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In recent times, usage of pesticide, herbicides and synthetic fertilizers in farming lands has made the environment worse. The pesticide residues and toxic byproducts from agricultural lands were found to contaminate the aquatic ecosystem. The misuse of synthetic pesticide not only affects the environment, but also affects the health status of aquatic organisms. The organophosphate pesticide pollutants are emerging contaminants, which threatens the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide, utilized on crops including rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnuts and vegetables. MCP is hydrophilic in nature and their solubilizing properties reduce the soil sorption which leads to groundwater contamination. The half-life period of MCP is 17–96 and the half-life period of technical grade MCP is 2500 days if held stable at 38 °C in a container. MCP causes mild to severe confusion, anxiety, hyper-salivation, convulsion and respiratory distress in mammals as well as aquatic animals. The MCP induced toxicity including survival rate, behavioural changes, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity in different aquatic species have been discussed in this review. Furthermore, the ultimate aim of this review is to highlight the international regulations, future perspectives and challenges involved in using the MCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a stable growth in aquaculture production to avoid seafood scarcity. The usage of eco-friendly feed additives is not only associated with aquatic animal health but also reduces the risk of deleterious effects to the environment and consumers. Aquaculture researchers are seeking dietary solutions to improve the growth performance and yield of target organisms. A wide range of naturally derived compounds such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, complex carbohydrates, nutritional factors, herbs, hormones, vitamins, and cytokines was utilized as immunostimulants in aquaculture. The use of polysaccharides derived from natural resources, such as alginate, agar, laminarin, carrageenan, fucoidan, chitin, and chitosan, as supplementary feed in aquaculture species has been reported. Polysaccharides are prebiotic substances which are enhancing the immunity, disease resistance and growth of aquatic animals. Further, chitin (CT), chitosan (CTS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) were recognized for their biodegradable properties and unique biological functions. The dietary effects of CT, CTS and COS at different inclusion levels on growth performance, immune response and gut microbiota in aquaculture species has been reviewed. The safety regulations, challenges and future outlooks of CT, CTS and COS in aquatic animals have been discussed in this review. • This review narrates the dietary role of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides in aquaculture. • The immunostimulatory effects of chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides were reviewed. • Recent updates and safety regulations of chitin and their derivatives in aquafeeds were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are a living resource used for human nutrition, medicine, and industry. Several potential sources of proteins, peptides, and biopolymers, such as silk, chitin, and chitosan are utilized in industry and for biotechnology applications. Chitosan is an amino-polysaccharide derivative of chitin that consists of linear amino polysaccharides with d -glucosamine and N-acetyl- d -glucosamine units. Currently, the chief commercial sources of chitin and chitosan are crustacean shells that accumulate as a major waste product from the marine food industry. Existing chitin resources have some natural challenges, including insufficient supplies, seasonal availability, and environmental pollution. As an alternative, insects could be utilized as unconventional but feasible sources of chitin and chitosan. This review focuses on the recent sources of insect chitin and chitosan, particularly from the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Dictyoptera, and Odonata orders. In addition, the extraction methods and physicochemical characteristics are discussed. Insect chitin and chitosan have numerous biological activities and could be used for food, biomedical, and industrial applications. Recently, the invasive and harmful effects of insect species causing severe damage in agricultural crops has led to great economic losses globally. These dangerous species serve as potential sources of chitin and are underutilized worldwide. The conclusion of the present study provides better insight into the conversion of insect waste-derived chitin into value-added products as an alternative chitin source to address food security related challenges. Image 1 • Extraction methods and structural characterization of chitin and chitosan from insects were summarised. • Biological activities of the insect chitin and chitosan were briefly discussed. • New perspectives for the future work of these polysaccharides were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The chitin was extracted from C. inscriptus and the structure was elucidated. The yield of the C. inscriptus shell chitin was 21.65% on dry weight basis. The ash and moisture content of the chitin was 1.2 and 6.50%. The result of the molecular analysis of the chitin revealed low molecular weight (25 kDa). The crystalline structure (XRD), functional group (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EDAX), surface morphology (SEM) and thermal stability (TG/DTA) results confirmed conus chitin was in α-crystalline form. The crystalline index value (CrI) of the conus chitin was 82.13%. The FT-IR analysis of the conus chitin displayed two bands at around 1730 and 1628 cm−1. SEM investigation of the commercial