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The global consequences of rapid climate change cannot be overstated. In Africa, drought, flooding and environmental degradation are increasingly important drivers of migration, affecting already vulnerable and indigenous persons, together with factors such as conflict, poverty, and weak democratic governance. This article argues for alternative ways to protect vulnerable persons, alternatives which include regional integration frameworks on mobility. The article interrogates existing regional and subregional migration frameworks in Africa in order to ascertain the level of obligation to protect and facilitate the movement of those compelled to flee disaster-affected areas and seek safety in neighbouring countries. Regional and sub-regional groupings need to learn from each other, as well as utilise and expand on existing provisions for the free movement of people, to effectively accommodate the growing trend of migration due to environmental concerns. A laudable measure to ensure protection and facilitate the movement of such vulnerable persons can be found in the recently endorsed Protocol on the Free Movement of Persons in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).

The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union (EU) has been hailed as the trend-setter for third-generation trade agreements, which focus predominantly on beyond-the-border impediments to international trade (e.g., rules and regulations) than at-the-border barriers (e.g., tariffs). CETA formed the basis for subsequent EU trade agreements, which are a key element of the EU’s trade policy. It also provided inspiration for third-generation trade agreements outside the EU. The big question for trade policy, in the EU and beyond, is whether third-generation trade agreements achieve their intended objectives with respect to beyond-the-border obstacles to trade. In other words, are they effective instruments in liberalizing international trade? After all, facilitating trade through regulatory and administrative cooperation is much more difficult than eliminating or lowering tariffs on imported goods. Having been in force (provisionally) for five years, CETA offers the best case to study the effectiveness of third-generation trade agreements.

The study tested the hypothesis that human mobility may be a potential factor affecting reductions in droplet-transmissible pediatric infectious diseases (PIDs) during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic mitigation period in 2020. An ecological study was conducted using two publicly available datasets: surveillance on infectious diseases collected by the Japanese government and COVID-19 community mobility reports presented by Google. The COVID-19 community mobility reports demonstrated percentage reductions in the movement of people over time in groceries and pharmacies, parks, and transit stations. We compared the weekly trends in the number of patients with droplet-transmissible PIDs identified in 2020 with those identified in the previous years (2015–2019) and assessed the correlations between the numbers of patients and percentage decreases in human mobility during 2020. Despite experiencing their peak seasons, dramatic reductions were found in the numbers of patients with pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) and group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis after the tenth week of 2020. Beyond the 20th week, no seasonal peaks were observed in the number of patients with all PIDs identified in 2020. Significant correlations were found between the percentage decreases in human mobility in transit stations and the number of patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (Pearson correlation coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 0.65 [0.44–0.79]), PCF (0.47 [0.21–0.67]), respiratory syncytial virus infection (0.45 [0.19–0.66]), and GAS pharyngitis (0.34 [0.06–0.58]). The highest correlations were found in places underlying potential human-to-human contacts among adults. These findings suggest that reductions in human mobility for adults might contribute to decreases in the number of children with droplet-transmissible PIDs by the potential prevention of adult-to-child transmission.

L’introduzione inquadra i temi affrontati nella sezione monografica nell’ambito di alcune recenti ricerche sulle opportunità di circolazione geografica e di mobilità sociale offerte alle differenti élites nell’Europa dell’età moderna sia dai legami matrimoniali, di patronage o di clientela, sia dalle reti commerciali e di altra natura. Attraverso l’analisi dei contributi l’introduzione riflette sui processi di mobilità individuale o familiare con il fine di enucleare opzioni di cambiamento, percorsi di ascesa sociale e mutamenti più profondi. I casi considerati si muovono fra gli Stati italiani, le monarchie spagnola e francese e prospettive più larghe, con un’attenzione particolare a quanti si rivolsero all’Europa orientale. Rilevante appare la riflessione sulla periodizzazione che deve tenere conto anche delle opportunità che si potevano aprire in differenti momenti ai singoli individui. I saggi raccolti forniscono quindi indicazioni di grande interesse per leggere i processi di mobilità sociale alla luce di alcuni percorsi di circolazione di membri delle élites in età moderna. The introduction deals with the topics examined in the monographic section in the context of some recent research on the circulation and social mobility of the élites in the Early Modern Europe. Opportunities were offered to élites both by marriage or patronage ties, and by commercial and credit networks. Through the analysis of the essays, the introduction reflects on individual or family mobility processes with the aim of explaining opportunities for change, paths of social ascent and deeper changes. The cases considered concern the Italian states, the Spanish and French monarchies and wider perspectives, with particular attention to those who turned to Eastern Europe. Important is the reflection on the periodization which must also take into account the opportunities that could open up to individuals at different times. The collected essays therefore provide indications of great interest to read the processes of social mobility in the light of some paths of circulation of élites members in the early modern age.

