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Introduction: The leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme posits that functional traits such as leaf size, stem height and seed mass play a key role in life history of plants. Although many studies have explored the LHS scheme across plant species, to our knowledge, no study has so far linked functional trait patterns across different plant clades. Methods: Here, we first explored the LHS scheme of several plant clades, i.e., palms, other monocots, dicots and gymnosperms, to understand how potential forces drive variation of plant functional traits. Results: We showed that phylogeny constrains plant functional traits and appears to be the most decisive factor that controls variation in seed mass irrespective of plant clades. Apart from phylogeny, a majority of variation in seed mass was explained by leaf size in palms clade, whereas by plant height in other monocots and dicots. Neither leaf size nor plant height well explained variation in seed mass of gymnosperms clade. Conclusion: Our study strongly suggests that different plant clades exhibit distinct LHS schemes, paving a new avenue for better understanding evolution and correlation between functional traits across sets of plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Allium taiseba (A. sect. Scorodon), is described from Hoşap (Xoşap)/Van province, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to A. bingoelense, but it differs in several morphological features including inner tunic's colour of bulb, spathe length, tepal colours and size, stamen colour and length, ovary shape, style colour and length, capsule and seeds size. A comprehensive description of the new species is provided, including detailed photographs, geographical distribution map, habitat and ecology, vernacular names and IUCN conservation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids in Musaceae are involved in pigmentation and stress responses, including cold resistance, and are a component of the healthy human diet. Identification and analysis of the sequence and copy number of flavonoid biosynthetic genes are valuable for understanding the nature and diversity of flavonoid evolution in Musaceae species. In this study, we identified 71–80 flavonoid biosynthetic genes in chromosome-scale genome sequence assemblies of Musaceae, including those of Ensete glaucum , Musella lasiocarpa , Musa beccarii , M. acuminata , M. balbisiana and M. schizocarpa, checking annotations with BLAST and determining the presence of conserved domains. The number of genes increased through segmental duplication and tandem duplication. Orthologues of both structural and regulatory genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway are highly conserved across Musaceae. The flavonoid 3ʹ,5ʹ-hydroxylase gene F3ʹ5ʹH was amplified in Musaceae and ginger compared with grasses (rice, Brachypodium, Avena longiglumis, and sorghum). One group of genes from this gene family amplified near the centromere of chromosome 2 in the x  = 11 Musaceae species. Flavonoid biosynthetic genes displayed few consistent responses in the yellow and red bracts of Musella lasiocarpa when subjected to low temperatures. The expression levels of MlDFR2/3 (dihydroflavonol reductase) increased while MlLAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase) was reduced by half. Overall, the results establish the range of diversity in both sequence and copy number of flavonoid biosynthetic genes during evolution of Musaceae. The combination of allelic variants of genes, changes in their copy numbers, and variation in transcription factors with the modulation of expression under cold treatments and between genotypes with contrasting bract-colours suggests the variation may be exploited in plant breeding programmes, particularly for improvement of stress-resistance in the banana crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High sensitivity and rapid closure of wheat stomata to environmental stimuli make it difficult and inconvenient when investigating stomatal physiology and morphology using epidermal peels. This is due to inevitable mechanical stress to stomatal guard cells when separating epidermis from mesophyll cells, which induced a vast majority of stomatal closure in wheat. Stomata are more open and active in detached leaves than in epidermal peels. Based on these observations, we proposed a simple method, which promotes stomatal opening using detached leaves rather than epidermis for physiological observations. Stomatal response to stimuli was significantly increased when using intact leaf segment. The method was used to investigate stomatal behaviours of two wheat genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance to salinity stress. The effects of salt stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment on stomatal behaviours were also assessed. The salt-tolerant genotype, H-135, demonstrated a greater stomatal closure rate than the salt-sensitive genotype, H-093, in response to exogenous ABA under salt stress, highlighting the potential of stomatal responsiveness as an indicator for breeding salt-resistant crops. This method not only facilitates the effective initiation of stomatal opening but also ensures the continued responsiveness of stomata to subsequent treatments in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: CRISPR Cas9 and Cas12a are the two most frequently used programmable nucleases reported in plant systems. There is now a wide range of component parts for both which likely have varying degrees of effectiveness and potentially applicability to different species. Our aim was to develop and optimise Cas9 and Cas12a based systems for highly efficient genome editing in the monocotyledons barley and wheat and produce a user-friendly toolbox facilitating simplex and multiplex editing in the cereal community. Results: We identified a Zea mays codon optimised Cas9 with 13 introns in conjunction with arrayed guides driven by U6 and U3 promoters as the best performer in barley where 100% of T0 plants were simultaneously edited in all three target genes. When this system was used in wheat > 90% of T0 plants were edited in all three subgenome targets. For Cas12a, an Arabidopsis codon optimised sequence with 8 introns gave the best editing efficiency in barley when combined with a tRNA based multiguide array, resulting in 90% mutant alleles in three simultaneously targeted genes. When we applied this Cas12a system in wheat 86% & 93% of T0 plants were mutated in two genes simultaneously targeted. We show that not all introns contribute equally to enhanced mutagenesis when inserted into a Cas12a coding sequence and that there is rationale for including multiple introns. We also show that the combined effect of two features which boost Cas12a mutagenesis efficiency (D156R mutation and introns) is more than the sum of the features applied separately. Conclusion: Based on the results of our testing, we describe and provide a GoldenGate modular cloning system for Cas9 and Cas12a use in barley and wheat. Proven Cas nuclease and guide expression cassette options found in the toolkit will facilitate highly efficient simplex and multiplex mutagenesis in both species. We incorporate GRF-GIF transformation boosting cassettes in wheat options to maximise workflow efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of plant type on n-alkane biomarker has been widely studied, but the influence of plant type on n-alkanoic acids (n-FAs) has received