chitin and C. inscriptus chitin exposed that it was composed of nanopore and nanofibre structures. Further, the thermal stability of the conus chitin was close to the thermal stability of the commercial chitin. The results show that processing of C. inscriptus shell can lead to a high quality chitin, useful for a broad range of applications. Highlights • The first report of the chitin structure isolated from sea snail, Conus inscriptus • Physico-chemical and structural characterization of conus chitin • The isolated conus chitin has low molecular weight. • Surface morphology of isolated chitin is highly related with commercial chitin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of antibiotics in the feeds of cultivable aquatic animals has been generally practised to reduce infectious diseases as well as to improve the survival and growth. In recent years, many countries ban to aquatic animals due to the use of large amount of antibiotics and chemotherapies, thus alternative novel strategies are need to promote the growth of aquatic animals and control the pathogens. Dietary supplementation of marine-derived polysaccharides (MDPs) is one of the potential substitutes for antibiotics in aquatic animal feeds. Recently, the use of dietary MDPs in the aquaculture animals has been focused with much interest. In aquaculture, MDPs are used as prebiotic substance which is mostly accepted as a nutritional component for improving the growth performance and health conditions. Hence, present review is a comprehensive and an updated collection of available research reports on different MDPs (alginate, fucoidan, carrageenan, laminarin, ulvan, galactan, agar, chitin and chitosan), route of administration, dosage and applications for improving aqua feeds with emphasis on its effects on growth, biochemical indices, immune response, gut microbiota and disease resistance of aquaculture animals. This review describes the sustainability of global aquaculture production by providing a best alternative to harmful antibiotics, thereby meeting the emerging consumer demand for antibiotic-free aquatic food products. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Application of MDPs as immunostimulants in aquatic animals was investigated. • Dietary MDPs can enhance growth and innate immune responses of aquatic animals. • Dietary MDPs can enhance the ability of aquatic animals to resistance the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aquaculture industries would be benefit if the cultured organisms were conferring with proper growth, feed supplements and resistance to diseases. In intensive farming, there are various constrains, such as stresses and disease which results in weakened immune system have been observed. Diseases spread rapidly and threatening the aquaculture industry leads to severe economic loss. Antibiotics and vaccines have been used to control various diseases in aquaculture industries, however, these practices can increase the resistant of pathogens, thus novel strategies are need to control the pathogens. In order to overcome the limiting factors of intensive culture probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotic have been used as dietary supplements. Among these, prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that benefit the host in several ways by stimulating the growth and immune responses and help them in defence mechanism against pathogenic microbes as well as abiotic stressors. In aquaculture practice, fungal polysaccharides are prebiotic substance which is widely accepted as a nutritional component for regulating growth and health condition. The current review summarizes and discusses the potential uses of fungal polysaccharides on growth performance, immune response and diseases resistance of various fish and shrimp species. Highlights • The potential uses of fungal polysaccharides (prebiotics) on fish and shrimp aquaculture was investigated. • Dietary inclusion of fungal polysaccharides can enhance growth and innate immune responses of fish and shrimp. • Dietary inclusion of fungal polysaccharides can enhance the ability of fish and shrimp to resistance the microbial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is one of the primary food-producing sectors in the world that ensures human nourishment. However, aqua farmers are facing serious problems due to disease outbreaks and development of antimicrobial resistance. Until now, chemical or antibiotic based strategies have been applied to control disease related concern in aquaculture. Frequent usage of antibiotics in feed or usage of disinfectant to overcome the disease may end up with negative impacts to the environment and human. Utilization of plant derived polysaccharides has been drastically increased due to their effective roles and could serve as a best replacement for chemical agents and antibiotics. In addition, plant derived compounds and plant extracts were utilized to improve the immunity, intestinal health and growth performance of aquaculturable organisms. In addition, large number of plant-based polysaccharides was utilized as immunostimulants in aquaculture. Hence, this review aims to highlight the multifunctional properties of plant-based polysaccharides in aquaculture. Moreover, advantages and different concentration of plant polysaccharides as a feed additive in aquaculture sector have been discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin is one of the most diverse and naturally occurring biopolymers, and it is mainly present in crustaceans, insects, and fungi. Chitosan is derived from chitin by deacetylation process. It is important to note that the conventional chemical method of extracting chitin includes disadvantages and it poses various environmental issues. Recently, the green extraction techniques have perceived substantial development in the field of polymer chemistry. A variety of methods have been successfully developed using green extraction techniques for extracting chitin and chitosan from various resources. It includes the use of ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DES), microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and electrochemical extraction (ECE). In this review, the extraction of chitin and chitosan using greener approaches were summarized. In addition, challenges, opportunities and future perspectives of green extraction methods have also been narrated. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mycotoxins OTA and DON are widely distributed in agro-products. • The distribution of OTA and DON prevalent in the colder and temperate region. • The interaction of OTA/DON with co-existing chemicals pose a serious health issue. • The detection method of OTA/DON with other toxins in food matrix was evaluated. • The mitigation strategy through biocontrol and detoxification were highlighted. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that cause severe damage to agricultural products and food in the food supply chain. These detrimental pollutants have been directly linked with poor socioeconomic patterns and human health issues. Among the natural micropollutants, ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are widely distributed in food materials. The primary occurrence of these mycotoxins is reported in almost all cereal grains and fresh agro-products. Both mycotoxins have shown harmful effects, such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and genotoxic effects, in humans due to their complex structural formation during the degradation/acetylation reaction. In addition, improper preharvest, harvest, and postharvest handling tend to lead to the formation of OTA and DON in various food commodities, which allows different harmful fungicides in practice. Therefore, this review provides more insight into the distribution and toxicity of OTA/DON in the food matrix and human health. Furthermore, the interactive effects of OTA/DON with co-contaminated organic and inorganic compounds are discussed. Finally, international regulation and mitigation strategies for detoxication are critically evaluated to meet food safety and good agriculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture industry is one of the world's fastest and largest growing food producing sector. Most importantly, the usage of fish meal in aquaculture has been replaced with alternate protein sources due to their production cost, demand of raw materials and various environmental issues. The insect black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval (BSFL) meal is being recognized as a feed ingredient in aquafeeds for their protein rich content similar to fish meal (FM). BSFL meal has been utilized as a fish meal or soy meal substitution in aquaculture to improve the nutrition. The culture of H. illucens larvae can be achieved using various biodegradable wastes and converted into a valuable biomass. In addition, the proximate analysis of H. illucens has been analyzed for its multifaceted role in poultry, cattle feed preparation and human consumption. The effectiveness of BSFL diet was analyzed for final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency (FE) and survival (SUR) of different fish and shrimp used as an experimental models with FM as the control diet. However, there is no comprehensive review available on the BSFL as an alternate protein source in aquaculture till date. Hence, the present review aimed to evaluate the feasible role of BSFL in feed, its sustainable production and challenges of BSFL meal in aquaculture sector along with their merits and demerits. [Display omitted] • Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) regulate the survival and growth of culturable aquatic animals. • BSFL meal can increase the specific and non-specific immunity in aquatic animals. • BSFL meal can improve the disease resistance of aquatic animals against pathogens. • BSFL meal regulate the intestinal microbiota of aquatic animals. • BSFL meal can upregulate the growth and immune genes in aquactic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on successful practices that combine software product line engineering (SPLE) and agile methods. SPLE focuses on creating a robust, flexible product platform that can be reused to quickly deliver product variants while agile methods focus on improvisation over conventional development approaches. Top management can make SPLE practices more agile by following guidelines such as assessing and managing conflicting goals, creating incentives for adaptability, and managing boundaries in teams, among others.

Traceability-the ability of developers to describe and follow the life of an artifact throughout the software development life cycle-is an important process that facilitates acquisition and use of process knowledge. While there has been extensive research focusing on the development of traceability solutions, there is a paucity of research that characterizes the tasks that need to be performed in implementing and using traceability. This research addresses this gap by conceptualizing traceability practice in software development as comprising information processing and communication among developers involved in the process. Accordingly, we present the results of two complementary studies focusing on these two aspects of traceability. Based on Study 1, we develop a process model for information processing in traceability. Through Study 2, we identify important contingency factors that impact the mode of communication among developers and customers. We argue that choice of communication media should be dictated by matching particular media characteristics such as synchronicity, reprocessability, and channel capacity to the situation at hand rather than by using aggregated measures such as media