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Over 60 years of studying morphological stability under fundamental ideas of William Wilson Mullins and Robert Floyd Sekerka [J. Appl. Phys. 34, 323 (1963) and J. Appl. Phys. 35, 444 (1964)] it has become possible to explain the origin and selection of surface structures from planar to cellular, dendritic, and fractal patterns. The Mullins–Sekerka (MS) morphological instability theory provides a condition for stability or reconstruction of interfaces, which separates the phases during phase transformation. The MS-theory has come a long way in the conceptual understanding of the incipience of morphological instability and the formation of structures, although today, certain aspects of this theory continue to be discussed at the fundamental and quantitative level of its interpretation. In the sixtieth anniversary of this theory, we re-examine the MS-analysis under boundary conditions satisfying the smooth existence of temperature and its gradients in directional crystallization of a binary melt. These boundary conditions are dependent on the finite distance from the solidification front for providing directional solidification that quantitatively affects the amplification rate of perturbations in the solid–liquid front morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral hybrid lead halide perovskites show interesting chiral optoelectronic properties. The extent of chirality is often estimated by their circular dichroism (CD) response. Here, we show that the CD data depend strongly on film morphology. Four of the six chiral hybrid lead halide films prepared, 2D (R- and S-MBA)2PbI4 and 1D (R- and S-MBA)PbI3 (MBA: methylbenzylammonium), form homogenous non-textured films and show an isotropic CD signal. In contrast, the other two samples, 1D (R- and S-MBA)PbBr3, form textured films, showing uncorrelated CD signals from different parts of the film. Therefore, the role of film morphology needs to be verified before designing and comparing the chiroptic and chiral optoelectronic properties of hybrid perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase behavior of block copolymers (BCPs) at the water-oil interface is influenced by the segmental interaction parameter ( χ${\chi }$ ) and chain architecture. We synthesized a series of star block copolymers (s-BCPs) having polystyrene (PS) as core and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) as corona. The interaction parameters of block-block ( χ${\chi }$ PS-P2VP ) and block-solvent ( χ${\chi }$ P2VP-solvent ) were varied by adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution. Lowering pH increased the fraction of quaternized-P2VP (Q-P2VP) with enhanced hydrophilicity. By transferring the equilibrated interfacial assemblies, morphologies ranging from bicontinuous films at pH of 7 and 3.1 to nanoporous and nanotubular structure at pH of 0.65 were observed. The nanoporous films formed hexagonally packed pores in s-BCP matrix, while nanotubes comprised Q-P2VP as corona and PS as core. Control over pore size, d-spacing between pores, and nanotube diameters was achieved by varying polymer concentration, molecular weight, volume fraction and arm number of s-BCPs. Large-scale nanoporous films were obtained by freeze-drying emulsions. Remarkably, the morphologies of linear BCPs were inverted, forming hexagonal-packed rigid spherical micelles with Q-P2VP as core and PS as corona in multilayer. This work provides insights of phase behaviors of BCP at fluids interface and offer a facile approach to prepare nanoporous film with well-controlled pore structure.

Strongyloides stercoralis, commonly known as the human threadworm, is a skin-penetrating gastrointestinal parasitic nematode that infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Like other Strongyloides species, S. stercoralis is capable of cycling through a single free-living generation. Although S. stercoralis and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are evolutionarily distant, the free-living adults of S. stercoralis are similar enough in size and morphology to C. elegans adults that techniques for generating transgenics and knockouts in C. elegans have been successfully adapted for use in S. stercoralis. High-quality genomic and transcriptomic data are also available for S. stercoralis. Thus, one can use a burgeoning array of functional genomic tools in S. stercoralis to probe questions about parasitic nematode development, physiology, and behavior. Knowledge gained from S. stercoralis will inform studies of other parasitic nematodes such as hookworms that are not yet amenable to genetic manipulation. This review describes the basic anatomy of S. stercoralis.

This paper provides an overview of Pangkhua, a South Central Tibeto-Burman (Kuki-Chin) language of Bangladesh. Pangkhua is an underdocumented and a largely endangered language spoken by about 2000 people in Rangamati District, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. In this overview, first, I examine Pangkhua’s position in the internal subclassifications of the South Central subgroup and show that its position in the subgroup is not as obvious as has often been regarded. Then, I discuss some of Pangkhua’s basic and typologically important characteristics including phonology, morphology, and syntax. As a first account of Pangkhua, this overview will facilitate areal-typological as well as historical and comparative South Central Tibeto-Burman linguistics research.