International audience; Northern Ireland voted against Brexit, with a shorter majority than Scotland. However, Brexit is bound to happen. Although European integration has played an important role in mitigating the border effects with the Republic of Ireland in the context of a post conflict symbolic reconciliation, the Brexit negotiations have raised a very thorny issue: can a border be soft and hard at the same time?

When the fire brigade arrives at a burning building, it is of vital importance that people who are still inside can quickly be found. Smart buildings should be able to expose this location data to the fire brigade working in a smart city. In this paper the feasibility is researched of using ultrasonic sound sensors for human presence detection in smoke-filled spaces. This type of sensor could assist the fire brigade when evacuating a large building by directing them to the places where their help is most needed. The advantage of ultrasonic sound over other sensors or cameras is that its signal is able to pierce through smoke, does not require badges or other wearable devices and introduces little privacy and security risks. In addition, ultrasonic sensors are very inexpensive making it possible to equip every room of a building with an ultrasonic presence detector. In this research both a preliminary ultrasound measuring device and signal processing algorithm have been designed. Testing results show that the walking movement of a person in an indoor area can be detected with the combination of the sensor and the algorithms. In addition, tests of the signal strength in smoke have shown that ultrasound is capable of “looking through” the smoke. The algorithm based on a particle filter allows for more information to be extracted from the relatively simple sensor signal by detecting human walking movement specifically and opens up the way for an ultrasound based indoor positioning system that can be used in emergency situations.

E-commerce is widespread in France. If cultural products, clothing and electrical goods are now frequently bought on line, grocery purchases on the Internet have remained a niche activity despite significant growth over the last few years. The range of grocery products that can be bought on the Internet has shown an increase as have delivery and collection methods. In particular, the pick-up point has become a strong alternative to home delivery where logistical constraints make it a fragile and increasingly specific model. Through analysis of the forms of food e-commerce in France and their modalities in terms of reorganisation of logistical chains and consumer mobility, we propose to shed light on the territorial issues linked to these new purchasing practices.; La pratique du e-commerce est largement diffusée dans la population française. Si les produits culturels, l'habillement, l'électroménager sont aujourd'hui fréquemment achetés en ligne, les achats alimentaires sur Internet demeurent une niche malgré une augmentation significative ces dernières années. La gamme des produits alimentaires que l'on peut acheter sur Internet tend par ailleurs à s'élargir tout comme leur mode de livraison et de retrait. En particulier, le point de retrait devient une alternative forte à la livraison à domicile dont les contraintes logistiques en font un modèle fragile et de plus en plus spécifique. En analysant les formes de e-commerce alimentaire en France et leurs modalités en termes de réorganisation des chaînes logistiques et de mobilités des consommateurs, nous proposons d'éclairer les enjeux territoriaux liés à ces nouvelles pratiques d'achat.

La pratique du e-commerce est largement diffusée dans la population française. Si les produits culturels, l’habillement, l’électroménager sont aujourd’hui fréquemment achetés en ligne, les achats alimentaires sur Internet demeurent une niche malgré une augmentation significative ces dernières années. La gamme des produits alimentaires que l’on peut acheter sur Internet tend par ailleurs à s’élargir tout comme leur mode de livraison et de retrait. En particulier, le point de retrait devient une alternative forte à la livraison à domicile dont les contraintes logistiques en font un modèle fragile et de plus en plus spécifique. En analysant les formes de e-commerce alimentaire en France et leurs modalités en termes de réorganisation des chaînes logistiques et de mobilités des consommateurs, nous proposons d’éclairer les enjeux territoriaux liés à ces nouvelles pratiques d’achat. E-commerce is widespread in France. If cultural products, clothing and electrical goods are now frequently bought on line, grocery purchases on the Internet have remained a niche activity despite significant growth over the last few years. The range of grocery products that can be bought on the Internet has shown an increase as have delivery and collection methods. In particular, the pick-up point has become a strong alternative to home delivery where logistical constraints make it a fragile and increasingly specific model. Through analysis of the forms of food e-commerce in France and their modalities in terms of reorganisation of logistical chains and consumer mobility, we propose to shed light on the territorial issues linked to these new purchasing practices.