less attention. Understanding the effect of the distribution of n-FAs and their hydrogen isotope composition (δ2HFA) is critical for interpreting sedimentary δ2HFA values as proxies of hydroclimate and/or vegetation changes. In this study, we systematically investigated the distribution of n-FAs and δ2HFA values across seasons on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Our results showed that there were no significant seasonal differences in n-FAs distribution and δ2HFA values, but there were significant differences in δ2HFA values across plant types. The δ2HFA values ranged from −185‰ to −125‰ in dicots (−161‰±28‰), and from −215‰ to −170‰ in monocots (−196‰±22‰) on the CLP. Isotope fractionation between δ2HFA values and precipitation δ2H (εFA-P) was also 2H-enriched in dicots relative to monocots. At the regional scale of the CLP, δ2HFA values were not correlated with δ2H values of precipitation. However, δ2HFA values from the CLP were similar to expectations from a global comparison, both in terms of their mean values and high variability among plants growing in sites with similar δ2H values of precipitation. As some of this variability in εFA-P is due to the effect of plant type, a careful assessment of the likely sources of waxes in terrestrial sediments is critical when using δ2HFA values for paleohydroclimate reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apostasia fujianica belongs to the genus Apostasia and is part of the basal lineage in the phylogenetic tree of the Orchidaceae. Currently, there are only ten reported complete mitochondrial genomes in orchids, which greatly hinders the understanding of mitochondrial evolution in Orchidaceae. Therefore, we assembled and annotated the mitochondrial genome of A. fujianica, which has a length of 573,612 bp and a GC content of 44.5%. We annotated a total of 44 genes, including 30 protein-coding genes, 12 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. We also performed relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis, repeat sequence analysis, intergenomic transfer (IGT) analysis, and Ka/Ks analysis for A. fujianica and conducted RNA editing site analysis on the mitochondrial genomes of eight orchid species. We found that most protein-coding genes are under purifying selection, but nad6 is under positive selection, with a Ka/Ks value of 1.35. During the IGT event in A. fujianica's mitogenome, the trnN-GUU, trnD-GUC, trnW-CCA, trnP-UGG, and psaJ genes were identified as having transferred from the plastid to the mitochondrion. Compared to other monocots, the family Orchidaceae appears to have lost the rpl10, rpl14, sdh3, and sdh4 genes. Additionally, to further elucidate the evolutionary relationships among monocots, we constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the complete mitogenomes of monocots. Our study results provide valuable data on the mitogenome of A. fujianica and lay the groundwork for future research on genetic variation, evolutionary relationships, and breeding of Orchidaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen is becoming an increasingly important subject for molecular researchers in genetic engineering, plant breeding, and environmental monitoring. To broaden the scope of these studies, it is essential to develop accessible methods for scientists who are not specialized in palynology. The article presents a simplified technical procedure for preparing pollen grains for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The protocol is convenient for any molecular laboratory due to its small set of reagents, ease of execution, low cost, does not require special equipment, and takes only one hour to complete. The high penetrating ability of formaldehyde and the final delicate dehydration using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) instead of critical point drying allow for sufficient preservation of the architecture of the aperture, which is considered a gateway for the passage of biomolecules. The method was successfully applied to pollen grains of representatives of dicotyledons (beetroot, petunia, radish, tomato and tobacco) and monocotyledons (lily, onion, corn, rye and wheat). Species studied included insect-pollinated (entomophilous) and wind-pollinated (anemophilous) species. A comparative analysis of the sizes of fresh living pollen grains under a light microscope and those prepared for SEM showed some shrinkage. Quantitative analysis of the degree of pollen grain shrinkage showed that this process depends on the initial shape of dry pollen grains, and the number and structure of apertures. The results support the theoretical model of the folding/unfolding pathways of pollen grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out with the objective of updating the weed flora associated with sugar cane in Cuba. Weed identification surveys corresponding to 2023 were carried out in all sugarcane production units in the country. Identification was carried out by walking the field along its diagonals, with the help of catalogs to the identification of the species. Families' diversity index, the relative frequency of the species at the field and the relation of interference for morfotipo they were determinated. The frequency was determined and classified into the categories of: Accidental; Uncommon; Moderately common and Very common. The surveys showed the existence of seven families, of which two belong to the class Liliatae (Monocotyledons) and five to the Magnoliatae (Dicotyledons). The Poaceae family presented the highest relative diversity index (54.2%), followed by Fabaceae and Mimosaceae with the same value (12.5%). twenty one genera were distinguished, 11 from the class Liliatae and 10 from the Magnoliatae. The most frequent were Brachiaria and Sorghum, both from the Poaceae family, with three and two meanings, respectively. The floristic inventory revealed the existence of 24 species of weeds associated with sugar cane as the most frequent at the national level, with frequency values above 1%, of which 14 belong to the class Liliatae and 10 to the Magnoliatae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PIN‐FORMED (PIN) proteins mediate the auxin flow throughout the plant and have been identified in many species. However, evolution differences in the PIN gene families have not been systematically analyzed, and their functions under abiotic stresses in grape are largely unexplored. In this study, 373 PIN genes were identified from 25 species and divided into 3 subgroups. Physicochemical properties analysis indicated that most of the PIN proteins were unstable alkaline hydrophobic proteins in nature. The synteny analysis showed that the PINs contained strong gene duplication. Motif composition revealed that PIN gene sequence differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons were due to evolutionary‐induced base loss, and the loss was more common in dicotyledonous. Meanwhile, the codon usage bias showed that the PINs showed stronger codon preference in monocotyledons, monocotyledons biased towards C3s and G3s, and dicotyledons biased towards A3s and T3s. In addition, the VvPIN1 can interact with VvCSN5. Significantly, under freezing treatment, the ion leakage, O2·−$$ \left({O}_2^{\cdotp -}\right) $$, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obviously increased, while the proline (Pro) content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) content were decreased in VvPIN1‐overexpressing Arabidopsis compared to the wild type (WT). And quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) showed that AtICE1, AtICE2, AtCBF1, AtCBF2, and AtCBF3 were down‐regulated in overexpression lines. These results demonstrated that VvPIN1 negatively regulated the freezing tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Collectively, this study provides a novel insight into the evolution and a basis for further studies on the biological functions of PIN genes in monocotyledons and dicotyledons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the prevalence of ever‐changing conditions in the natural world, investigation of photosynthetic responses in C4 plants under fluctuating light is needed. Here, we studied the effect of dynamic illumination on photosynthesis in totally 10 C3, C3–C4 intermediate, C4‐like and C4 dicots and monocots at CO2 concentrations of 400 and 800 μmol mol−1. C4 and C4‐like plants had faster photosynthetic induction and light‐induced stomatal dynamics than C3 plants at 400 μmol mol−1, but not at 800 μmol mol−1 CO2, at which the CO2 supply rarely limits photosynthesis. C4 and C4‐like plants had a higher water use efficiency than C3 plants at both CO2 concentrations. There were positive correlations between photosynthetic induction and light‐induced stomatal response, together with CO2 compensation point, which was a parameter of the CO2‐concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis. These results clearly show that C4 photosynthesis in both monocots and dicots adapts to fluctuating light conditions more efficiently than C3 photosynthesis. The rapid photosynthetic induction response in C4 plants can be attributed to the rapid stomatal dynamics, the CO2‐concentrating mechanism or both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately understanding the critical threshold of leaf magnesium (Mg) concentration is crucial for rapid diagnosis of crop Mg status; however, little information is available on critical Mg concentration for different physiological processes in dicots and monocots. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) at different leaf positions/ages, leaf area (LA), and photosynthesis (Pn) to Mg deficiency between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plants were grown hydroponically under twelve Mg concentration gradients. Results showed reducing the external Mg supply to a certain level resulted in significant decline in biomass, Chl, LA, and Pn in both plants. A leaf Mg threshold of 0.97 mg g−1 DM (dry matter) for total biomass was found in rice, which was not identified in cucumber. Critical Mg thresholds for Chl a, b, and carotenoids (Car) showed a decreasing trend with leaf age, suggesting Chl in upper young leaves are more sensitive to Mg deficiency; however, visible Mg-deficiency symptoms were predominantly in mid-aged leaves with a higher rate of Mg remobilization, especially in cucumber. Leaf critical Mg concentrations for Chl a+b, Pn, and LA were 1.22, 1.05, and 1.00 mg g−1 DM in rice, respectively, which were lower than those of cucumber, 4.23, 4.09, and 3.55 mg g−1 DM, implying that cucumber was more susceptible to low Mg stress; Chl a+b was the most sensitive indicator of Mg deficiency. Overall, Chl a+b of upper young mature leaves can be used as an early diagnostic index of Mg nutrition in crops, especially Mg-insensitive crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water balance is crucial for the growth and flowering of plants. However, the mechanisms by which flowers maintain water balance are poorly understood across different angiosperm branches.Here, we investigated 29 floral hydraulic and economic traits in 24 species from ANA grade, magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots. Our main objective was to compare differences in flower water use strategies between basal angiosperms (ANA grade and magnoliids) and derived group (monocots and eudicots).We found that basal angiosperms had richer petal stomatal density, higher pedicel hydraulic diameter, and flower mass per area, but lower pedicel vessel wall reinforcement and epidermal cell thickness compared to monocots and eudicots. We also observed significant trade‐offs and coordination among different floral traits. Floral traits associated with reproduction, such as floral longevity and size, were strongly linked with physiological and anatomical traits.Our results systematically reveal the variation in flower economic and hydraulic traits from different angiosperm branches, deepening understanding of flower water use strategies among these plant taxa. We conclude that basal angiosperms maintain water balance with high water supply, whereas monocots and eudicots maintain a more conservative water balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of four species of Cyperaceae in the genus Rhynchospora (Rhynchosporeae) and five of Carex (Cariceae) are reported for the first time as members of the flora of the department of Lambayeque, in the northeast of the Peruvian territory, occupying the Andean ecoregions of Northwest Montane Rainforests (BPMN), Jalca, and Desert Shrub-Dry Forest transition (MD-BS). The distribution of the species and presence in herbaria are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of the country's flora is very challenging until baseline information on the flora of all district or upazila is available. The purpose of this inventory was to record angiosperm plant species available in the different habitats of Bagatipara upazila, which is located in the eastern part of Rajshahi district. The traditional taxonomic method was applied for plant sample collection in different seasons of the year 2022 and the identification of the collected samples. This research resulted in the recording of a total of 377 species in 92 families. Among them, 310 species were from Magnoliopsida, and 67 were from Liliopsida. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the leading families of Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, respectively. One-fourth of the total plant species were exotic, and more than half were valuable medicinal species. Artocarpus lacucha, Bridelia stipularis, Callicarpa longifolia, Eranthemum pulchellum, Oroxylum indicum, Potentilla supina, Sterculia foetida, and Terminalia arjuna were locally found rare. Threats such as climate change, expansion of arable land and pisciculture, use of herbicides, over exploitation, clearing brushwood, and unplanned construction activities have been identified. The present study concludes that the floristic composition of this area is still rich, though the area is facing some threats. Therefore, we strongly recommend adopting effective and adequate measures for sustainable conservation and monitoring of the biodiversity of this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates that the vascular flora (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons) of the Chapainawabganj district area consists of 247 species with two subspecies under 126 genera and 35 families. The pteridophytes and gymnosperms are represented by 19 and four species, respectively, whereas the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) are represented by 224 species. Poaceae, with 91 species, representing 36.84% of the flora, appears to be the largest family, followed by Cyperaceae 32, Araceae 19, Asparagaceae 12, and Arecaceae 11, which collectively constitute ca. 30% of this flora. Cyperus, comprising 18 species, is recorded as the largest genus, followed by Fimbristylis, Digitaria, Panicum, Bambusa, Urochloa, Dracaena, and Dioscorea. About 