English allows for both compounds (e.g., London-made) and phrasal paraphrases (e.g., made in London). While these constructions have roughly the same truth-conditional meaning, we hypothesize that the compound allows less freedom to express the nature of the semantic relationship between the participle and the pre-participle nominal. We thus predict that the pre-participle slot is more constrained than the equivalent position in the phrasal construction. We test this prediction in a large corpus by measuring the entropy of corresponding nominal slots, conditional on the participle used. That is, we compare the entropy of α in compound construction slots like “α-[V]ed” to the entropy of α in phrasal constructions like “[V]ed by α” for a given verb V. As predicted, there is significantly lower entropy in the compound construction than in the phrasal construction. We consider how these predictions follow from more general grammatical properties and processing factors.

Languages spoken in larger populations seem to be relatively simple. One possible explanation is that this is a consequence of the simplifying influence of non-native speakers: adult learners tend to reduce complexity during learning, and large languages tend to have a higher proportion of non-native speakers. This Linguistic Niche Hypothesis, that languages adapt to their social niche, receives some statistical support from typological studies which show negative correlations between population size or number of non-native speakers and morphological complexity. Here I report an experimental test of this hypothesis, using two artificial language learning experiments to explore the impact of simplifications made by non-native-like early learners on morphological complexity. These experiments show that the presence of non-native-like early learners in a population can lead to the simplification of that language's morphology as a result of inter-generational language transmission, providing experimental support for the Linguistic Niche Hypothesis.

This paper tests the similarity in neural responses across repeated words and morphosyntactic features both within and between two languages. Prior work using priming has revealed robust cross-linguistic lexical effects and effects for shared grammatical form, such as argument structure; these methods have been less successful when applied to morphosyntactic features. Combining machine-learning based neural decoding with EEG data collected from Korean-English bilinguals we, first, replicate prior work showing successful classification of lexical items from EEG signals. We then extend this to demonstrate successful classification of morphosyntactic features of number and tense. Finally, we find that EEG decoding in one language does not successfully generalize to another, even when temporal differences are considered. Taken together, these results point to stable EEG representations for lexical items and morphosyntactic features, but suggest that these representations are different between the two languages investigated here.

Homophony (i.e, multiple meanings expressed by the same form) is ubiquitous across the world's languages. Despite its pervasiveness, not all instances of homophony are equally likely, which suggests that homophony is unlikely to be accidental. There is a growing body of literature which aims to thoroughly examine cross-linguistic regularities in patterns of homophony and explain these from constraints in language learning and use, both at the lexical and morphosyntactic levels. Here, we examine a specific case of homophony in pronominal paradigms, that is, the lack of a number distinction (singular vs plural) for a given person value (first, second and third), a phenomenon coined as horizontal homophony. Cysouw (2003) suggested that a lack of number distinction is more likely to be found in third person (i.e., 3SG=3PL) than in second (i.e., 2SG=2PL), and it is least frequently found in first person (i.e., 1SG=1PL). We refer to this generalisation as the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy: 3 > 2 > 1 (where > represents frequency inequality). This generalisation was nevertheless only made via qualitative description and by raw counts, and merely described without motivated explanation. In this study we take a step back and present additional evidence supporting the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy. First, we ascertain the robustness of this typological tendency through a statistical analysis using the largest cross-linguistic database of pronominal paradigms to date (926 languages from 229 different families). Next, we explore whether the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy has a corresponding learning correlate, which would indicate that this asymmetry is at least partly rooted in a cognitive bias. Specifically, we examine asymmetries in how easily adult humans learn different types of horizontal homophony in an artificial language learning experiment. The results from our typological analysis corroborate a hierarchy of horizontal homophony 3 > 2 > 1 in the world's languages. However, our experimental results provide evidence against a learning bias underlying the hierarchy, thus suggesting that motivated explanations of the typology (if any) are more likely to be found in alternative pressures such as communicative need and efficiency.

