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Soil pH and salinity significantly affect plant biogeochemical safety, ionome, and nutritional balance. Under such conditions, we established local compositional nutrient diagnosis standards using the centered log ratio (CNDclr*) means and standard deviations of the ionome from high-yield and nutritionally balanced 'Sirvan' wheat specimens (Triticum aestivum L. var. 'Sirvan'). Critical nutrient indices (I2X) and the critical yield of the wheat fields were determined based on the Cate-Nelson method. The Cate-Nelson model indicates that for yields above 6974.9 kg/ha, the CNDr2 index value must be below 17.645. According to clr indices the most critical leaf nutritional indices influencing the performance of low-yield 'Sirvan' wheat fields on calcareous and saline soils were identified. Among the leaf nutrient indices in low-yield populations of 'Sirvan' wheat fields, increasing leaf Ca, P, Mn, Cu, N, and Zn, while decreasing Mg, B, and K, and bringing them closer to zero within the range of nutritional balance, can have significant effects on yield under saline and calcareous soil conditions, countering the negative impact of high pH due to alkaline salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide distribution and the host range of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) have significantly changed in the last decade with numerous outbreaks reported in the Old Continent. Among the different European isolates, those of the subspecies pauca have been ranked as highly pathogenic, being the causal agents of the olive quick decline decimating olive trees in southern Italy. Significant research investments have been devoted towards finding therapeutic approaches to mitigate the impact of the infections in highly susceptible host species. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro efficacy against Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) of different classes of products, including metal ions, micronutrients, antibiotics, and phenolic compounds. The slow and fastidious growth of the bacterium requires optimization of specific protocols to assess antibacterial activities and the effect on biofilm formation. The results showed a dose–response effect against Xf for most products. Notably, among micronutrients and phenolic compounds, CuSO4·5H2O, Dentamet®, pyrocatechol and 4-methylcatechol showed the highest bactericidal and antibiofilm activity. At the same time, antibiotics demonstrated substantial bacteriostatic activity effectively inhibiting biofilm formation. For metal ions, such as CoCl2, K2B4O7·4H2O and MnSO4·H2O, significant effects on bacterial cell viability were recorded but were not able to completely kill the bacterium. Regarding the antibiofilm activity, some of them were able to inhibit biofilm formation, while others increased its formation. Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2MoO4 were found to promote the growth of Xf. The methodologies described proved to be useful for profiling the antimicrobial activity of a large panel of compounds and the data collected provide evidence of their in vitro effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Consumption of pseudocereal‐based foods decreased in phytate concentration can provide better nutrition concerning mineral bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the mineral bioavailability of quinoa sourdough‐based snacks in a murine model. The mice were divided into five groups. One group was fed with basal snacks; three control groups received quinoa‐based snacks made from non‐fermented dough, dough without inoculum, and chemically acidified dough; and the test group (GF) received quinoa snacks elaborated from sourdough fermented by a phytase‐positive strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 1964. Food intake, body weight, and mineral concentration in blood and organs (liver, kidney, and femur) were determined. RESULTS: Food consumption increased during the feeding period and had the highest (16.2–24.5%) consumption in the GF group. Body weight also increased during the 6‐weeks of trial. The GF group showed higher (6.0–10.2%) body weight compared with the other groups from the fifth week. The concentrations of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood, iron and phosphorus in the liver, manganese and magnesium in the kidney, and calcium and phosphorus in the femur increased significantly (1.1–2.7‐fold) in the GF group compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION: The diet that includes quinoa snacks elaborated with sourdough fermented by phytase‐positive strain L. plantarum CRL 1964 increased the concentrations of minerals in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur of mice, counteracting the antinutritional effects of phytate. This study demonstrates that the diminution in phytate content and the consequent biofortification in minerals are a suitable tool for producing novel foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) application may affect the plant response to nitrogen (N), possibly by changing the uptake, concentration, and partitioning of nutrients in plant tissues; however, this has not yet been proven in Arabica coffee plants. The effects of Si application methods [no Si, soil-applied soluble Si (168 mg Si L−1), and foliar-applied soluble Si (two application of 2 mg Si plant−1)] and N levels (0 and 80 mg N L−1) on biomass production and partitioning and uptake, partitioning, and stoichiometry of nutrients and Si in young Arabica coffee plants grown under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Nitrogen fertilization increased the biomass production and uptake of all nutrients; however, reduced the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Si in the leaves, Si in the stems, and K, Mg, and S in the roots of coffee plants as a dilution effect. In the presence of N, soil-applied Si increased the concentrations of Zn in the leaves and Ca and Si in the stems, the uptake of K, S, and Si, and the Si:N ratio. Foliar-applied Si increased the concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn in the leaves and Ca and Si in the stems, as well as the total uptake of K and Si and the Si:N ratio in coffee plants, being more evident in the N fertilization presence. This study unraveled that, especially when it was soil-applied, Si altered the nutrient uptake, allocation, and stoichiometric ratios with N, with a consequent increase in biomass production of young coffee plants fertilized with N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shalini, R.; Arisekar, U.; Jeyasekaran, G; Shakila, R.J.; Sundhar, S.; Sivaraman, B., and Tamizhselvan, S., 2025. Mineral composition of the commercially valuable fish and shellfish caught along the Thoothukudi Coast, Southeast India. Journal of Coastal Research, 41(1), 94–104. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The SE coast of India boasts a diverse array of fish species, influenced by its geographical features, coastal habitats, and marine ecosystems. To study the nutritional value of fish and shellfish, the concentration of seven minerals (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], iron [Fe], zinc [Zn], copper [Cu], manganese [Mn], and selenium [Se]) in 28 commercially valuable finfish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and bivalves along Thoothukudi region of the SE coast of India was analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer. Based on the concentration, the minerals were in the order of Mg > Ca > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Se. The mineral concentration varied among different finfish and shellfish. The highest total mineral concentration was recorded in oysters (Magallana bilineata; 112.8 mg/100 g), followed by ribbonfish (Trichiurus lepturus; 74.7 mg/100 g), and flower shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus; 71.6 mg/100 g). The Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and ribbonfish recorded the highest Ca (36.4 mg/100 g) and Fe (7.42 ± 2.25 mg/100 g) concentrations. Among shellfish, M. bilineata recorded the highest concentration of Ca (38.3 mg/100 g), Cu (3.73 mg/ 100 g), Fe (5.02 mg/100 g), and Zn (28.7 mg/100 g). The results indicate that ribbonfish, goldenstripe sardine, Indian mackerel, and oysters are good mineral sources. This study provides the baseline data regarding the mineral concentration of valuable finfish and shellfish along the SE coast of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 848 μmol m-² s-¹ biofortification of phytochemicals combined with yield microgreen. • Organomineral substrate greater growth and biofortification of bioactive compounds. • Higher photosynthetic photon flux density enables higher carotenoid content. The search for healthier and more nutritious foods has contributed to the growth of the microgreens market, including kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L.), which has phytochemicals or bioactive compounds. That can be increased depending on the growing conditions and can generate benefits for human health and can act in the prevention and treatment of diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the biofortification of phytochemicals and the growth of kale microgreens under different photosynthetic photon flux densities and growing substrates. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, consisting of two growing substrates (organomineral and mineral) and five photosynthetic photon flux densities promoted by different environments, described as follows: T1 - 83 µmol m-2 s-1; T2 - 308 µmol m-2 s-1, T3 - 524 µmol m-2 s-1, T4 - 660 µmol m-2 s-1, and T5 - 848 µmol m-2 s-1. At 20 days after sowing (DAS), growth and phytochemical content were evaluated. Supplemental mineral nutrition in the growing substrate is necessary for the production of kale microgreens. An average photosynthetically active radiation of 848 μmol m-² s-¹ tends to be an alternative for providing food biofortified with phytochemicals combined with high yield, in greenhouse using an aluminized thermos-reflective screen. A commercial organomineral substrate is necessary for greater growth and biofortification with phytochemicals or bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize leaf blight (MLB), caused by the fungus Bipolaris maydis, is an important disease affecting maize production. In order to minimize the use of fungicides in agriculture, nutrient-based resistance inducers may become a promising alternative to manage MLB. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of Semia® (zinc (20%) complexed with a plant-derived pool of polyphenols (10%)) to hamper the infection of maize leaves by B. maydis by analyzing their photosynthetic performance and carbohydrate and antioxidative metabolism, as well as the expression of defense-related genes. Plants were sprayed with water (control) or Semia® (referred to as induced resistance (IR) stimulus hereafter) and not inoculated or inoculated with B. maydis. The mycelial growth and conidium germination were significantly reduced by the IR stimulus in vitro. The MLB severity was significantly reduced by 76% for IR-stimulus-sprayed plants compared to plants from the control treatment. For infected and IR-stimulus-sprayed plants, the glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch concentrations were significantly higher compared to inoculated plants from the control treatment. The activity levels of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were significantly higher for the IR-stimulus-sprayed plants compared to plants from the control treatment. Less impairment on the photosynthetic apparatus (higher values for leaf gas exchange (rates of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance to water vapor, and transpiration) and chlorophyll a fluorescence (variable-to-maximum Chl a fluorescence ratio, photochemical yield, and yield for dissipation by down-regulation) parameters)) along with a preserved pool of chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids were noticed for infected and IR-stimulus-sprayed plants compared to infected plants from the control treatment. The defense-related genes IGL, CHS02, PR1, PAL3, CHI, and GLU were strongly up-regulated in the leaves of IR-stimulus-sprayed and infected plants compared to infected plants from the control treatment. These findings highlight the potential of using this IR stimulus for MLB management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this narrative review is to summarize evidence relating the importance of nutrient intake from diet and supplementation for paediatric mental health. We begin by reviewing several mechanisms by which nutrients maximize brain health, including enabling metabolic reactions to occur, supporting mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation and assisting with detoxification. Circumstances that may contribute to an individual requiring additional nutrients beyond what are available in the diet, such as consumption of nutritionally depleted food, individual differences in biological need, long‐term medication use and gut–brain health needs are then reviewed. These factors underpin the importance of tackling deficiencies relative to individual metabolic requirements with a broad spectrum of micronutrients, as opposed to a single nutrient approach, to address personal metabolic needs and/or environmentally induced nutrient depletions. The evidence for treating psychological symptoms with supplementary micronutrients is presented, summarizing research using broad‐spectrum micronutrients in the treatment of mental health issues including aggression, autism spectrum disorder, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and emotional dysregulation, often with medium between‐group effect sizes compared with placebo, with clinically meaningful changes. The breadth and consistency of the findings highlight the importance of receiving a complete foundation of nutrients to optimize brain health; however, the small number of studies identifies the importance of future work to replicate these preliminary findings. Documented safety in 8‐week randomized controlled trials with open‐label extensions up to 16 weeks and longer‐term follow‐up for 1.5–5 years in smaller samples provide reassurance that this treatment approach does not result in serious adverse events. We provide recommendations for future research including consistency in micronutrient interventions, scalable delivery models, effectiveness and implementation studies and the need to investigate these interventions in the prevention and management of less‐studied childhood psychiatric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aim to investigate the features of macro- and microelements accumulation in the Larix sibirica needles depending on the growth conditions in the Predbaikalia. Methods: To determine the concentrations of inorganic elements in the needles, the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was used. The dry pine needles were mineralized in a muffle furnace; the ash was dissolved in 0.1 M nitric acid. The mobile forms of microelements were extracted from the soil using 1 M HCl. Results and Discussion: In the results, it is found that most of the elements in the needles exhibited low (N, K, Mg, P, Na, Zn, F, Sc, Sb, Pb, Mo, Be) and medium (Ca, S, Al, Fe, Ti, Cu, Ni, As, Cr, V, Cd, Ce, Y) levels of concentration variability. High coefficients of variation (> 36%) were found for Mn, Sr, Co, and Li; their concentrations in the needles depended on the growth conditions (forest type), including the level of mobile forms in the soil. It was shown that L. sibirica is characterized by potassium-nitrogen type of mineral nutrition. The sequence of macroelements in the accumulation series was constant; the group of ultramicroelements (n × 10–6 mg/kg) showed a high mobility. The ratios of the concentrations of the physiologically important elements (N/P/K, P/N, K/Ca, K/Mg, K/P, Ca/Mg, Fe/Mn, Cu/Zn, Fe/Zn, Cu/Mo) in the dry matter of the needles were determined; the dependence of several ratios on the growth conditions was revealed. Conclusions: This research provides valuable information on the chemical composition of the one of the main forest-forming tree species. The data obtained can be used as a basis for comparative analysis of the balance of major nutrients in L. sibirica in other areas and to address ecological challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to investigate strategies to minimize nitrate accumulation in lettuce to mitigate its potential harmful effects on human health. Lettuce cultivation under light-emitting diode lighting (LED) is becoming increasingly popular, and determining the effects of different LED sources on lettuce nutrition and nitrate accumulation is an important topic. The effects of different nitrate levels in the nutrient solution and different LED sources on lettuce nutrition and nitrate accumulation have been investigated under controlled conditions. Lettuce plants were grown for 48 days under White (W), Blue (B), Blue + Far Red (B + FR), Red (R), Red + Blue (R + B), Red + Far Red (R + FR), Red + Blue + Far Red (R + B + FR) LED lights using nutrient solutions containing 20, 24, and 28 mM nitrate. The highest marketable yield was obtained under B lighting, followed by R, R + B, R + FR, and R + B + FR. To reduce nitrate accumulation, lighting setups using W, R + B + FR, R + B, and R have proven to be advantageous. In these treatments, nitrate levels were determined to be 1039, 1118, 1167, and 1170 mg kg−1, which were lower compared to the other treatments. The concentrations of measured nutrients in plants were highest under B + FR, R + FR, and R + B lighting. The total chlorophyll concentration increased with the N dose, with the highest levels observed in the B, B + RF, and R + B + FR treatments. In conclusion, LED lighting influences lettuce nutrition and nitrate accumulation, with W, R + B + FR, R + B, and R treatments most effective in reducing nitrate levels. These findings should be validated in commercial greenhouse conditions to assess their practical applicability for large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis cultivated for medical and adult use is a high-value horticultural crop in North America; however, we lack information on its optimal mineral nutrition due to previous legal restrictions. This study evaluated the mineral requirements of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) for cannabis in the vegetative stage using response surface analysis. Plants were cultivated in a hydroponic system with various nutrient solution treatments (mg L-1) of N (132.7, 160, 200, 240, and 267.3), P (9.6, 30, 60, 90, and 110.5), and K (20.8, 60, 117.5, 175, and 214.2) according to a central composite