87.55% of this flora's taxa are herbs, 4.42% are palms, 3.61% are shrubs, and the rest are bamboos and trees. Erect herbs, forming 61.04% of the flora, comprise the most common life form. In this flora, almost 74.30% of the taxa are native, and the rest, 25.70%, are exotic. It is found that nearly 74.70% of the taxa are wild, 14.06% are planted, and 11.24% are cultivated. About 23.29% of taxa commonly occur throughout all upazilas in this district. Most of the species are harboured in fallow lands, roadsides, gardens, and homesteads. All species of this district's flora are known to be economically useful. Most of its habitats and ecosystems are exposed to different threats. Adequate measures with effective management plans should be adopted and implemented for the sustainable use, improvement, and conservation of this precious flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental variation commonly drives functional trait diversity within species, among species, and across communities. Climate and shared evolutionary history can both influence trait–environment relationships. We studied variation in plant functional traits among closely related Costus species occurring across environmental gradients, the extent to which this variation occurs within single species, and how that variation may be influenced by shared evolutionary history. We measured leaf, aboveground stem, rhizome, and fine root traits of 17 species of Costus in eight sites in Costa Rica and Panama, which varied in elevation, temperature, and precipitation. We then assessed the relationships among traits and environmental variables and estimated the phylogenetic signal of the traits. We observed significant relationships between functional traits and climate. Stomatal conductance decreased, but stem density and rhizome dry matter content increased with decreasing mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality in both cross‐species and single‐species analyses. This suggests that herbaceous species have a similar trade‐off between plant hydraulic efficiency and safety as found in woody plants. Mean annual temperature was a stronger driver of trait variation than mean annual precipitation. We also found phylogenetic signal in leaf and stem structural traits (i.e., closely related species are more similar than distantly related species), but not in physiological or belowground traits. Our results demonstrate significant trait variation within and among species of Costus, a widespread understory and herbaceous genus in the tropics, which is driven by both climate and shared evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolfberry (Lycium, of the family Solanaceae) has special nutritional benefits due to its valuable metabolites. Here, 16 wolfberry-specific metabolites were identified by comparing the metabolome of wolfberry with those of six species, including maize, rice, wheat, soybean, tomato and grape. The copy numbers of the riboflavin and phenyllactate degradation genes riboflavin kinase (RFK) and phenyllactate UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT1) were lower in wolfberry than in other species, while the copy number of the phenyllactate synthesis gene hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate reductase (HPPR) was higher in wolfberry, suggesting that the copy number variation of these genes among species may be the main reason for the specific accumulation of riboflavin and phenyllactate in wolfberry. Moreover, the metabolome-based neighbor-joining tree revealed distinct clustering of monocots and dicots, suggesting that metabolites could reflect the evolutionary relationship among those species. Taken together, we identified 16 specific metabolites in wolfberry and provided new insight into the accumulation mechanism of species-specific metabolites at the genomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Thismiaceae, known as "fairy lanterns" for their urn- or bell-shaped flowers with basally fused tepals, consists of non-photosynthetic flowering monocots mainly in tropical regions, extending into subtropical and temperate areas. Here, we propose a new mycoheterotrophic genus, Relictithismia Suetsugu & Tagane (Thismiaceae), with its monotypic species Relictithismia kimotsukiensis Suetsugu, Yas.Nakam. & Tagane from Kimotsuki Mountains in the Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu Island, southern Japan. Relictithismia resembles Haplothismia Airy Shaw in having a cluster of tuberous roots, a feature previously observed only in this genus within the family Thismiaceae. However, it differs in having solitary flowers (vs. 2–6-flowered pseudo-raceme in Haplothismia), anther thecae largely separated (vs. connate), and the presence of an annulus (vs. absent). Additionally, Relictithismia differs from the geographically overlapping genus Thismia Griff. in its stamen structure and the position of the annulus. In Relictithismia, the stamens lack connectives, and its free filaments arise from the annulus located inside the perianth mouth, while in Thismia, the stamens typically have connate connectives, forming a staminal tube pendulous from the annulus located at the mouth of the floral tube. Our morphological and phylogenetic data indicated that R. kimotsukiensis holds an early-diverging position within the family, situated outside the Old World Thismia clade. This paper offers an extensive description and color photographs of R. kimotsukiensis, complemented by notes on its phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present manuscript, we describe and illustrate a novel foliicolous fossil-species of Zygosporium Mont. (Zygosporiaceae: Xylariales: Sordariomycetes) on compressed monocot leaf recovered from the Middle Siwalik sediments (Late Miocene) of Himachal Pradesh, western Himalaya. The new fossil-species characterized by macronematous, dark brown, unbranched or occasionally branched conidiophores with a chain of up to four integrated dark brown, curved, thick-walled, swollen, hook-like, alternately or sub-oppositely arranged vesicles is described here as Zygosporium himachalensis sp. nov. This is the first fossil evidence of Zygosporium having stacked chained vesicular conidiophores and is so significant data for both paleomycologists and mycologists. The in-situ occurrence of Z. himachalensis on monocot leaf cuticles suggests a possible host–saprophyte relationship that might have existed in the ancient forest of Himachal Pradesh during the Miocene. • Describe a new foliicolous fossil-species Zygosporium himachalensis based on a detailed conidiophore morphology. • First report of fossil representative of Zygosporium with stacked chained vesicular conidiophores. • Existence of a likely host–saprophyte relationship between monocots and Z. himachalensis since Miocene. • Interpret paleoecology in Himachal Siwalik. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The plastid is the photosynthetic organelle in plant cell, and the plastid genomes (plastomes) are generally conserved in evolution. As one of the most economically and ecologically important order of angiosperms, Poales was previously documented to exhibit great plastomic variation as an order of photoautotrophic plants. Results: We acquired 93 plastomes, representing all the 16 families and 5 major clades of Poales to reveal the extent of their variation and evolutionary pattern. Extensive variation including the largest one in monocots with 225,293 bp in size, heterogeneous GC content, and a wide variety of gene duplication and loss were revealed. Moreover, rare occurrences of three inverted repeat (IR) copies in angiosperms and one IR loss were observed, accompanied by short IR (sIR) and small direct repeat (DR). Widespread structural heteroplasmy, diversified inversions, and unusual genomic rearrangements all appeared in Poales, occasionally within a single species. Extensive repeats in the plastomes were found to be positively correlated with the observed inversions and rearrangements. The variation all showed a "small-large-moderate" trend along the evolution of Poales, as well as for the sequence substitution rate. Finally, we found some positively selected genes, mainly in C4 lineages, while the closely related lineages of those experiencing gene loss tended to have undergone more relaxed purifying selection. Conclusions: The variation of plastomes in Poales may be related to its successful diversification into diverse habitats and multiple photosynthetic pathway transitions. Our order-scale analyses revealed unusual evolutionary scenarios for plastomes in the photoautotrophic order of Poales and provided new insights into the plastome evolution in angiosperms as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sulfur (S) is a mineral nutrient essential for plant growth and development, which is incorporated into diverse molecules fundamental for primary and secondary metabolism, plant defense, signaling, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Although, S starvation response is well documented in the dicot model Arabidopsis thaliana, it is not clear if the same transcriptional networks control the response also in the monocots. Results: We performed series of physiological, expression, and metabolite analyses in two model monocot species, one representing the C3 plants, Oryza sativa cv. kitaake, and second representing the C4 plants, Setaria viridis. Our comprehensive transcriptomic analysis revealed twice as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S. viridis than in O. sativa under S-deficiency, consistent with a greater loss of sulfur and S-containing metabolites under these conditions. Surprisingly, most of the DEGs and enriched gene ontology terms were species-specific, with an intersect of only 58 common DEGs. The transcriptional networks were different in roots and shoots of both species, in particular no genes were down-regulated by S-deficiency in the roots of both species. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that S-deficiency seems to have different physiological consequences in the two monocot species and their nutrient homeostasis might be under distinct control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although biotic and abiotic factors have been confirmed to be critical factors that affect community dynamics, their interactive effects have yet to be fully considered in grassland degradation. Herein, we tested how soil nutrients and microbes regulated plant–soil feedback (PSF) in a degraded alpine grassland. Our results indicated that soil total carbon (STC; from 17.66 to 12.55 g/kg) and total nitrogen (STN; from 3.16 to 2.74 g/kg) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) decrease from non-degraded (ND) to severely degraded (SD). Despite higher nutrients in ND soil generating significantly (P < 0.05) positive PSF (0.52) on monocots growth when the soil was sterilized, a high proportion of pathogens (36%) in ND non-sterilized soil resulted in a strong negative PSF on monocots. In contrast, the higher phenotypic plasticity of dicots coupled with a higher abundance of mutualists and saprophytes (70%) strongly promoted their survival and growth in SD with infertile soil. Our findings identified a novel mechanism that there was a functional group shift from monocots with higher vulnerability to soil pathogens in the ND fertile soil to dicots with higher dependence on nutritional mutualists in the degraded infertile soil. The emerging irreversible eco-evolutionary in PSF after degradation might cause a predicament for the restoration of degraded grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Uncertainty persists within trait‐based ecology, partly because few studies assess multiple axes of functional variation and their effect on plant performance.For 55 species from two semiarid grasslands, we quantified: (1) covariation between economic traits of leaves and absorptive roots, (2) covariation among economic traits, plant height, leaf size, and seed mass, and (3) relationships between these traits and species' abundance.Pairs of analogous leaf and root traits were at least weakly positively correlated (e.g. specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length (SRL)). Two pairs of such traits, N content and DMC of leaves and roots, were at least moderately correlated (r > 0.5) whether species were grouped by site, taxonomic group and growth form, or life history. Root diameter was positively correlated with seed mass for all groups of species except annuals and monocots. Species with higher leaf dry matter content (LDMC) tended to be more abundant (r = 0.63). Annuals with larger seeds were more abundant (r = 0.69).Compared with global‐scale syntheses with many observations from mesic ecosystems, we observed stronger correlations between analogous leaf and root traits, weaker correlations between SLA and leaf N, and stronger correlations between SRL and root N. In dry grasslands, plant persistence may require coordination of above‐ and belowground traits, and dense tissues may facilitate dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Acacia is a large group of woody legumes containing an enormous amount of morphological diversity in leaf shape. This diversity is at least in part the result of an innovation in leaf development where many Acacia species are capable of developing leaves of both bifacial and unifacial morphologies. While not unique in the plant kingdom, unifaciality is most commonly associated with monocots, and its developmental genetic mechanisms have yet to be explored beyond this group. In this study, we identify an accession of Acacia crassicarpa with high regeneration rates and isolate a clone for genome sequencing. We generate a chromosome-level assembly of this readily transformable clone, and using comparative analyses, confirm a whole-genome duplication unique to Caesalpinoid legumes. This resource will be important for future work examining genome evolution in legumes and the unique developmental genetic mechanisms underlying unifacial morphogenesis in Acacia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are a major threat to crop yield and quality but an important component of the agro-system. Estimating the response of weed species to cultural practices is crucial to selecting weed control methods. The study was realized in Setif, a Mediterranean semi-arid region in northeastern Algeria, on two fields (Beni-Fouda and Rmada ) practicing the direct seeding since 2008 The experiment was carried out over two campaign years (2015-2017) to examine the effects of rotations compared to monoculture on weed diversity and abundance. Among 40 species inventoried, dicotyledons are the best represented, with 85% (34/40) of the species, belonging to 15 families, the Asteraceae have nearly 27.5% of the total inventoried flora. Monocotyledons are composed of just the Poaceae, comprising 15% of the total flora. Between the two fields, the diversity indices show controversial values and a great dissimilarity is noted. The wheat-crop and rotations