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Introduction: The antioxidants requirement depend on one’s exposure to endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species.Cigarette smoking leads to increased exposure to reactive oxygen species,hence they require more antioxidant nutrients In this study, we aimed to study the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress and pulmonary function tests (PFT) and to study if there is any correlation between PFTand MDA levels in, smokers,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Aim: To compare the pulmonary function tests (PFT) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level in smokers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with non-smoker controls. Methods and Materials: N=30, 35-50 years age group smokers, COPD patients were enrolled as cases.N=30 age and sex matched were enrolled as control group. Serum MDA and PFT parameters like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured. Result: PFT parameters like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) were decreased and found statistically significant in smokers, COPD group.MDA level were increase and found statistically highly significant in smokers, COPD group. Conclusion: MDA is negatively correlated with FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC % predicted ratio and FVC in smokers, COPD patients

In this article, we study the approximate controllability and homegenization results of a semi-linear elliptic problem with Robin boundary condition in a periodically perforated domain. We prove the existence of minimal norm control using Lions constructive approach, which is based on Fenchel-Rockafeller duality theory, and by means of Zuazua's fixed point arguments. Then, as the homogenization parameter goes to zero, we link the limit of the optimal controls (the limit of fixed point of the controllability problems) with the optimal control of the corresponding homogenized problem.

Introduction Neuropathy is one of the commonest complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Apart from having peripheral and autonomic neuropathy patients with type 2 DM may also suffer from sensory neural hearing loss, which is more severe at higher frequencies. However, few studies have done detailed evaluation of sensory pathway in these patients. In this study brain stem auditory evoked potential is used to detect the acoustic and central neuropathy in a group of patients with type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar. Aim To study brain stem auditory evoked potential in patients of type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar and to correlate the various parameters e.g., age (years), weight (kilograms), height (meters), BMI (kg/m2), HbA1c (%) in patients with type 2 DM with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar. Materials and methods Cross-sectional comparative study conducted from January 2014 to January 2015. Total 60 patients with type 2 DM of either sex, between age groups of 35-50 years were enrolled from the Diabetic Clinic of Medicine department, of a tertiary care hospital. Based on the value of HbA1c, patients were divided in two groups with controlled and uncontrolled blood sugar and with each group comprising of 30 patients. BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) was done in both the groups on RMS ALERON 201/401. Recordings were taken at 70dB, 80dB and 90dB at 2KHz frequency. Absolute latency of wave I, III, V and interpeak latencies I-III, III-V and I-V were recorded. Results Mean±SD of the absolute latency of BERA waves I, III, V and interpeak latencies I-III, III-V and I-V at 2 KHz and at varying intensity of 70dB, 80dB and 90dB in uncontrolled group of DM were delayed and were significant as compared to controlled group of DM. Conclusion If BERA is done in diabetic patients, central neuropathy can be detected earlier in uncontrolled groups of diabetic patients.

In this paper, we study the L-2 and H-1-approximate controllability and homogenization of a semilinear elliptic boundary value problem in a perforated domain. The principal term in the state equation has rapidly oscillating coefficients and the control r