Global matrices of bilateral migrant stocks spanning 1960-2000 are presented, disaggregated by gender and based primarily on the foreign-born definition of migrants. More than one thousand census and population register records are combined to construct decennial matrices corresponding to the five census rounds between 1960 and 2000. For the first time, a comprehensive picture of bilateral global migration over the second half of the 20th century emerges. The data reveal that the global migrant stock increased from 92 million in 1960 to 165 million in 2000. Quantitatively, migration between developing countries dominates, constituting half of all international migration in 2000. When the partition of India and the dissolution of the Soviet Union are accounted for, migration between developing countries is remarkably stable over the period. Migration from developing to developed countries is the fastest growing component of international migration in both absolute and relative terms. The United States has remained the most important migrant destination in the world, home to one fifth of the world's migrants and the top destination for migrants from some 60 sending countries. Migration to Western Europe has come largely from elsewhere in Europe. The oil-rich Persian Gulf countries emerge as important destinations for migrants from the Middle East and North Africa and South and Southeast Asia. Finally, although the global migrant stock is predominantly male, the proportion of female migrants increased noticeably between 1960 and 2000. The number of women rose in every region except South Asia. Copyright , Oxford University Press.

Free movement of people is a basic pillar of the single area the European Union (EU) has been building since its creation. It is acknowledged as a fundamental right for EU citizens. A right of free movement across the EU was originally envisaged only for the working population, as a single market could not be achieved while limitations to workforce mobility remained in existence. The Schengen Convention was the first agreement to abolish controls on people at the internal borders of the signatories, to harmonise controls at the external frontiers of the 'Schengen area' and to introduce a common policy on visas and other accompanying measures like police and judicial cooperation. The Schengen signatories agreed that each country could only reintroduce controls on their mutual borders in certain well-specified circumstances. The right of every European citizen to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States is enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, adopted in December 2000. The charter also states that these rights 'may' be granted to third-country nationals.

本稿の目的は，中部高地に分布する弥生中期・栗林式土器編年の再構築と広域編年上の位置づけ，分布と動態の明確化を行うことで，人の「うごき」を具体化することである。弥生社会・文化の研究という総合的研究を射程とするならば，まず土器型式の設定や細分，広域編年の作成は必須である。分析の結果，弥生IV期前半である栗林2式新段階は栗林式の分布域が最大化する時期であり，またその時期には，栗林式の中心地から離れた上越高田平野の吹上遺跡と北武蔵妻沼低地の北島遺跡で，栗林式およびその系統の土器が多量に出土するという現象を確認した。さらに同時期，小松式関連の土器分布のあり方から，高田平野から北関東へ抜ける主要交流ルートが「白根山－吾妻川ルート」から「千曲川－碓氷川ルート」へ転換することが判明した。そして千曲川流域内で最大級の集落遺跡である松原遺跡に，小松式関連土器の出土が偏る。まさにそうした土器分布の動態のあり方は人々の往来の仕方の変化であり，特定の場所で生産される物資の互酬性的交換活動のあり方の変化を示すと考えられる。栗林2式新段階は折しも佐渡産管玉の流通が明瞭になり，また長野盆地南部の榎田遺跡と松原遺跡の間で磨製石斧生産の分業が確立する時期である。異系統土器を多量に出土する複数の遺跡は，異系統土器集団間の「交易場」であると考えられる。すなわち，IV期前半の栗林式集団による広域ネットワークの形成と「交易場」の設定，長野盆地南部の磨製石斧分業生産の確立は，パラレルに進展した歴史的事象であり，集団間の互酬性的交易活動の極度の発達を示す歴史的意義をもつと考えられる。, The aim of this article is to obtain clues for fleshing out the “movements” of people through reconsideration of the chronology of Kuribayashi-style pottery from the mid-Yayoi Period found in the Chubu highlands; identifying that pottery in a broad chronological context; and clarifying the dynamics of that distribution. An overall study of Yayoi society/culture requires establishing and classifying pottery styles and creating a broad chronology.As a result of such analysis, I was able to confirm that the latter stage of Kuribayashi style 2, located in the earlier half of the Yayoi IV Period, was a period during which the distribution of Kuribayashi-style potteries was maximized, and also that Kuribayashi-style potteries and their variations were excavated in large numbers from the Fukiage site of Joetsu Takada Plain and the Kitajima site of the Kitamusashi Tsumanuma lowlands, both far from the watershed of the Chikuma River, the center of the Kuribayashi style. Also, during this period, the major communication route passing from Takada Plain to Northern Kanto changed from the “Mt. Shirane-Azuma River route” to the “Chikuma River-Usui River route”, as can be deduced from the distribution of Komatsu-style potteries and their variations. Komatsu-style potteries and their variations are excavated mainly from Matsubara site, the largest colonial site in the watershed area of Chikuma River.The dynamics of such pottery distribution is considered to indicate change in the way people intercommunicated, especially the way they reciprocally exchanged supplies produced in particular places. It so happens that the latter stage of Kuribayashi style 2 has been identified as a period of production of kudatama beads in Sado, and a division of labor for the production of polished stone axes became established between the Enokida site and Matsubara site in the southern Nagano Basin. Several sites from which various pottery types were excavated are considered to have been “trading points” for groups with different pottery types.That is to say, formation of a wide-area network by Kuribayashi-style groups during the earlier half of the IV Period, the establishment of “trading points”, and of a division of labor for the production of polished stone axes in the southern Nagano Basin are historical phenomena that developed in parallel, and they are considered to possess historical significance in their indicating the extent of the development of reciprocal exchange activities between groups.