design. Nutrient interactions (N × K, K × P, and N × P × K) had a significant effect on the vegetative growth of the cannabis plants. N × K interaction had a significant effect on leaf mass and stem mass. K × P interaction had a significant effect on dry root mass, leaf mass, stem mass, leaf area, specific leaf area, and chlorophyll a and b contents. N × P × K interaction had a significant effect on root mass, leaf mass, stem mass, stem diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll a and b contents. The optimum concentrations of total nitrogen, P, K, calcium, and sulfur in the cannabis leaves were 0.54, 0.073, 0.27, 0.56, and 0.38 mg g-1, respectively. An increase in P and K concentrations decreased the magnesium concentration in the leaves, but it was unaffected by the increase in N concentration. The recommended primary macronutrients for cannabis plants in the vegetative stage based on the maximum desirability and nutrient use efficiencies were 160–200 mg L-1 N, 30 mg L-1 P, and 60 mg L-1 K. These findings can offer valuable insight and guidance to growers regarding the mineral requirements for cannabis during the vegetative stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes establish endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or rhizobia bacteria to improve mineral nutrition. Symbionts are hosted in privileged habitats, root cortex (for AM fungi) or nodules (for rhizobia) for efficient nutrient exchange. To reach these habitats, plants form cytoplasmic cell bridges, key to predicting and guiding fungal hyphae or rhizobia-filled infection thread (IT) root entry. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly studied. Here we show that unique ultrastructural changes and calcium (Ca2+) spiking signatures, closely associated with Medicago truncatula Annexin 1 (MtAnn1) accumulation, accompany rhizobia-related bridge formation. Loss of MtAnn1 function in M. truncatula affects Ca2+ spike amplitude, cytoplasmic configuration and rhizobia infection efficiency, consistent with a role of MtAnn1 in regulating infection priming. MtAnn1, which evolved in species establishing intracellular symbioses, is also AM-symbiosis-induced and required for proper arbuscule formation. Together, we propose that MtAnn1 is part of an ancient Ca2+-regulatory module for transcellular endosymbiotic infection. This study describes ultrastructural changes and cell-specific calcium responses that accompany cytoplasmic bridge formation in legume root cells committed to symbiotic rhizobial infection, with fine-tuning by a calcium-binding annexin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) affects plant nutrient acquisition and consequently shoot mineral homeostasis leading to chlorosis and yield losses in maladapted crops. Different tolerance strategies have been identified, notably Ca flux regulation, biomineralization, and secretion of root exudates to remobilize unavailable soil nutrients. Recent intraspecific genomic analyses revealed that wild species detain a pool of alleles, notably for ion transporters, that could be exploited to improve plant tolerance to calcareous soil. Contrary to soil water content, the effects of air and soil temperature and CO 2 concentration on plant performance in calcareous soil are largely unknown. Metabolic engineering in Arabidopsis thaliana to increase Ca biomineralization is an attractive strategy to improve plant tolerance to CaCO 3 in the context of climate change. Soil calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) impacts plant mineral nutrition far beyond Fe metabolism, imposing constraints for crop growth and quality in calcareous agrosystems. Our knowledge on plant strategies to tolerate CaCO 3 effects mainly refers to Fe acquisition. This review provides an update on plant cellular and molecular mechanisms recently described to counteract the negative effects of CaCO 3 in soils, as well as recent efforts to identify genetic bases involved in CaCO 3 tolerance from natural populations, that could be exploited to breed CaCO 3 -tolerant crops. Finally, we review the impact of environmental factors (soil water content, air CO 2 , and temperature) affecting soil CaCO 3 equilibrium and plant tolerance to calcareous soils, and we propose strategies for improvement in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the effects of individual and combined application of protein hydrolysate (PH) and humic-like substances (HLS) along with the reduction of fertilizer on the growth, physiological and biochemical parameters and mineral nutrition of tea nursery plants. Individual and combined effects of biostimulants were evaluated in a randomized complete block factorial experimental design with three replications. The experiment consisted of three levels of fertilizer (100%, 75% and 50%) and four biostimulant treatments (Control, PH, HLS and PH + HLS). Combined (PH + HLS) and individual application of biostimulants increased the leaf count and number of active buds by 44.8% and 52.3% respectively, compared to untreated plants. PH and combined treatments produced significantly higher and comparable total plant biomass under 75% and 100% fertilizer levels compared to control + 100% fertilizer. Positive effect exerted by HLS alone on total plant biomass was comparatively lower than PH and PH + HLS while significantly higher than control. PH application significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (+ 30%), stomatal conductance (+ 48%) and concentration of CO2 in intracellular space (+ 36%) compared to control plants. All the biostimulant treatments positively affect the chlorophyll, total soluble sugars and proline contents in tea leaves, where higher values were recorded in PH treatment. Leaf N concentration was significantly increased by individual application of PH and HLS, while leaf P concentration was enhanced by PH and combined treatments. Leaf K, Mg and Ca concentrations were not influenced by biostimulant treatments. PH and combined treatments produced higher and similar effects on the growth of tea nursery plants with 75% and 100% fertilizer levels while HLS alone showed comparatively lower positive effects. It can be concluded that foliar application of PH alone or combining PH with HLS enhanced the growth performance of tea nursery plants along with a saving of chemical fertilizer by 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reference material of Coffea arabica leaves from a farm with organic management certification was developed at CENA/USP. Neutron activation analysis was used to determine chemical elements, including assessment of homogeneity and stability. The material was characterized for Ba, Br, Ca, Co, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Sr and Zn. Reference values were assigned to all elements except Co and Zn whose homogeneous distribution in the material could not be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of nonstructural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch) and activities of sucrose-utilizing enzymes (vacuolar, apoplastic, and cytoplasmic invertases, as well as sucrose synthase) were examined in halophyte plants Triglochin maritima L. (sea arrowgrass), Tripolium vulgare Ness. (sea aster), and Glaux maritima L. (sea milkwort) inhabiting the littoral zone of the White Sea coast. Studies of plants growing in tidal cycle conditions revealed species-specific differences in sugar content and the activity of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes. T. maritima featured high concentrations of monosaccharides in leaves and elevated content of sucrose and storage starch in underground organs. T. vulgare was characterized by low monosaccharide content and the activated synthesis of sucrose that is deposited in stems and plays the main role in maintaining the plant osmotic balance. G. maritima occupies a special place: unlike other species, it accumulates abundant starch reserves in aboveground and underground organs. This species is a crinohalophyte. Its protection against ion toxicity is mediated by the release of excess toxic ions via salt-removing glands, while mineral nutrition is assisted by the mycorrhiza. The above differences show that various littoral species adapt to salinity conditions in different ways, depending on their origin and biological features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors such as pollinators, pollen quality, pollinator variety, high temperatures, and nutrients affect the fruit set in sweet cherry trees. In this study, the effects of different doses of N, P, and K applied from the soil on fruit set of sweet cherry were investigated. Flower bud minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and B), fruit set ratios (FSR), and yield values were determined to compare treatments for 3 years (2015–2017). FSR (%) and yield (kg/tree) values ​​ranged between 14.31–21.76 and 11.11–14.88 for N, 11.94–22.64 and 11.23–14.82 for P, 12.38–17.39 and 12.67–13.68 for K, respectively. N affected fruit bud N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B concentrations, FSR and yield. Parameters other than FSR increased with increasing N doses and the highest values ​​were obtained from the highest N treatment. FSR of the highest N dose was the same as the control treatment, but lower in the other treatments. P affected fruit bud P and Mg concentrations, FSR and yield. Fruit bud P and Mg concentrations increased