In this study we investigated the role of interword spacing and its interaction with Arabic root frequencies by studying readers' eye movement patterns when they read Arabic sentences. Our eye-tracking experiment results did not show any significant evidence for the interword spacing effect on Arabic word processing, which concurred with the earlier work by Leung et al. (2021). On the other hand, we replicated an earlier experiment conducted by Hermena et al. (2020) on the effect of Arabic root frequencies on word processing. Contrary to their finding, our results showed that words which differed in root frequencies significantly modulated eye movement measures. This provided another support to the status of Arabic non-concatenative roots as a morphological unit.

Learning to understand and use agreement is an integral part of children's linguistic development. In Romance languages, this includes gender and number agreement between the controller and attributive or predicative adjectives or participles. We examine the development of this category in a case where children's task is complicated by syncretisms, multiple paradigms, and unequal input distributions. Romansh Tuatschin (Romance, Indo-European, Switzerland) presents children with two distinct paradigms for attributive (masculine and feminine only) and predicative (masculine, feminine, and neuter/unmarked) contexts of adjective and participle use. The masculine form in predicative use is the same as the neuter form in attributive usage. Thus the masculine form in these two paradigms differs. This could be challenging for the language learner. The distribution of these forms is heavily skewed towards the \emph{neuter} in predicative contexts but balanced in attributives. Examining production errors in children between 2;0 and 4;3, we evaluate the effects of frequency and syncretism and find that error-rate is affected by skewed distributions and less affected by syncretisms. This demonstrates the strong effect of input distributions on first language acquisition.

Most Chinese words are compounds formed through the combination of meaningful characters. Yet, due to compositional complexity, it is poorly understood how this combinatorial process affects the access to the whole-word meaning. In the present study, we turned to the recent development in compositional distributional semantics (Marelli et al., 2017), and employed a deep neural network to learn the less-than-systematic relationship between the constituent characters and the compound words. Based on the compositional representations derived from the computational model, we quantified compositionality as the degree of overlap between the compositional and the lexicalized representations as well as the degree of distinctness of the compositional representation. We observed that these two compositional attributes can affect compound recognition over and above the effects of constituent character features and compound features. Moreover, we found that this effect was increasingly stronger when holistic access to the compound meaning became more challenging. These findings therefore, from a computational perspective, provided new evidence for the combinatorial process involved in Chinese word recognition, which also shed light on the universal process of compound comprehension.

Animacy is prevalent in as a semantic basis for noun classification systems (i.e., grammatical gender, noun classes and classifiers), but colour is completely absent, despite its visual salience. The absence of colour in such systems is sometimes argued to suggest domain-specific constraints on what is grammatically encodable. Here, we investigate whether this tendency could instead be explained by the superior predictive power of animacy (i.e., the degree to which it predicts other features) compared to colour. In a series of experiments, we find that animacy-based noun classes are learned better than colour-based ones. However, when participants are encouraged, by manipulating predictive power, to sort images based on colour, they are worse at learning animacy-based noun classes. The results suggest the animacy bias in grammar may have its roots in domain-general categorisation principles. They further serve as evidence for the role of cognitive biases in constraining cross-linguistic variation.

Reduced registers – search queries, print and TV ads, and navy messages – are characterized by an unusually high number of novel compounds. Results of a production study reported here reveal combinatorial patterns not attested in the standard language and allow us to establish the range of possibilities. We argue that productivity and creative use of compounds in reduced registers is not coincidental but follows directly from the grammar that generates expressions in these registers. We adopt an analysis couched in the Parallel Architecture framework (Jackendoff, 1997; Jackendoff & Audring, 2016) and demonstrate how productivity and idiosyncrasy of compounds in reduced registers can be explained.

Variation in inflectional morphology across languages raises questions about the factors affecting their learnability. This study explores the effects of two suggested factors: the implicative structure of the paradigm and the distribution of forms within it, and how they interact to affect the learnability of the system. Our results from a human behavioral study and artificial neural network simulations suggest that these factors influence learning, though type frequency may only serve as a proxy for the effects of token frequency.