This report is based on a field study of two large settlements, Satghara (a census town) and Bhagwatipur (a rural cluster with 10,000 plus population) in the Madhubani district of Bihar. The study explores the social dynamics of the rural non-farm economy by empirically mapping non-farm occupations in both the settlements. It examines the dynamics of caste, community, and gender within the social organization of the non-farm economy in terms of their economic and social hierarchies and the differential incomes and status they provide. The study also looks at the relationship of the local non-farm economy with patterns of outmigration. It further attempts to understand the manner in which the changes in the regional structures of power and domination have influenced the local economic processes and are being influenced by them with a specific focus on the non-farm economy in the two setting. The study also attempts an assessment of the possible development and urbanizing effects of the rather rapid growth of nonfarm economy in rural Madhubani.

Land and property rights, migration, and citizenship are complex issues that cut across all social, economic, and political spheres of West Africa. This paper provides an overarching scoping of the most pressing contemporary issues related to land, migration, and citizenship, including how they intersect in various contexts and locations in West Africa. The way issues are analytically framed captures structural challenges and sets them against the regional and global meta-trends of which policy makers and practitioners should be aware for conflict-sensitive planning. The paper points to some of the effective practices in managing and mitigating these issues and also raises several questions on areas for future research. Part one lays out the migratory context in West Africa. It points to the type, nature, and extent of mobility that characterizes the region. Part two sets out West Africa’s land tenure and management systems, including structural challenges, general management policies, and key issues related to land tenure and migrants. Part three frames the key land and migration meta-trends in the context of fragility. Part four concludes with an overall exploration of the paper’s results and puts forward a series of research questions that are necessary in order to discern the most effective and realistic operational approaches.

Este artigo apresenta o programa computacional Fuga, desenvolvido para simular a movimentação de pessoas em ambientes construídos durante uma situação de abandono. Esse programa se baseia na modelagem celular e possui como principais paradigmas a utilização de aspectos ergonômicos associados à movimentação humana e a utilização da Lógica Fuzzy como ferramenta de inteligência computacional para emulação do processo de tomada de decisão humana. Os aspectos ergonômicos e o processo de tomada de decisões são apresentados. É realizada uma validação do modelo, assim como várias simulações, ilustrando como pode ser utilizado na concepção de ambientes mais seguros, de uma forma que dificilmente seria obtida pela simples aplicação das legislações vigentes. This paper presents the computer program FUGA, developed to simulate the movement of people in built environments during an evacuation. This program is based on cellular modelling and its main paradigms are the use of ergonomic aspects associated with human movement and the use of Fuzzy Logic as a computer intelligence tool to emulate the human decision-making process. The ergonomic aspects and the decision-making process are presented. A validation of the model was undertaken, as well as several simulations, illustrating how the software can be used in the design of safer environments in a way that could hardly be achieved through by applying the existing regulations.