as compared to the control treatment. The change in FSR and yield values ​​could not be associated with the application dose, but showed linear changes with each other. K was effective only on FSR, the lowest values ​​were obtained at the highest dose, while it was similar at the other doses. Fruit set ratio of sweet cherry trees under present experimental conditions could not be associated with the change in fruit bud nutrients due to N, P and K fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation efficiency and quality improvement of Phalaenopsis sp. production through mineral nutrition has been widely studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of calcium (Ca) in the nutrient solution on the growth, nutrient uptake, and overall health of Phalaenopsis sp. Seedlings obtained from in vitro propagation at 6 months of age were fed biweekly with a nutrient solution suggested by Hoagland and Arnon with modified Ca concentrations of 0 mM, 1.25 mM, 2.5 mM, 5 mM, 7.5 mM, and 10 mM. After 24 months, characteristics such as number of leaves, width and length of the largest leaf, total leaf area, dry mass of leaves and roots, leaf texture, and number and dry mass of flowers were evaluated. Macronutrient content was determined from leaf dry mass. Substrate pH and electrical conductivity were also measured. Increasing Ca concentrations up to 6.25 mM improved leaf length, total leaf area, number of flowers and flower dry mass. Leaf texture and electrical conductivity of the substrate increased up to a Ca concentration of about 2.5 mM. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents increased with higher Ca concentrations. Optimal Ca fertilization at 6.25 mM had positive effects on both vegetative and reproductive growth, with no visual symptoms of Ca deficiency observed during vegetative development. These results emphasize the importance of precise and tailored nutrient management, not only to avoid hidden deficiencies, but also to maximize the quality and commercial value of Phalaenopsis sp. plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the minerals transferred to Sauvignon blanc must and wine as an effect of foliar fertilizer application. The mineral composition was determined via atomic absorption spectroscopy. Experimental leaf and berry samples were examined during the phenological grapevine growth phases. A foliar fertilizer mixture (0.5 L/hL) with humic acids (8.51%) and B (0.031 kg) was applied. It was observed that the application of humic acids and boron significantly influenced the quality of Sauvignon blanc wine samples. During the blooming period, there was a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in P, K, and B in the experimental group. The results showed that using HAs and B in foliar fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) increased the concentration of minerals in the experimental group. However, P and Fe content in the leaves decreased after veraison. After processing the berries in the vinification process, the levels of B in the must (0.71 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and, subsequently, in the wine (0.61 ± 0.06 mg/kg) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the experimental group. Data showed that the foliar fertilizer significantly increased the concentration of N (176.24 ± 0.02 mg/L) in the experimental must. These changes were also observed in wine samples. In wine, a statistically significant decrease in Ca (82.86 ± 0.29 mg/kg) was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed mineral nutrition is essential for early seedling establishment, and varies under different environmental conditions. However, the intraspecific variation of multi-elements in seeds and the relative effects of climate and soil on seed elements remain unclear, even though understanding these factors is crucial for predicting plant reproductive responses to global changes. Here, we sampled seeds from Euptelea pleiospermum across 18 populations in China. We quantified the inter-population variation of 12 elements in the seeds and analysed their relationship with soil characteristics and climatic variables. We also explored the relationship of N and P concentrations between seeds and leaves. Results showed that seed elements were highly variable across different populations, with macroelements exhibiting lower variability than most of the microelements. Along the latitudinal gradient, the concentrations of K, Ca, Fe and Al in seeds increased, while the concentrations of C and Mn decreased. The stoichiometry of seed elements did not significantly correlate with latitude. Seed element concentrations were associated with both soil and climatic variables, and the influence of soil conditions on intraspecific variations is comparable to or even greater than climatic factors. However, seed stoichiometry was less related to environmental factors. Seeds had higher P but lower N than leaves, with no correlation between seed elements and leaf elements. Our findings suggest that mountain tree species respond to different local environments by adjusting seed element concentrations while maintaining relatively stable seed stoichiometry. We emphasize that, in addition to climate change, soil conditions should be considered when predicting the influence of environmental changes on the elemental composition of plant reproductive organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As pets are increasingly seen as family members, there is a growing interest in incorporating functional supplements into pet food to improve animal health. Several commercial dog diets claim to support normal immune system function, but scientific evidence is limited. This literature review summarized scientific studies on the in vivo effects of vitamins, minerals and plant-based compounds (phytonutrients) on the immune responses of canines. A total of 27 studies were analyzed from scientific databases. While vitamin supplements are frequently marketed for immune support, only two studies demonstrated modest benefits of vitamins C and E. Research on minerals suggests that organic forms may more effectively enhance immune function than inorganic ones. Furthermore, phytonutrients may contribute to immune system regulation and reduction of inflammation. Despite the growing interest in diets targeting immune health, further research is necessary to corroborate these effects in order to develop biologically effective functional diets for dogs. Trends in the pet food industry are driven by the humanization of pets, favoring the inclusion of functional ingredients or supplements that promote animal health. Several commercial diets claim to include supplements with benefits for dogs' immune function, but in vivo evidence that supports their efficacy remains limited. This literature review aimed to better understand the current knowledge on the effects of vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients on dogs' immune function. A total of 27 peer-reviewed articles were identified in PubMed and Web of Science databases. Although vitamin supplementation is often claimed to support immune function, only two studies promoting slight benefits of vitamins C and E were found. The limited research on minerals suggests that organic sources promote a better immune response. Studies evaluating the inclusion of different phytonutrients show that these compounds might exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the increased popularity of commercial diets claimed to support the immune response of dogs, further research is needed in order to substantiate their effects. This knowledge will contribute to the development of effective diets to enhance immune health in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased drought and salinity is a threat to agriculture in arid and semiarid zone worldwide. Almond is nutritious, rich in minerals protein and fiber with increasing world demand and production. The objective was to determine the effect of drought and salinity stress on nutrient concentrations in almond trees. Almond is known as sensitive to salt stress compared to other trees. There are limited studies on almond nutrition uptake under salt and drought stress conditions. This study had three drought and four salinity levels, and combined applications for a total of 12 treatments each with three replications. Drought increased K, Mg, Ca, Na and Cl concentrations in leaves, yet, decreased B concentrations. Similarly under salinity, almond leaves increased in K, Mg and Ca concentrations (as well as in Na and Cl). This study showed that the nutrient uptake varies under drought and salt stress conditions. Mineral nutrition should be taken into consideration, fertilization needs to account for stress factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soluble fertilizers are among the main costs in strawberry production, so knowing the nutrients balance in plant tissue is essential. In this sense, the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) method is presented as a multivariate analysis tool for the nutritional diagnosis of the crop. The main goal of this paper was to establish CND standards and critical nutrient levels in strawberries cultivated in a soilless system. This study uses the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) method to analyze nutrient levels grown in a soilless system. Commercial production greenhouses