We implemented two instance-based learners, the K-Nearest Neighbors model and the Generalized Context Model, and a rule-based learner, the Minimal Generalization Learner, adapted for linguistic data. We fit these on three distinct, variable patterns of word variation in Hungarian: paradig- matic leveling and vowel deletion in verbs and vowel har- mony in nouns. We tested their predictions using a Wug task. The best learners were combined into an ensemble model for each pattern. All three learners explain variation in the test data. The best ensemble models of inflectional variation in the data combine instance-based and rule-based learners. This result suggests that the best psychologically plausible learn- ing model of morphological variation combines instance-based and rule-based approaches and might vary from case to case.

The present study investigates how heritage speakers conduct ‘good-enough' processing at the interface of home-language proficiency, cognitive skills, and task types. For this purpose, we employ two word-order patterns of two clausal constructions in Korean (suffixal passive; morphological causative) which differ in the mapping between thematic roles and case-marking and the interpretive procedures driven by verbal morphology. We find that, while Korean heritage speakers demonstrate the same kind of acceptability-rating behaviour as monolingual Korean speakers do, their reading-time patterns are notably modulated by construction-specific properties, cognitive skills, and proficiency. This suggests a heritage speaker's ability and willingness to conduct both parsing routes, induced by linguistic cues in a non-dominant language, which are proportional to the computational complexity involving these cues.

How are morphemes recognized and interpreted during incremental sentence comprehension? We investigated this question in a crossmodal primed lexical decision task employing words that contain semantically ambiguous roots (e.g., ‘bark'; with meanings related to both “dog” and “tree”) but which are disambiguated when affixed by “-ing” (e.g., ‘barking'; related to “dog” only). We aimed to understand whether access to the meaning of the root ‘bark' would be constrained by lower-level morphological affixation. In our experiment, participants listened to sentences containing an affixed ambiguous root while concurrently performing lexical decisions to a visual target related to the root-only meaning, the affixed meaning, or matched controls. Targets were presented for 80 ms at the recognition point of bark or 500 ms post-recognition. We found that both meanings of the root were activated, despite affixation. Results suggest that a parsing system blind to semantics decomposes morphologically complex words into morphemes before recognition.

Agreement, a systematic formal mapping between linguistic elements, adds redundant complexity to languages (e.g., in ‘she writes' the -s adds no information), and yet is crosslinguistically prevalent. A prominent hypothesis argues that the ubiquity of agreement may be due to a functional advantage it confers for child learners. Here, we test this using an artificial language learning experiment with 56 English-speaking children (mean age 5;11). We investigate whether agreement can facilitate learning of noun classes (e.g., ‘masculine'/'feminine'). In one condition, agreement appeared as a redundant cue to noun classes, whereas in the other condition there was no agreement. Following exposure, we tested children on noun classification for both nouns they were trained on and novel nouns. Results reveal that children classified nouns equally well in both conditions. However, novel nouns were classified better in the agreement condition compared to the no-agreement condition, suggesting agreement can facilitate generalization for child learners.

How children acquire the rules governing past tense production has been for many years a test bed case for nativist-constructivist debates about the nature of innate knowledge and its role in language acquisition. However, previous studies have tested the acquisition of past tense via corpus analysis, in which errors are rare, or elicitation tasks, in which tested items are few, resulting in limited between-item variability. To address these weaknesses, we analysed data from a uniquely large and longitudinal dataset containing 694 verbs, collected via an educational online platform. We examined whether form-frequency, phonological neighbourhood density (PND), and telicity predict the verb-level difficulty of past tense forms in Dutch. Our sample consists of Dutch-speaking children aged 8-12 years old, the age at which children are still making past tense over-regularisation errors. Analyses are ongoing but preliminary results suggest a role for all three factors and an interaction between frequency and PND.

Mandarin Chinese has a logographic writing system consisting of characters (e.g., 朋 and 友) that are monosyllabic morphemes often combined to form words (i.e., 朋友, “friend”). The vast majority of Chinese words consists of two monosyllabic characters. This research describes the construction and properties of the Chinese character network and demonstrates how its network structure has implications for the lexical processing of Chinese characters through an analysis of Chinese megastudy data. Capitalizing on a database of over 25,000 double-character Chinese words, a network representation was created to represent how single characters are combined to form double-character Chinese words. Network measures such as degree and closeness centrality were retrieved from the network representation and included as predictors in a regression model to predict visual lexical decision performance of single Chinese characters. Network measures contributed additional variance beyond traditional variables such as number of strokes and character frequency.