richness or social presence. We integrate the findings from our two studies into a process model that prescribes guidelines for traceability practice in software development. Our prescriptions also help traceability tool developers in delivering traceability support that facilitates appropriate information processing and communication capabilities, taking various project characteristics into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug used as an analgesic. It is often detected in various environmental sources around the world and is considered as one of the emerging contaminants (ECs). This paper reviews the distribution of diclofenac at high concentrations in diverse environments and its adverse ecological impact. Recent studies observed strong evidence of the hazardous effect of diclofenac on mammals, including humans. Diclofenac could cause gastrointestinal complications, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, bone fractures, and skin allergy in mammals even at a low concentration. Collectively, this comprehensive review relates the mode of toxicity, level of exposure, and route of administration as a unique approach for addressing the destructive consequence of diclofenac in mammalian systems. Finally, the mitigation strategy to eradicate the diclofenac toxicity through green remediation is critically discussed. This review will undoubtedly shed light on the toxic effects of pseudo-persistent diclofenac on mammals as well as frame stringent guidelines against its common usage. [Display omitted] • Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug used as an analgesic. • Diclofenac widely contaminated in the ecosystem, including surface water. • Diclofenac could cause a severe hazardous impact in mammals, including humans. • Mode of action and toxicity mechanisms of diclofenac in mammals are discussed. • Mitigation strategy through green remediation for the diclofenac removal is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieckol [C 36 H 22 O 18 ], is a naturally occurring phlorotannin found in some brown algal species. Dieckol is gaining more attention in the scientific community for its potential biological activities. It has been exhibited a broad spectrum of therapeutic functions including anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and other medicinal applications. Distinct emphasis has been given to extraction, purification, and biomedical applications of dieckol. This critical review comprises of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico biological properties of dieckol. An attempt has been made to evaluate the effectiveness, therapeutical application, and mechanism of dieckol against various diseases. The pharmacological significance, current status and the dosage of multifunctional dieckol and its mechanisms have been discussed in this review. Dieckol plays an important role in apoptosis induction via inhibiting the PI3K, AKT, mTOR and FAK signaling molecules. Dieckol remarkably inhibited the lipid accumulation in high fat diet induced animal models. Dieckol, a multifaceted compound will be beneficial in attenuating the action of various diseases and it could be a potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compound. Therefore, the combined effects of dieckol with existing drugs and natural compounds will be studied in future to optimize its benefits. Besides limited information on the toxicological action and dosage administration of dieckol on the human was reported to date. Overall, dieckol is a prospective health-promoting compound for the development of a novel drug against numerous diseases. [Display omitted] • This review narrates extraction, purification and biological functions of dieckol. • The possible functions of dieckol against numerous diseases was presented. • Current status and mechanism of dieckol was discussed. • Dieckol, a best source for human health promoting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, is categorized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention and phased out globally. In this review, the distribution, toxicity, and interactive effect of endosulfan isomers and their remediation approaches are discussed. The occurrence of endosulfan residues in various environmental compartments (air, soil, and water) and biota (plants and animals) reported during 2016–2020 confirms its persistence and biomagnification probability in the ecosystem. The distribution pattern of endosulfan residues in the ecosystem is indicating both historical and recent input of endosulfan in the farmland. The existing literature on the ecotoxicological effects of endosulfan highlights various negative impacts on the non-targeted species, including plants, algae, aquatic species, terrestrial organisms, and mammals, including humans. Significantly, the toxicity of endosulfan could increase its intensity while interacting with other coexisting chemicals. Finally, this review suggests the distribution and persistence of endosulfan residues in the ecosystem could pose a potential risk to living organisms, including humans. [Display omitted] • Endosulfan is categorized as persistent organic pollutant and phased out globally. • This review reports the global occurrence of endosulfan in entire ecosystem. • Endosulfan residues (recent and historical input) still detected in the ecosystem. • Chronic exposure to endosulfan residues showed multiple defects in human. • The existing and upcoming ecological issues of endosulfan are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine crabs play an integral role in the food chain and scavenge the debris in the ecosystem. Gradual increases in global atmospheric carbon dioxide cause ocean acidification (OA) and global warming that leads to severe consequences for marine organisms including crabs. Also, OA combined with other stressors like temperature, hypoxia, and heavy