were evaluated for yield and leaf nutrients contents to develop the standards. Data were collected from 52 plots, each consisting of diagnostic leaves from 10 plants, and subsequently analyzed to determine critical nutrient deficiencies and excesses. The CND methodology was sensitive in diagnosing the differences between high and low-yield populations. Thus, adjusting the critical nutrient levels for soilless strawberry cultivation was possible. Due to deficiency, the most limiting nutrients for strawberry production were N, Mg, and S, and Zn and Cu due to excess. Results indicate specific nutrient thresholds, with significant findings from the integration of all indices, it was possible to calculate the sufficiency ranges for soilless strawberry: N = 26–31, P = 4–7, K = 8–11, Ca = 10–15, Mg = 3–4, S = 0.3–0.5 in g kg−1, and B = 18–95, Cu = 1–2, Fe = 46–96, Mn = 80–203, Zn = 1–40, Mo = 1.3–2.7, Ni = 0.1–0.4 in mg kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physic nut is an oilseed plant that has stood out as an alternative source for biodiesel. However, using it in this way requires determining the edaphoclimatic conditions and adequate fertilization to guarantee maximum productivity. This study objectived to evaluate and establish adequate rates of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) to maximize the growth and productivity of physic nut in two edaphoclimatic conditions. Two experiments were performed over two consecutive years, one under Quartzarenic Neosol in the municipality of Diamantina and the other under Red-Yellow Latosol in the municipality of Governador Valadares. The treatments comprised rates of N: 0, 25, 50, 100 kg ha−1; P: 0, 35, 70, 140 kg ha−1; and K: 0, 40, 80, 160 kg ha−1. Plant growth was evaluated every 30 days until flowering. Seed and oil productivity was also assessed, with one harvest in Diamantina and two harvests in Governador Valadares. The edaphoclimatic condition of Governador Valadares was a determining factor in providing greater growth and productivity of the physic nut when compared to that of Diamantina. The application of N rates was unnecessary for the growth and productivity of the physic nut in Diamantina. Thus, phosphate fertilization was unnecessary in Governador Valadares and potassium fertilization was unnecessary for both regions. In Diamantina, 84 kg ha−1 and 87 kg ha−1 of P is recommended for growth and maximum productivity, respectively. Whereas, in Governador Valadares, 49 kg ha−1 and 55 kg ha−1 of N is recommended for growth and maximum crop productivity, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the content of selected micro- and macrominerals in conventional and specialist infant formulas (IFs) available on the Polish market was assessed and compared with breast milk from different periods of lactation. The content of minerals was assessed against established standards, compared to label guidelines, and the estimated coverage of daily requirements for selected minerals among infants. The study material consisted of fourteen types of initial, follow-on, and specialist IFs. Minerals—Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were determined by the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method and P—by colorimetric method. The specialist formula S1 stood out in terms of Ca, Mg, and Mn, and S6 in terms of Na and K compared to other IFs (p < 0.05). Human milk contained lower contents of each element relative to all infant formulas. Regarding the European Commission's recommendations, most types of IFs met standards for mineral content. In 12 IFs, the marked Fe content was lower than that declared by the manufacturer, and the difference ranged from 5 to more than 50%. All of the initial and five specialist IFs covered the need for all minerals among infants, while follow-on reported coverage lower than standards for Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Mn. Infant foods should be strictly controlled, and periodic checks on the determination of levels of selected ingredients in IFs are recommended to obtain products that resemble human food to the highest possible degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial production of improved corn seed has different limitations, among which the few studies of mineral nutrition of parent lines that form commercial hybrids stand out. This work aimed to determine the demand for N, P and K of corn lines that are parents of hybrids adapted to the conditions of the High Valleys of Mexico and to estimate their fertilization doses with N-PK. The study was carried out at INIFAP’s Valle de México Experimental Field. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks in a factorial arrangement with two factors: 1) year of evaluation (2014, 2015 and 2016) and (2) corn lines M-18 (♂-S2), M-55 (♀-S4), M-45 (♂-S3), M-48 (♂-S3) and CML-456 (♂-S4). In physiological maturity, the variables measured were dry matter, grain yield, harvest index and the extraction of N, P and K. The demand and fertilization dose of N, P (P2O5) and K (K2O) (kg ha-1) in the lines were 70 to 115, 0 to 44, 42 to 80; 0, 120 to 249, 0; respectively. The corn lines differed in extractions and the demand for N, P, and K according to the level of inbreeding, plant dry matter production, and grain yield, and consequently in fertilization doses, an aspect that should be considered in a fertilization program for seed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine decline (VD) is a recalcitrant syndrome of watermelon, melon, and other cucurbits, often associated with soil-borne pathogens such as Monosporascus cannonballus and characterized by root necrosis, leaf chlorosis, and wilting at the later stage of fruit maturation. The present study examined VD's effects on watermelon fruits' metabolism. The VD-affected watermelon fruits had significantly lower lycopene and total solid contents. Still, polyphenols content and total antioxidant activities were comparable with the controls, suggesting that VD inhibited the ripening processes but maintained defensive processes in the fruits. The VD fruits showed a lower calcium level than the controls, while the contents of other major nutrition minerals were not significantly altered. The VD fruits had a lower content of total amino acids, and their composition was characterized by an increase in the percentage fractions for several amino acids, including citrulline, which may reflect the physiological response to the VD-related water deficit condition. The principal component analysis distinguished amino acid profiles between the VD and control fruits, demonstrating that VD significantly influenced their amino acid metabolisms. The present study revealed that VD imposed characteristic impacts on the biochemical behaviors in the watermelon fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The major minerals required by fish are calcium, phosphorus, manganese, sodium, chloride, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, selenium and magnesium. Even though we know that fish requires minerals, the quantity required is not studied in combination. In this study, an experiment was carried out to as certain the concentration of 8 minerals mentioned above in the feed in a fixed concentration of calcium and phosphorus at a 1% level of supplementation. This experiment provides valuable information based on growth data, biochemical parameters and hematological parameters. Methods: The experiment was carried out for 60 days in a 500-liter PE tank fitted with a Recirculating Aquaculture System and fed with a mineral mix of eight macro and micro minerals from 0.1% to 1% in triplicates. The mineral analysis was carried out using AAS, biochemistry analyzer was used for biochemical and the hematology analysis was used for blood parameter analysis. Result: The results show that mineral mix with 8 macro and micro minerals such as manganese, sodium, chloride, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, selenium and magnesium is required at 0.8%. The growth parameters, biochemical analysis and blood parameters confirm the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stress agents, such as heavy metals, can negatively affect growth and plant development. Vitamins can play a very important role in various physiological, metabolic, and enzymatic activities, which can improve plant tolerance and resistance to different types of stress. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of exogenous application of thiamine (100 µM) and nicotinic acid (100 µM) on lentil plants under the exposure to lead (Pb) (1mM). Results showed that the exposure to Pb induced a reduction in length, biomass of roots and shoots, photosynthetic pigment content, leaf area and mineral nutrition (Zn, Mg, Ca, and K). In addition, under stress conditions lentil plants accumulate more H2O2 (+ 46%), soluble sugars (45%), proteins (26%), proline (168%) and Na with increased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity than the control plants. Exogenous application of thiamine and nicotinic acid significantly improves the various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters previously affected by Pb, and reduces oxidative damage by lowering H2O2 accumulation. In general, thiamine and nicotinic acid application improves length, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigment and mineral nutrition, and reduces H2O2, Na, and Pb accumulation in roots and shoots. It will be very interesting to study the positive impact of these two vitamins in other plants under various stress factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major challenge in plant mineral nutrition monitoring has been determining the concentrations of various elements in tissues. This is done to evaluate the availability and sufficiency of essential and beneficial elements and prevent elemental toxicities. Here, we present a rapid, safe, and accurate procedure for the simultaneous multi-elemental analysis using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF) coupled with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). Both techniques' applicability, accuracy, and precision were verified by analyzing International Plant-analytical Exchange-Standard Reference Materials (IPE-SRMs). In both methods, there was an excellent agreement of experimental and certified values within allowable standard deviation in the range of 10 ppm to 5% (in most cases R2 > 0.99). Likewise, there were no significant differences in measured and certified values at a 99% confidence level. There was still decent agreement for concentrations of less than 10 ppm for most but not all elements. The accuracy and versatility of multi-element analyses through WDXRF and EA-IRMS prove that these techniques offer relevant advantages in speed and analytical costs per element. Both methods can be handy in providing immediate analytical results, as sample digestion is not required. Hence, time-critical plant nutrition monitoring and appropriate management can easily be achieved and implemented. Additionally, both techniques can quantify elements that are otherwise tedious to determine by other analytical methods (e.g. P, S, Sr, Cl, Ti) but are needed in understanding the processes of plant biology, ionomics, and elemental tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant vacuolar transporters, particularly CAX (Cation/H+ Exchangers) responsible for Ca2+/H+ exchange on the vacuole tonoplast, play a central role in governing cellular pH, ion balance, nutrient storage, metal accumulation, and stress responses. Furthermore, CAX variants have been employed to enhance the calcium content of crops, contributing to biofortification efforts. Recent research has uncovered the broader significance of these transporters in plant signal transduction and element partitioning. The use of genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors has begun to highlight the crucial role of CAX isoforms in generating cytosolic Ca2+ signals, underscoring their function as pivotal hubs in diverse environmental and developmental signalling networks. Interestingly, it has been observed that the loss of CAX function can be advantageous in specific stress conditions, both for biotic and abiotic stressors. Determining the optimal timing and approach for modulating the expression of CAX is a critical concern. In the future, strategically manipulating the temporal loss of CAX function in agriculturally important crops holds promise to bolster plant immunity, enhance cold tolerance, and fortify resilience against one of agriculture's most significant challenges, namely flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds compete for nutrients causing productivity losses with crops, so the quantification of nutrients in these plants can indicate their nutrient absorption efficiency. In this research we aim to identify weed species representative of three commercial orange orchards (Citrus sinensis L.) in the region of Manaus (AM), and to determine their potential for nutrient absorption. A survey of the floristic composition of orchards was carried out from August to October in 2019, and the phytosociological indicators of species were identified. The main species were selected according to the Importance Value Index (IVI). Weeds and C. sinensis leaves samples were analyzed to obtain nutrient contents. Weeds showed competitive potential in commercial orange orchards, once they had a high nutrient content in their dry matter. Weeds with greater amounts of nutrients were Alternanthera Ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv. (N, K, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn), Commelina benghalensis L. (P, S and Fe), Pseudelephantopus spiralis (Less.) Cronquist (N, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn), Acalypha arvensis Poepp. (P and Ca), Cyperus diffusus Vahl (Fe and Mn) and Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl (Mg and Zn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizers play a crucial role in enhancing the productivity of plants. However, low nutrient use efficiencies of conventional fertilizers (CFs) associated with several losses have led to widespread multi‐nutrient deficiencies in the soil and lower productivity. Furthermore, their excess application has caused serious damage to the soil and environment. Recently, nanotechnology has broadened its applicability in plant nutrition and has paved a way for the production of nanoparticle‐induced fertilizers. Therefore, nanofertilizers stand out as promising alternative to CFs for sustainable agriculture. Nanofertilizers are composed of nanoparticles that contain macro‐ and micronutrients and deliver them in a controlled way to the plant's rhizosphere. This contributes to the enhanced nutrient utilization efficiency. This review delves into the effect of nanotechnology‐based nanofertilizers in different forms and dosages on soil properties and plant development. Additionally, the mechanism underlying absorption of nanofertilizers and their advantages and limitations have also been discussed. A thorough comparison between conventional and nanofertilizers has also been made in this review in terms of their nutrient delivery mechanism, efficiency and application. As the use of nanoparticle‐embedded fertilizers in plant nutrition is still in its infancy, this review can serve as a guide for future investigations to enhance the knowledge of the use of nanoparticles in the mineral nutrition of different crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micropropagated seedlings need to be morphologically, anatomically and physiologically prepared for planting in the field, and the environmental conditions adopted during this acclimatization process are determinant for the successful establishment of seedlings. Height, pseudostem diameter, number of leaves, length of the largest root, fresh and dry matter weights, and accumulation of nutrients in micropropagated seedlings of banana cv. 'Prata Catarina' were evaluated in cultivation under greenhouse, air-conditioned room and shade net tunnel conditions. Micropropagated seedlings subjected to 14 days in a tunnel and 49 days in a greenhouse showed a trend of increase in height, pseudostem diameter, number of leaves and length of the largest root, although no significant differences were observed. On the other hand, for the fresh and dry matter weights and accumulation of nutrients, significant differences were observed between this treatment and the others. It is concluded that, for the acclimatization of micropropagated seedlings of banana cv. 'Prata Catarina', the most suitable condition is the combination of tunnel (with one layer of 50% shade net) for 14 days, followed by 49 days in a greenhouse. These conditions can be adopted by producers when acclimatizing micropropagated banana seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The trace mineral nutrition of ruminants has been widely studied; however, most of the research has focused on the requirements of mature cattle, and the requirements of trace minerals for calves prior to weaning are poorly understood. This study investigated how two levels of trace mineral supplements provided to beef calves before weaning affect their performance and mineral status. Apart from Cu, which is often a limited trace mineral in many regions, the supplementation of trace minerals above the NASEM (2016) recommendations did not improve the mineral status of beef calves. In this 2-year study, approximately 84 days prior to weaning, 24 calves/year (Angus × Hereford) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: trace mineral (Cu, Se, and Zn) supplementation following NASEM (2016) recommendations (Control) or trace mineral supplementation above NASEM (2016) recommendations (Super). Calves were individually fed, and trace minerals were provided in 0.5 kg of dry distiller's grains three times weekly. Body weight (BW), blood, and liver samples were collected on d 0 and at weaning (d 84). Additional BW and blood samples were collected post-weaning on d 85, 87, 88, 91, 95, and 99 during the preconditioning phase. Initial liver concentrations of Se, Cu, and Zn were similar between treatments (p ≥ 0.69). At weaning, a year effect (p < 0.001) and a tendency for treatment × year effect (p = 0.09) were observed for Cu liver concentration. In year 2, but not in year 1, calves assigned to the Super treatment tended to have greater liver Cu concentration than calves assigned to the Control treatment. Except for Cu, a notoriously limited trace mineral in multiple geographical locations, the supplementation of trace minerals above the NASEM (2016) recommendations did not improve the mineral status of calves in this environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit juice industry is a growing globally and the