Abstract: Previous research has shown that non-Māori Speaking New Zealanders have extensive latent knowledge of Māori, despite not being able to speak it. This knowledge plausibly derives from a memory store of Māori forms (Oh et al., 2020; Panther et al., 2023). Modelling suggests that this ‘proto-lexicon’ includes not only Māori words, but also word-parts; however, this suggestion has not yet been tested experimentally. We present the results of a new experiment in which non-Māori speaking New Zealanders and non-New Zealanders were asked to segment a range of Māori words into parts. We show that the degree to which segmentations of non-Māori speakers correlate to the segmentations of two fluent speakers of Māori is stronger among New Zealanders than non-New Zealanders. This research adds to the growing evidence that even in a largely ‘monolingual’ population, there is evidence of latent bilingualism through long-term exposure to a second language.

Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) technology is widely used to reveal the microscopic mechanism of magnetomechanical phenomena, but the morphological transition induced by tension has not yet been confirmed by experimental measurements. Here, we report a novel effect on the morphology transition of MBN signals due to tensile stress with pre-introduced strain. We present a power-law relation between the critical stress for the morphology transition and the degree of pre-introduced strain, highlighting the strong correlation between plastic deformation and MBN response. Through comprehensive microscopic simulations, we reveal that dislocations localized in regions with distinct densities trigger different MBN avalanches, thereby leading to a bimodal morphology of the MBN signal. Upon reloading, an effective field introduced by stress promotes the realignment of the magnetic domains, thereby resulting in the formation of a unimodal morphology of the MBN signal. Our unprecedented findings provide valuable insights into the correlation between deformation and MBN signal response, thereby opening a new avenue for designing and optimizing ferromagnetic materials with tailored magnetic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer dielectrics have gained significant usage in electrical engineering due to their unique merits, such as good flexibility, easy processing, and low cost. However, it is a huge challenge that polymer dielectrics maintain high breakdown strength meanwhile high permittivity for enhanced energy density. Here, sandwiched polymer films are constructed for enhanced energy density. Increased permittivity has been achieved via blending BaTiO3@polyfluorosiloxane with a polymer as the top and bottom layer. Furthermore, the neat polymer as the middle layer is without critically sacrificing breakdown strength. The energy storage density increases from 7.8 J/cm3 of the neat polymer to 10.41 J/cm3 of the sandwich structure at 460 MV/m. This research offers a feasible route for fabricating capacitive films with enhanced energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficult-to-machine materials are characterized by high hardness, strength, and anisotropy. During machining, tools can suffer from adhesion, abrasion, material detachment, and high cutting temperatures. These factors result in severe adhesive wear, abrasive wear, oxidative wear, and diffusion wear. Intense tool wear leads to more burrs, delamination, chipping, and dimensional errors in the parts. It significantly increases production costs and reduces machining efficiency. Therefore, further research into tool wear is of great importance. This paper reviews the characterization and monitoring of tool wear, the morphology and mechanism of wear, and measures for improving wear, with a focus on tool wear in the machining of difficult-to-machine materials. Through a comprehensive review of existing research findings, this work offers a perspective on the investigation of tool wear, providing an effective guide for future research. And it is of great significance to improve tool life and cutting quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel wearable flexible gas sensor designed specifically for the detection of d‐limonene. The sensor utilizes materials recognized for their high efficiency‐to‐cost ratio, notably polyaniline (PANI) combined with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) as sensing layers. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the nanocomposite layers, examining their functional groups, morphology, topography, thickness, crystallinity, thermal behavior, surface area, as well as the size and volume of their pores. This examination showed distinctions among the nanocomposite layers. PANI/GO exhibited larger pore size and thickness, while PANI/MWCNT_COOH demonstrated a higher surface area. The analysis of thermal stability demonstrated that the film employing the DBSA dopant exhibited the lowest stability. Morphological characterizations showed a globular structure for PANI, tubular characteristics for PANI/MWCNT_COOH, and a flat nature for PANI/GO. When detecting d‐limonene, nanocomposite films doped with HCl demonstrated notably superior response levels. The gas sensors exhibited high sensitivity (>2.24 mV/ppm), a narrow range for the limit of detection (0.12–0.52 ppm), and excellent reversibility, stability, and selectivity. These findings suggest the possibility of broadening the application of gas sensors to monitor additional volatile compounds, with a particular emphasis on the online monitoring of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic composites have attracted great interest, due to their remarkable impact, causing improvements in the mechanical properties of polymers when compared with their pure forms. Hence, this study has been attempted to investigate and compare the various properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), separately doped with two different types of clay minerals using melt‐mixing and compression‐molding techniques. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the structural and morphological properties of the resulting composites, while, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to characterize their thermal properties. Morphological investigations indicated homogeneous dispersion of both clay materials in the HDPE matrix. Moreover, an investigation was conducted on the mechanical properties of composites, including elastic modulus, yield stress, tensile strain at break, tensile strain at yield, tensile stress at break, and ultimate tensile strength. According to the mechanical data, adding 6.0 wt% of bentonite or dolomite to HDPE led to an increase in the elastic modulus up to 125% and 116% increments, respectively. An increase in the filler content in the composite from 2.0 to 8.0 wt% resulted in a slight decrease in tensile stress at break, yield stress, tensile strain at break, and tensile strain at yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plastic deformation of the microfibrils governs the formation and development of orientation, crystallization, and structural defects in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers due to the flow‐fiber coupling effect during stretching process. In this study, we investigated the morphological changes of microfibrils in PAN fibers during wet‐fiber stretching using ultrathin section technology and electron microscopy observation. Their plastic deformation mechanism was also revealed. An interconnected network was formed and separated by the pore/voids during coagulation process. Stretching forces facilitated the plastic deformation of microfibrils, resulted in their elongation and orientation. Moreover, the inter‐fibril distance reduced and pore/void shape and dimensions were changed. The distinct response of microfibril elements under stretching force resulted in skin‐core structures within the fiber. Tensile strength increased from 27 to 382 MPa, while elongation at break decreased from 225% to 28%. Aligned microfibrils exhibited high tensile strength, whereas unoriented microfibrillar networks showed relatively high elongation properties. Additionally, we proposed a relationship between microfibril morphology changes and fiber mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe a new species of the genus Oreonectes, Oreonectes yuedongensis sp. nov., collected from the Lianhua Mountains in eastern Guangdong, China. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene showed that this new species represents an independent evolutionary lineage, with uncorrected genetic distances (Kimura 2‐parameter model) from congeners ranging from 5.1% to 8.3%. In addition, nuclear DNA analysis indicated O. yuedongensis as an independent lineage separate from its closely related species. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from other six species in the genus Oreonectes by a combination of serial characters. The description of this new species suggests that it is necessary to reassess the biodiversity of Oreonectes platycephalus as a complex, especially in the middle reaches of the Pearl River near the border between Guangdong and Guangxi. Morphological and genetic evidence supports O. yenlingi as a synonym of O. platycephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among developed countries, breast carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in women. Breast carcinoma is the result of the fusion of several biological structures, each with its own physiological characteristics and clinical repercussions. The Ficus genus has been reported to have important pharmacological properties in a variety of plants. The current study examined at the anti-mammary action of Ficus glomerata leaf column elute (FGLCE) in 12-Dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA) driven breast cancer and the mechanism behind it. To produce tumors in female rats, a single dosage of DMBA (25 mg/kg) was injected into the mammary gland. The female rats were divided into five groups- Group I. Control group; Group II- control + FGLCE (100mg/kg of BW); Group III- DMBA treated rats; Group IV- DMBA + FGLCE treated; Group V- DMBA + DOX (5 mg/kg) treated rats. Tumor burden, incidence, and volume were measured at the end of the experiment.The lipid profile (TC, FFA, PL, and TG) in plasma, liver tissue, and mammary tissue were all calculated.At a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, DMBA inhibits the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).DMBA at a dose concentration 25mg/ kg body weight xenobiotic markers increased in group III rats When compared to the control group and glycoprotein p53, and TNF-α, the dosedependent treatment with FGLCE (P<0.05) significantly reduced .Hepatic markers such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-α), and inflammatory mediators such as nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-kB) were considerably (P<0.05) down regulated by FGLCE. FGLCE significantly (P<0.05) reduced apoptotic regulator (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Breast Cancer gene 1 (BRCA-1) expression when compared to DMBA control group rats.Therefore, the findings suggest that FGLCE has a protective effect against DMBA-induced mammary gland in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current research is to develop different Pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis for the evaluation of leaf of this plant. Microscopy, Phytochemical analysis of leaf drug was performed and results were maintained. Phytochemical tests indicated the occurrence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids and phenols etc. The results obtained from standardization of leaf drug recognized the macro and microscopical parameters, physicochemical parameters. Therefore, these techniques are helpful for rapid recognition of crude drug. The outcome of the research study possibly will be helpful in setting investigative indices for the identification and grounding of a monograph of the plant drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risks of esthetic complications have been reported following dental implant insertion; hence it was suggested that a customized healing abutment could improve the peri-implant tissue healing. Anatomically contoured healing abutments (also called customized healing abutments) help to contain and protect the slow – Resorbing bone grafts, resulting in bone and soft tissue volume augmentation. Even in healed sites, customized healing abutments have shown a favourable outcome as compared to standard healing abutments. This article describes a simple chairside fabrication of precisely contoured healing abutment which will eventually result in a natural contoured soft tissue enhancing the esthetics of the restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a complex analysis of the molecular genetics, morphological, and ecological characteristics of Hippoboscidae flies, the phylogenetic structure and trends in the evolution of morphological characters that contribute to the ectoparasitic lifestyle of hippoboscid flies of the north of Eurasia were studied for the first time. The research was carried out on 26 Palearctic species from 10 genera. The analysis of molecular phylogeny revealed the levels of clustering of the family with the species predominantly parasitizing mammals or birds, the time of cluster formation, and the divergence of species in the Palearctic conditions. An independent adaptation to birds occurred in the genera Icosta, Pseudolynchia, Ornithoica, and others. Bird parasites are characterized by bifid tarsal claws, long hooks on pulvilli, and long empodium setae (except genus Ornithoica). Mammalian parasites are characterized by simple tarsal claws, short lobes of hooks on pulvilli, and zones on empodium with short setae. Specialization in empodium and pulvillus morphotypes and wing reduction are higher diverged in mammalian parasites than in bird parasites. The decrease of flight ability and wing reduction independently arose in different subfamilies of Hippoboscidae flies. Our results assume that the tribe Ornithomyini is a paraphyletic group, since, according to the complex of morphological features, the genus Ornithoica can be considered a separate lineage of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing (3DP) technology is emerging due to its simplicity and potential for on-site manufacturing of personalized drug products with tailored functionality (dose, release profile), as well as recognizability (size, shape, color). However, even a minor change in the composition of the ink (the feedstock material) and the printing process parameters can largely influence the outcome of printing. This paper summarizes the recent SSE 3DP studies, where the important factors affecting the quality of the printed drug products are discussed. Further challenges are showcased by introducing a case study focusing on the design of oral theophylline immediate-release drug products. The identified crucial factors, such as the printing hardware and connected software, printing parameters, and composition of the ink are discussed. Especially, the rheological properties of the ink during the printing process, together with solidification, mechanical properties, and morphology studies of already printed products are deliberated to gain more understanding of the printability of drug products by SSE. This work aims to provide an overview of design aspects related to SSE-based fabrication of personalized drug products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive radiations highlight the mechanisms by which species and traits diversify and the extent to which these patterns are predictable. We used 1,110 high-speed videos of suction feeding to study functional and morphological diversification in 300 cichlid species from three African Great Lake radiations of varying ages (Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika) and an older, spatially dispersed continental radiation in the Neotropics. Among African radiations, standing diversity was reflective of time. Morphological and functional variance in Lake Victoria, the youngest radiation, was a subset of that within Lake Malawi, which itself was nested within the older Tanganyikan radiation. However, functional diversity in Neotropical cichlids was often lower than that in Lake Tanganyika, despite being much older. These two radiations broadly overlapped, but each diversified into novel trait spaces not found in the youngest lake radiations. Evolutionary rates across radiations were inversely related to age, suggesting extremely rapid trait evolution at early stages, particularly in lake radiations. Despite this support for early bursts, other patterns of trait diversity were inconsistent with expectations of adaptive radiations. This work suggests that cichlid functional evolution has played out in strikingly similar fashion in different radiations, with contingencies eventually resulting in lineage-specific novelties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]