at Beni-Fouda (W/T/L/V) were distinguished by both high species diversity and low dominance, while the same treatments (W/T/L/P) at the Rmada site showed strong dominance with low diversity. The results indicate potential changes in the dominance of weed species between the two fields and the impact of the rotations on weeds is insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the geophyte flora is of principal significance, not only for the conservation of plant diversity but also for its economic impact. Many geophytes hold economic value, serving as food sources, medicinal plants, and ornamental species. This paper presents the first comprehensive study of monocot geophytes in Isfahan province, Iran, focusing on their composition and species diversity. The study exposed a total of 187 taxa (including species and subspecies), covering 61 genera and 15 families among monocotyledonous geophytes in Isfahan province. Remarkable families comprise Poaceae (44 taxa; 23.52%), Amaryllidaceae (35 taxa; 18.72%), Liliaceae (27 taxa; 14.43%), Iridaceae and Asparagaceae (17 taxa; 9.09%). Moreover, the research identified that 66 species (35.29% of all taxa) belong to the Irano-Turanian region (monoregional), ten species (5.35%) are pluriregional, 14 species (7.48%) exhibit cosmopolitan distribution, while 97 taxa (51.87%) are shared across the Irano-Turanian region and other floristic regions. The study also determined 25 taxa as endemic to Iran, creating 13.36% of all monocotyledonous geophytes in Isfahan province. The conclusions highlight the critical need for the application of effective conservation strategies to conservation these valuable geophyte species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pierfelice Ravenna was a controversial Chilean botanist active from the late 1960s through the first decade of the 21st century. He died in 2022. During his active years he described ca. 650 species and infraspecific taxa of plants, mostly in Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae. Unfortunately, the fate of his type specimens, a majority of which were located in his personal herbarium along with many loans from other herbaria, is not clearly known, but by all indications they were destroyed. In this article, we briefly review his life, compile an annotated list of all validly published specific and infraspecific taxa that he described, and determine which have available holotypes and isotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden is the property of Missouri Botanical Garden Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A total of 338 species of Angiosperms belonging to 247 genera and 80 families have been recorded from Lungmaiching Hill Ranges located in Imphal east district, Manipur. The recorded species are classified under APG IV. Of these, highest species diversity is shown by Eudicots with 240 species, followed by Monocots with 84 species, Magnolids with 13 species, etc. The species composition is dominated by herbs (121 spp.) and trees (104 spp.) while others are represented by shrubs (76 spp.), epiphytes (21 spp.), climbers (15 spp.) and creeper (1 sp.). At family level, Fabaceae (22 spp.) showed highest species content and is followed by Orchidaceae (21 spp.), Asteraceae (21 spp.), Poaceae (20 spp.) and Moraceae (16 spp.). The study also reported Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites and Ficus hirta Vahl as new additions to the flora of Manipur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The results of our eight-year study of a population of the rare orchid Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta at the northern limit of its range (Komi Republic) are presented. The weather factors (air temperature and precipitation) were found to affect the small and large life cycles of this species. The number of plants in the population was influenced by the weather conditions of the previous growing season, positively by the temperature in August and negatively by frosts in October. The number of generative (flowering) plants had a positive correlation with the air temperature in July of the previous vegetative season. The fruit set was high (71.2%) and negatively associated with precipitation during the flowering of this species. The seed number per fruit in the population (9831 pcs on average) was higher than that in the more southern parts of the range of this species. This indicator, as well as the real seed productivity of the species, is positively related to the level of moisture availability of the current growing season. The seed production is high, from 34 000 to 154 600 seeds per m2 in several study years, and is positively associated with the sum of active temperatures of the previous growing season. The presence of juvenile individuals (10.0–31.7%) over all study years indicates successful seed reproduction in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of heterochrony, or shifts in the relative timing of ontogenetic events, is important for understanding many aspects of plant evolution, including applied issues such as crop yield. In this paper, we review heterochronic shifts in the evolution of an important floral organ, the carpel. The carpels, being ovule-bearing organs, facilitate fertilisation, seed, and fruit formation. It is the carpel that provides the key character of flowering plants, angiospermy. In many angiosperms, a carpel has two zones: proximal ascidiate and distal plicate. When carpels are free (apocarpous gynoecium), the plicate zone has a ventral slit where carpel margins meet and fuse during ontogeny; the ascidiate zone is sac-like from inception and has no ventral slit. When carpels are united in a syncarpous gynoecium, a synascidiate zone has as many locules as carpels, whereas a symplicate zone is unilocular, at least early in ontogeny. In ontogeny, either the (syn)ascidiate or (sym)plicate zone is first to initiate. The two developmental patterns are called early and late peltation, respectively. In extreme cases, either the (sym)plicate or (syn)ascidiate zone is completely lacking. Here, we discuss the diversity of carpel structure and development in a well-defined clade of angiosperms, the monocotyledons. We conclude that the common ancestor of monocots had carpels with both zones and late peltation. This result was found irrespective of the use of the plastid or nuclear phylogeny. Early peltation generally correlates with ovules belonging to the (syn)ascidiate zone, whereas late peltation is found mostly in monocots with a fertile (sym)plicate zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CMT2 and cpSRP43 are key factors in tolerance to heat stress, which have been revealed in Arabidopsis. It is largely unknown whether they play similar roles in heat stress resistance in monocotyledon species. Here we carried out genome-enabled identification of CHROMO domain genes in five monocots, to which both CMT2 and cpSRP43 belong. Results showed that gene copy numbers are similar in monocots to those in Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analyses split the family into six major clades, among which CMT2 and cpSRP43 formed independent clades, respectively. Two CMT2s are present in the maize genome, while a single cpSRP43 exists in maize. Expression of the CTM2 homologs was elevated 2 and 48 h after heat stress in maize roots, while that of cpSRP43 was increased 2 and 48 h after stress in maize stalks. The genes identified here can be used as molecular targets for breeders to select for thermal-tolerant wheat lines, while phylogenetic and expression analyses of the CHROMO domain genes can be used as a knowledge base for molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization of the genes in monocots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the work was to study the linearly polarized light impact on the maize plants development. The other purpose was to confirm the model proposed earlier. The methods used in this work include the development of LED light sources, the polarization parameter (degree of polarization) assessment and statistical analysis. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants, Hansatech FMS 1+ pulsed fluorimeter and software TXP Series Instrumentation were used. Plants were grown under white light (WW) with intensity of 200 µmol m–2 s–1. The morphometric parameters measured on the 21st day demonstrated that maize plants of different varieties grown under linearly polarized light developed better than under non-polarized light conditions. In addition, the fact was confirmed by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The mechanism has been proposed to explain significant polarized radiation impact on maize, according to which this impact depends on the shape and arrangement of the leaf epidermal cells. The monocotyledonous maize plants have leaves with an ordered arrangement of epidermal cells in comparison with dicotyledonous plants, which cells placed in chaotic order and have no certain shape. Thus, the maize cells layer can transform linearly polarized radiation into elliptically polarized radiation, thus latter should be more efficiently absorbed by the chiral chromophores of photosensitive structures in underlying photosynthetic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, Barnadesioideae have been proposed to be the basal subfamily of Asteraceae. This is a complex of 10 genera and 87 species distributed primarily along the Andean mountains, Patagonia, and into southern Brazil and Uruguay. Phylogenetic analyses have recovered all genera as monophyletic groups and have provided insights to their inter-relationships. Four generic clades have been substantiated: (1) Chuquiraga , Doniophyton , and Duseniella ; (2) Dasyphyllum ; (3) Barnadesia and Huarpea ; and (4) Archidasyphyllum , Arnaldoa , and Fulcaldea. The remaining genus, the monospecific Schlechtendalia , has been an outlier in the subfamily, with some previous analyses recovering it as basal for the entire subfamily, and others showing it as sister to Barnadesia and Huarpea (with weak support) as well as to other genera. Recent massive sampling of loci has confirmed Schlechtendalia as the sister genus for the subfamily. Schlechtendalia luzulifolia has morphology atypical for Asteraceae. The capitula are loose aggregations of florets, and the leaves are long and strap shaped, more reminiscent of monocots. Morphological and anatomical investigations of the leaves reveal long, laminar blades with parallelodromous vascularization. The vesture is often with 'barnadesioid trichomes', especially towards the base of the plant, plus additional uniseriate trichomes consisting of 3 to many cells, newly reported for the subfamily. Some glandular trichomes with 2-4 short cells also occur. The transverse anatomy of the leaves reveals a single epidermal layer on both surfaces, which also contain the stomata (the leaf being amphistomatic). The mesophyll is undifferentiated; the vascular traces are surrounded by sclerenchyma that not only encircles the traces but also extends towards the epidermis and connects with it. The morphology and anatomy of the leaves of Schlechtendalia are divergent in comparison with other genera of the subfamily. Chuquiraga , Doniophyton , and Huarpea have leaf adaptations for survival in xeric habitats, such as dense pubescence, grey surfaces, and revolute margins. Schlechtendalia , in contrast, is adapted to a more mesic environment, especially near the Atlantic Ocean and along the Uruguay and La Plata rivers. The leaves are oriented upright, which correlates with undifferentiated mesophyll and stomata on both epidermal layers. The stem is an underground rhizome, an adaptation that permits survival during seasonal drought in the austral summer in Uruguay and adjacent regions. It is hypothesized that Schlechtendalia may have become adapted to more mesic environments in the Miocene prior to the rise of the Andes and development of the modern arid environments, into which many of the other genera of the subfamily subsequently radiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant health and growth are adversely affected by soil pollutants released from indiscriminate anthropogenic activities. Biochar application amends and fertilizes polluted soils for improved crop productivity. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochars derived from rice and sorghum straws applied at different rates (1, 2, and 3 % w/w) on the germination and early growth of Zea mays and Pennisetum glaucum in spentoil contaminated soil. Biochars significantly increased the seed germination percentages and chlorophyll contents of Zea mays and Pennisetum glaucum. Seeds planted in soil amended with rice straw-derived biochar (RB) had the highest seed germination. Morphometric parameters, including height and leave area, were higher for Zea mays on biochar-amended soil when compared to untreated soil. In conclusion, the 3% rate of rice biochar recorded the highest values for seed germination, chlorophyll content, growth parameters, and biomass of the studied plants. Hence, this rate is considered a suitable application rate for the growth of Zea mays and Pennisetum glaucum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A new species of Dieffenbachia, named as D. simoneae, has been identified in a terra firme tropical rainforest in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Described here, D. simoneae is similar to D. humilis and D. cannifolia. Notes on habitat, geographic distribution and conservation status are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial summarizes the main scientific contributions from 11 papers comprising the Special Issue (SI) "Molecular Basis of Crops and Fruit Plants in Response to Stress". Here, we collected papers from different research groups encompassing molecular studies from monocots (ginger, rice, maize) and eudicots (common hazel, cowpea, pepper, soybean, tomato) species submitted to abiotic stresses as heat, cold, salt, drought, and heavy metals or biotic stresses induced by different viruses, such as BPEV, PepGMV, PMMoV, and TEV. These studies explored different aspects of molecular mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance, establishing comparative analyses among genotypes/cultivars to identify potential molecular markers of stresses that are now available for future application in biotechnological studies. This SI presents a collection of advanced concepts and emerging strategies for readers and researchers aiming to accelerate plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana bunchy top virus is a multicomponent circular ssDNA virus (family Nanoviridae) that causes one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated bananas and plantains (family Musaceae). It is transmitted by the aphids Pentalonia nigronervosa and P. caladii among host plants of Musaceae and some other families of monocots. Our Illumina sequencing reconstruction of virome components of BBTV-infected banana plants and their neighbor non-banana plants sampled in