metals causes more severe adverse effects in marine crabs. The present review was made holistic discussion of information from 111 articles, of which 37 peer-reviewed original research papers reported on the effect of OA experiments and its combination with other stressors like heavy metals, temperature, and hypoxia on growth, survival, molting, chitin quality, food indices, tissue biochemical constituents, hemocytes population, and biomarker enzymes of marine crabs. Nevertheless, the available reports are still in the infancy of marine crabs, hence, this review depicts the possible gaps and future research needs on the impact of OA on marine crabs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extraction, purification and biological activities of polysaccharides from tropical and sub-tropical fruits were summarised. • Structural characterisation of the fruits polysaccharides were briefly discussed. • New perspectives for the future work of these polysaccharides were discussed. Tropical and sub-tropical fruits are tremendous sources of polysaccharides (PSs), which are of great interest in the human welfare system as natural medicines, food and cosmetics. This review paper aims to highlight the recent trends in extraction (conventional and non-conventional), purification and analytic techniques of fruit polysaccharides (FPSs). The chemical structure and biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-coagulant and anti-diabetic effects, of PSs extracted from 53 various fruits were compared and discussed. With this wide coverage, a total of 172 scientific articles were reviewed and discussed. This comprehensive survey from previous studies suggests that the FPSs are non-toxic and highly biocompatible. In addition, this review highlights that FPSs might be excellent functional foods as well as effective therapeutic drugs. Finally, the future research advances of FPSs are also described. The content of this review will promote human wellness-based food product development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, an enormous number of naturally occurring biological macromolecules has been reported worldwide due to its antibacterial and anticancerous potential. Among them, in this study, the copper containing respiratory protein namely haemocyanin (HC) was isolated from the haemolymph of mud crab Scylla serrata. The isolated metalloprotein HC was purified using Sepharose column by gel filtration chromatography. The purified HC was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and molecular weight of the protein was identified as 95 kDa. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectral data revealed the presence of amino acid constituents. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis based mass ion search exposed that the purified protein was HC. HC exhibited an in vitro bacteriostatic effects against the bacterial pathogens and also elevated ROS levels in the treated samples. The half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of HC was found to be 80 μg/mL against lung cancer cells (A549). Our study collectively addressed the potential antibacterial and anti-cancerous activity of HC. The results obtained from this study suggest that HC can be used for therapeutical application in the near future. • The haemocyanin was isolated and purified from haemolymph of mud crab Scylla serrata. • Isolated haemocyanin was characterized and confirmed using FTIR, SDS-PAGE, XRD, NMR and LC-MS/MS. • The purified haemocyanin showed effective antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. • The anticancer properties of haemocyanin was evidenced against human A549 lung cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes serve as reservoirs for viruses and other microorganisms, posing a significant health‐related issue for both humans as well as livestock. Control of these deadly disease‐producing mosquito vectors is of paramount importance. The chemical analysis of Parmotrema reticulatum was examined by GC–MS. Further, lichen‐mediated AgNPs were confirmed through UV–vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, TEM‐EDX, and XRD. After 24 h post‐treatment, the lichen‐synthesized AgNPs showed considerable toxicity against distinct Aedes aegypti instars with LC50 values of 44.61 (I instar), 51.27 (II instars), 61.34 (III instars), 72.95 (IV instar), and 89.84 (pupae) μg/mL, respectively. Further, both P. reticulatum extract and AgNPs greatly reduced the survival and reproductive efficiency of A. aegypti adults. Eventually, in conventional laboratory circumstances, the predatory effectiveness of Gambusia affinis against Ae. aegypti II and III instar larvae were 71.35% and 53.40%, respectively. In antibacterial assays, low concentrations of the P. reticulatum synthesized AgNPs inhibited the development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii. Surface damage, ROS production, and protein leakage are the antibacterial mechanisms of AgNPs. Overall, the lichen‐derived AgNPs can be regarded as newer and safer Ae. aegypti control instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimSeroprevalence study in Irula tribe of Marakkanam, Tamil Nadu State was carried out for certain bacterial (typhoid, syphilis and leptospirosis) and viral infection (hanta,hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)).ResultHighest seroprevalence was observed for leptospirosis (61.1%) followed by, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (11.11%), syphilis (9.72%), typhoid (8.33%), hantavirus (6.9%) and HIV (2.77%).ObservationThe seroprevalence of leptospirosis and hantavirus may be attributed to their professional exposure to rodent that they catch in the open field and the syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV prevalence may be related to their sexual behavior and social customs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]