskom graditeljstvu na razini institucija državne uprave nadležnih za područje graditeljstva. Konstatiraju se mogućnosti za značajno unapređenje upravljanja poslovnim informacijama te se radi održivog upravljanja nacionalnim građevinarstvom identificira nužnost povezivanja svih društvenih dionika.

The management of business information is of great importance in construction at the levels of process, company and the industry. This paper presents the methodology for investigating the practice of business information management. The particular module of methodology has been created in order to investigate the formal position and the real contribution of institutions and public bodies in management of information relevant to the construction industry. The methodology has so far been applied on the sample of more than one hundred Croatian construction and construction engineering companies as well as in four important public institutions. The results of this research will be shown in the paper, same as the proposal for widening the sample to international level. The cooperation with research teams in different countries could be of great interest and could bring the possibility for identification and application of best practice.

zoni Koprivničkog Ivanca. Oblikovana je za proizvodnju 20 MW električne energije, koja će se isporučivati javnoj mreži. Iako je ovo uglavnom strojarski projekt, zanimljiv je i građevinarima zbog segmenta vođenja projekta koji obavljaju građevinari i zbog nekoliko konstrukcijskih rješenja. Ova elektrana je jedinstvena u regiji zbog svoje snage i primjene tehnika i tehnologija koje su u skladu s najboljim raspoloživim tehnikama. Ovakav pristup garantira postizanje svjetskih standarda zaštite okoliša.