Vietnam and Laos revealed the monocot Commelina sp. (Commelinaceae) and the dicots Bidens pilosa and Chromolaena odorata (both Asteraceae) as hosts of BBTV and circular ssDNA alphasatellites (family Alphasatellitidae). Counting the proportions and relative abundances of Illumina reads representing BBTV genome components and alphasatellites suggested that Chromolaena and Commelina are poor hosts for BBTV and one to three alphasatellite species, whereas Bidens is a permissive host for BBTV and four alphasatellite species representing two genera of Alphasatellitidae. Our findings provide evidence for the dicot plants of family Asteraceae as alternative hosts of BBTV and its alphasatellites, which warrants further investigation of these and other dicots as a potential refuge and source of BBTV and multiple alphasatellites that become associated with this virus and likely affect its replication, transmission, and host range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the vascular system has led to the formation of conducting and supporting elements and those that are involved in the mechanisms of storage and defense against the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. In the case of the latter, the general evolutionary trend was probably related to a change in their arrangement, i.e. from cells scattered throughout the tissue to cells organized into ducts or cavities. These cells, regardless of whether they occur alone or in a cellular structure, are an important defense element of trees, having the ability to synthesize, among others, natural resins. In the tracheid-based secondary xylem of gymnosperms, the resin ducts, which consist of secretory cells, are of two types: axial, interspersed between the tracheids, and radial, carried in some rays. They are interconnected and form a continuous system. On the other hand, in the tracheid-based secondary xylem of monocotyledons, the resin-producing secretory cells do not form specialized structures. This review summarizes knowledge on the morpho-anatomical features of various types of resin-releasing secretory cells in relation to their: (i) location, (ii) origin, (iii) mechanism of formation, (iv) and ecological significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Convolvulaceae) is a holoparasitic plant species with a wide host diversity. Surveys conducted in different habitats of Kamrup district of Assam, India, to have a list of host plants. Altogether 76 species representing 65 genera of 34 angiosperm families were recorded as host plants which, as per growth forms, are herbs (36), shrubs (23), climbers (9) and trees (8). These largely belong to Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Lamiaceae, which constitute the Eudicots (Rosids and Asterids). Cuscuta reflexa is good in infesting the Dicot hosts over the Monocots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in Bayburt Merkez, Aydıntepe and Demirözü districts in 2020 in order to determine the weeds, their densities and their incidence in the bean cultivation areas of Bayburt Province. Considering the product pattern around the area to be studied, studies were carried out in areas with different product patterns, using 1 m² frames in the inner parts of the area. Counts were made for each weed in the frame. As a result of the examinations, 26 weed species belonging to 26 genera belonging to 16 families, 1 from Monocotyledoneae and 15 from the Dicotyledoneae, were determined. It has been determined that the densities of these weeds vary between 0.02 and 5.29 plant m-2 and the average density is 18.98 plant m-2. As a result of the survey studies conducted on the basis of Bayburt province, the highest species in terms of average density and frequency of occurrence were Elymus repens (L.) Gould (5.29 plant m-2; 68.46%), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (4.50 plant m-2; 66.65%), Convolvulus arvensis L. (3.16 plant m-2; 62.92%), Chenopodium album L. (0.87 plant m-2; 31.86%) and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (0.82 plant m-2; 31.79%) and the least species were Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (0.07 plant m-2; 5.67%), Ranunculus arvensis L. (0.07 plant m-2; 4.76%), Chondrilla juncea L. (0.07 plant m-2; 3.89%), Vicia cracca L. (0.06 plant m-2; 5.56%), Boreava orientalis Jaub. and Spach (0.04 plant m-2; 3.43%) and Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. (0.02 plant m-2; 1.54%). In the bean fields of Bayburt province, it is necessary to control weeds such as Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Convolvulus arvensis L. in order to increase the yield to be obtained from the unit area. For this, attention should be paid to bean varieties adapted to the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TWENTY species that belong to 13 genera under six families, two belonging to order Asparagales and four to order Liliales, are subjected in this recent work. Micromorphological leaf characters using both Light and Scanning Electron microscopes have been studied. The pavement cells, hairs, prickles and stomatal characters beside stomatal density and index have been calculated. The data obtained has been subjected to clustering analyses using Paleontological Statistics (PAST) program. The results which were obtained from this study do not give clear separations between the two orders or even the families and considered the studied six families have common leaf characters. Meanwhile, characters of epidermal cells, hairs, papillae, prickles, and stomata can give clear features in the identification of some species. Hence, we can conclude that the separation of these orders and families and their taxonomic ranking need further investigation to clarify the perfect relation between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The trihelix transcription factor (TTF) gene family is an important class of transcription factors that play key roles in regulating developmental processes and responding to various stresses. To date, no comprehensive analysis of the TTF gene family in large‐scale species has been performed. A cross‐genome exploration of its origin, copy number variation, and expression pattern in plants is also unavailable. Here, we identified and characterized the TTF gene family in 110 species representing typical plant phylogenetic taxa. Interestingly, we found that the number of TTF genes was significantly expanded in Chara braunii compared to other species. Based on the available plant genomic datasets, our comparative analysis suggested that the TTF gene family likely originated from the GT‐1‐1 group and then expanded to form other groups through duplication or deletion of some domains. We found evidence that whole‐genome duplication/triplication contributed most to the expansion of the TTF gene family in dicots, monocots and basal angiosperms. In contrast, dispersed and proximal duplications contributed to the expansion of the TTF gene family in algae and bryophyta. The expression patterns of TTF genes and their upstream and downstream genes in different treatments showed a functional divergence of TTF‐related genes. Furthermore, we constructed the interaction network between TTF genes and the corresponding upstream and downstream genes, providing a blueprint for their regulatory pathways. This study provided a cross‐genome comparative analysis of TTF genes in 110 species, which contributed to understanding their copy number expansion and evolutionary footprint in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]