practice of mixing different fruits to make a juice blend is a recent trend being exploited in the industry. Little has been done to maximize the nutrients and sweetening content. This study evaluated the quality and sensory properties of the watermelon/apple juice blend. The watermelon and apples were obtained in the ripe stages, they were washed and chopped into smaller sizes and then blended separately. The design for the study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data collection and analysis were performed on pH, Total Titratable Acidity, Total Soluble Solids, protein, ash, crude fibre, potassium, potassium, calcium, iron, copper and zinc. The study revealed that 66.67% watermelon and 33.33% apple blend (W4AM) as well as the 25% watermelon and 75% apple blend (W5AM) recorded the highest value for total soluble solids (12.167 °Brix, 12.333 °Brix) and titratable acidity (0.034%, 0.034%) respectively. W5AM blend also recorded the highest vitamin C content (9.983 mg/100 g). Generally, the proximate composition of the blends had improved nutritional components as compared to the individual juices. The results showed significant differences between the blends (p<0.01) where the sensory evaluation showed that W5AM was mostly preferred amongst the blends for parameters like appearance, odour, taste and mouthfeel. However, the 50% watermelon and 50% apple blend (W6AM) were preferred in terms of overall acceptability. Furthermore, the 100% apple gave highly acidic drink. It was concluded that to obtain high nutritional and sensory quality drink, the 25% watermelon and 75% apple blend (W5AM) should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study assessed the effect of limestone particle size and microbial phytase incorporation on the fate of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) along the gastrointestinal tract in 72 laying hens. 2. Four experimental diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of two coarse limestone (CL) inclusion. This included a mix (MIX) of 75% CL (2 − 4 mm) and 25% fine particles (FL, <0.5 mm) or 100% FL, in two different basal diets formulated without (MIX0 and FL0) or with 300 FTU of microbial phytase/kg (MIX300 and FL300). 3. Contents of the crop, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected to determine the mean retention time (MRT) of dry matter (DM), the recovery rate of Ca and P in each segment of the gastrointestinal tract and the apparent fractional digestibility coefficient (AD) of Ca and P in each intestinal segment. 4. In hens fed FL, microbial phytase decreased the MRT of DM along the intestine (p < 0.05). In the crop and the gizzard, Ca recovery increased with MIX incorporation to a greater extent in hens fed without microbial phytase (p < 0.05). The mixed particle size incorporation decreased absorption kinetics of Ca in hens fed microbial phytase. The AD of P and the absorption kinetics of P were significantly decreased in hens receiving FL300, probably due to complex formation between Ca and phytic acid. 5. This study showed that coarse limestone particles incorporation improved mineral utilisation along the digestive tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the mineral content of kiwifruit produced in Meixian county, Shaanxi province and evaluate IS related nutritional value. The contents of 9 minerals in four varieties of kiwifruit, namely Xuxiang, Cuixiang, Hongxin and Huangxin, produced mainly in Shaanxi Meixaan, were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The nutritional evaluation of mineral elements was carried out by the index of nutritional quality (INQ) method. Simultaneously, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation between 9 mineral and energy. The four varieties of kiwifruit in Shaanxi Meixaan were mainly composed of P,K,Ca, and Mg, accounting for approximately 99.8 V of the total minerals. The INQ greater than 1 in all four varieties included Ca,K,Mg, and Cu, and the INQ of K was the highest, ranging from 3.89 to 5.19. The total mineral content of Cuixiang was the highest, 328 mg/100g, but the highest nutritional quality index of Xuxaing was 16.78 (INQ total). The correlation analysis showed that there was varying degrees of correlation between various elements, and the highest correction coefficient between K and energy was 0.982. Kiwifruit was a high-quality food with high K and low Na. The nutritional value of mineral elements in different varieties of kiwifruit was significantly different. The highest mineral nutrient density was Cuixiang, followed by Hongxin, Huangxin, and Xuxiang. According to the nutritional value index of 9 mineral elements, Xuxiang was the highest, Cuixiang followed, and the mineral nutrition level of Hongxin and Huangxin kiwifruit were slightly lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens have recently gained popularity owing to their reliable economic and nutritional value. This study aimed to increase the quality of microgreen broccoli via treatment with different concentrations (1%, IPB-1; 3%, IPB-3; 5%, IPB-5; or 7%, IPB-7 w/v) of illite—a natural mineral powder. The results showed that the illite treatments considerably increased the content of mineral elements, such as Ca, P, and K; of vitamin C; and of free amino acids; and also increased the total weight of the broccoli sprouts. The content of sulforaphane, a bioactive compound, also increased by up to 47% with illite treatment, with the highest increase being in the IPB-5 group. However, several of the parameters were lower in the IPB-7 group. Aromatic compounds were categorized by functional groups such as hydrocarbons which numbered 36, 30, 34, 28, and 30 in the control, IPB-1, IPB-3, IPB-5, and IPB-7 groups, respectively. We found 16, 15, 15, 13, and 14 sulfides, including dimethyl sulfide, in the control, IPB-1, IPB-3, IPB-5, and IPB-7 groups, respectively. Additionally, aldehydes, comprising seven compounds, were detected in the IPB-1, IPB-3, IPB-5, and IPB-7 groups. Illite treatment significantly increased the activities of antioxidants such as DPPH and the polyphenol content of the microgreens. These results indicate a potential role for appropriate illite doses in microgreen treatment to address multinutrient deficiencies and to increase the quality of microgreen vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium (Li) exploitation promotes socioeconomic advances but may result in harmful environmental impacts. Thus, species selection for recovering environments degraded by Li mining is essential. We investigated the tolerance and early growth of four tree species to Li ore tailings (LOT), Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Handroanthus impetiginosus with wide geographic distribution and Hymenaea courbaril and H. stigonocarpa with restricted geographic distribution. The plants grew in LOT and soil for 255 days to evaluate photosynthesis, growth, and mineral nutrition. LOT negatively affected species growth, reducing the length of stems, roots, and biomass through structural and nutritional impoverishment. LOT favored the accumulation of Mg and decreased the absorption of K. The species presented a reduction in potential quantum efficiency and the chlorophyll index (b and total). E. contortisiliquum was the least tolerant species to LOT, and H. courbaril and H. stigonocarpa maintained their mass production in LOT, indicating greater tolerance to tailings. Furthermore, H. courbaril presented a translocation factor > 1 for Li and Mn, indicating the potential for phytoextraction of these metals. Our results offer first-time insights into the impacts of LOT on the early development of tree species with different geographic distribution ranges. This study may help in the tree species selection with a phytoremediation role, aiming at the recovery of areas affected by Li's mining activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minerals are among the important nutritional components that are indispensable for animals. In particular, the acquisition of sodium is important for plant‐feeding animals because sodium may be deficient for these animals as plants do not need sodium. This study compiled data on the mineral contents of leaves in 28 forests in Japan, with special emphasis on the effect of distance from the sea and bedrock type. The aim of this study was to provide basic data on mineral availability for forest‐dwelling folivores, which provide important baseline data for understanding the mineral acquisition strategy of plant‐feeding animals. Sodium and phosphorus contents of live leaves were lower than the levels required for folivores (captive non‐human primates and ungulates). The effect of the distance from the sea was evident only for magnesium and sodium. The sodium content of live leaves was high enough to satisfy folivores' requirements at only a few hundred meters from the sea. The live leaves in forests growing on sedimentary bedrocks contained more minerals than those on granite/rhyolite. Seasonality was also evident based on repeated sampling at three study sites. The mineral contents of dead leaves at the three study sites showed similar inter‐site and inter‐season variations to those of live leaves. Phosphorus and potassium contents in dead leaves were consistently lower and iron content was consistently higher than in live leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses and the limiting factor in the successful production of plant products worldwide and has many negative effects on the physiological characteristics of plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a pronounced impact on plant growth, water absorption, mineral nutrition, and protection from abiotic stresses. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some physiological traits and antioxidant enzymes the tarragon plant under drought stress, this study was performed as a factorial experiment with two factors based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The first factor was drought stress at two levels including 100 and 50% field capacity (pot capacity) and the second factor was inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus from Glomus genus at 5 levels consisting of (G.hoi + G. mosseae, G. hoi + G. intraradices, G. mosseae + G. intraradices, G. hoi + G. mosseae + G. intraradices and no inoculation as contro (. According to the results, the use of mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions increased the activity of the enzymes of the ascorbate peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase as well as the amounts of malondialdehyde, total phenol and ascorbic acid in the leaves. The use of mycorrhiza fungus, unlike drought stress, increased potassium and phosphorus concentration. Application of the three mycorrhizal fungi combination (G. intraradices +G.hoi + G. mosseae) had a better effect on the physiological and biochemical traits than the control. The results of the research showed the positive effect of mycorrhizal fungus in increasing drought tolerance of tarragon plant and better control of free radicals produced under stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the intake of fruits and vegetables, especially among young people, the food industry is trying to develop new, ready-to-eat products, such as snacks and breakfast spreads. Nowadays, consumers are choosing their foods based not only on sensory attributes but also on nutritional/functional properties. Fig is the one of the oldest plants cultivated on the earth which is rich in phytochemicals and minerals. The present study was designed to analyze three sun-dried Fig varieties named Afghani, Irani and Turkish for nutritional composition including proximate and minerals (mg/100 g) content and to develop value-added products such as Fig rolls and honey to increase the utilization of Figs in the daily routine. For this purpose, the Fig roll was prepared by filling Fig paste (which was changed gradually from 0 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g and 5 g in different treatments) in the chickpea-based dough. Whereas Fig honey was prepared by gradually replacing honey (commercially available) with prepared Fig liquid (from 0%, 20%, 40%, 80%, 100%) in different treatments. Results revealed that the Afghani Fig has the highest protein (4.96%), ash (5.29%), potassium (1148.13), magnesium (198.37) calcium (122.80) and zinc (2.80), whereas the Turkish Fig has a high fiber content (9.38%). However, Fig rolls have 3 g Fig paste filling and the Fig honey prepared with 60% Fig liquid paste was well accepted by consumers for their appearance (8.30, 8.07), flavour (8.53, 7.43), and overall acceptability (8.42, 7.80 respectively) assessed by 9-hedonic scale. The nutrition fact of Fig rolls and honey was also calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions: High species richness is observed in certain shrublands on infertile substrates. Mineral nutrients are likely to be the primary limiting resources in these ecosystems, and below‐ground plant interactions may be crucial to understanding their diversity. Using ionomics, we investigated whether there were nutritional variations between plant species that coexist in a shrubland located in an edaphically extreme environment. Location: New Caledonia. Methods: We set up a 20 m × 20 m plot in a diverse shrubland ("maquis") on ultramafic (infertile) substrate, in which we sampled all 475 plants taller than 1 m and characterized their ionome (22 elements). Results: In our study, 37 species were identified in the plot, representing all major forms of mycorrhizal symbioses, as well as nitrogen‐fixing plants, cluster rooted and parasitic plants. Notably, both nickel hyperaccumulating and manganese hyperaccumulating species were present. Hypervolume approaches were used to assess ionome overlap among the nine most abundant species, with the results revealing limited overlap. Moreover, it was observed that the rarest species in the plot also had the most functionally distinct features. Conclusions: Different nutritional strategies were present in the plot, as demonstrated by the variety of root symbioses and leaf ionomes. Our findings indicate coexistence of multiple species within this infertile shrubland may be achieved by species partitioning into different highly specialized biogeochemical niches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaena faeces and mineral licks represent highly concentrated nutrient resources for leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis) living in nutrient‐poor environments. Here, we provide direct evidence for the consumption of hyaena faeces and artificial mineral licks by leopard tortoises in the Kalahari Desert. Tortoises aggregated at hyaena latrines and lick sites during the wet season between 10 AM and 6 PM in groups of 1–5 individuals. Where both salt and mineral licks were available, tortoises displayed a preference for salt. We suggest that calcium, phosphorus and sodium deficits are likely driving coprophagy and geophagy behaviours by tortoises in the Kalahari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Citrus trees require a balanced and adequate supply of macronutrient and micronutrient elements for high yield and fruit quality. Foliar nutrient analysis has been widely used in fruit-tree nutrient diagnosis and fertilization calculation. However, there is no information on ways to produce optimal fruit quality in sweet oranges. In the present study, fruit and leaf samples were collected from 120 'Bingtang' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] orchards during four consecutive years (2019–2022). Parameters of leaf nutrition and fruit quality were analyzed based on these samples. Diagnostic results based on leaf classification standards indicated that the most deficient elements were Ca, Mg, and B, followed by N and Zn. Fruit quality, determined by single fruit weight (SFW), fruit shape index (FSI), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C (Vc), and maturation index (MI = TSS/TA) during fruit maturation, exhibited inconsistent responses to leaf mineral nutrition concentrations. The leaf-nutrient optimum values for high quality of the 'Bingtang' sweet orange fruit were ranges of 2.41–4.92% N, 0.10–0.28% P, 1.30–2.11% K, 2.99% Ca, 0.26–0.41% Mg, 340–640 mg/kg S, 89.65–127.46 mg/kg Fe, 13.48–51.93 mg/kg Mn, 2.60–13.84 mg/kg Cu, 15.59–51.48 mg/kg Zn, and 53.95 mg/kg for B. These results suggest the leaf-nutrient optimum values for diagnosis can be used not only to identify the nutrient constraints but also to provide guidance for the establishment of fertilization regimes in citrus cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofertilizers based on plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are nowadays gaining increasingly attention as a modern tool for a more sustainable agriculture due to their ability in ameliorating root nutrient acquisition. For many years, most research was focused on the screening and characterization of PGPR functioning as nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) biofertilizers. However, with the increasing demand for food using far fewer chemical inputs, new investigations have been carried out to explore the potential use of such bacteria also as potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), or iron (Fe) biofertilizers. In this review, we update the use of PGPR as biofertilizers for a smarter and more sustainable crop production and deliberate the prospects of using microbiome engineering-based methods as potential tools to shed new light on the improvement of plant mineral nutrition. The current era of omics revolution has enabled the design of synthetic microbial communities (named SynComs), which are emerging as a promising tool that can allow the formulation of biofertilizers based on PGPR strains displaying multifarious and synergistic traits, thus leading to an increasingly efficient root acquisition of more than a single essential nutrient at the same time. Additionally, host-mediated microbiome engineering (HMME) leverages advanced omics techniques to reintroduce alleles coding for beneficial compounds, reinforcing positive plantmicrobiome interactions and creating plants capable of producing their own biofertilizers. We also discusses the current use of PGPR-based biofertilizers and point out possible avenues of research for the future development of more efficient biofertilizers for a smarter and more precise crop fertilization. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of PGPRbased biofertilizers in real field conditions, as their success in controlled experiments often contrasts with inconsistent field results. This discrepancy highlights the need for standardized protocols to ensure consistent application and reliable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]