Using census data for 1996, 2001 and 2007 we study the labor market effect of immigration to South Africa. The paper contributes to a small but growing literature on the impact of South-South migration by looking at one of the most attractive destinations for migrant workers in Sub-Saharan Africa. We exploit the variation - both at the district level and at the national one - in the share of foreign-born male workers across schooling and experience groups over time. At the district level, we estimate that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' employment rates - and that this effect is more negative for skilled and white South African native workers - but not on total income. These results are robust to using an instrumental variable estimation strategy. At the national level, we find that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' total income but not on employment rates. Our results are consistent with outflows of natives to other districts as a consequence of migration, as in Borjas (2006).

The implementation of effective Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in countries emerging from violent conflict are essential for building and maintaining peace and security. In many instances the disarmament and demobilisation of former combatants was achieved, but reintegration remained a challenge, due to the long-term focus and the substantial resources that are required for such a process to be successful. Reintegration processes are, nonetheless, often implemented in fragile environments, that include fragmented economies, in which most income generating activities are informal or unreported. Such economies are often characterised by unregulated, illicit activities, in which official governance is weak. This report is comprised of three parts. Part one includes a review of the literature on the reintegration of former combatants and the informal economy in Africa; a synopsis of post-conflict economies; and an outline of the analytical framework. Part two presents the findings of the case study research, focusing on the economies and DDR processes in each of the three countries, as well as assessing the reintegration process in relation to the informal economy. The third component of the report provides a comparative analysis of, and conclusions from, the research findings.

Since 2005, a growing number of vulnerable communities and nations have used the human rights lexicon to argue their case for an urgent and ambitious response to climate change. The purpose of this Social Development Department Working paper is to examine the emergence of a new discourse linking climate change and human rights, and to assess its social and political implications, particularly as they relate to development practitioners. The scope of this paper is to explore what relevance this new discourse has on what David Kennedy calls the 'vocabularies, expertise, and sensibilities' of development practitioners (Kennedy 2005). The methodology for this paper involved interviews with academics and policy practitioners who have shaped this emerging discourse; a wide-ranging literature review of texts relevant to the fields of development, climate change and human rights; discussions with development professionals who have the daily responsibility of operationalizing approaches to reducing vulnerability and building resilience; and finally drawing upon the author's own experience leading the Maldives' government's initiative on the Human Dimensions of Climate Change and as a consultant within the Social Dimensions of Climate Change Cluster of the World Bank's Social Development Department. It is important to stress that this paper is not a legal piece. Human rights are as much about ethical demands, calls for social justice, public awareness, advocacy, and political action as they are concerned with legal norms and rules. Sen has pointed out a 'theory of human rights cannot be sensibly confined within the juridical model in which it is frequently incarcerated' (Sen 2004, 319). Consequently this piece will focus on the wider, political economy aspects of the interface between human rights and climate change. It is further appropriate to state that this is not an advocacy piece. The paper deliberately avoids being normative or prescriptive in recommending a human rights-based approach to developing climate change operations. It does examine why vulnerable populations chose to embrace this approach, why they continue to view it as a transformative strategy, and what some of the successes and challenges have been.

The movement of people in search of better economic conditions and a more secure environment is as old as human history. Such movements not only profoundly affect the lives of the migrants, but also lead to significant economic and social transformations in migrants' countries of origin and destination. In recent years, a significant increase in the growth of international migration and remittance flows and in awareness of their development impact has led to a resurgence of interest by academics, policymakers, and analysts in what has been referred to as the third leg of globalization (the other two being international trade and international capital flows). The renewed interest in international migration led the World Bank Development Research Group to initiate the Research Program on International Migration and Development in 2003. More recently, the Research Department of the Agence française de Développement (AFD) and the World Bank Development Research Group have collaborated on several research projects and conferences. This symposium issue gathers some of the papers presented at the Second International Migration and Development Conference, held at the World Bank in Washington, DC, on September 10–11, 2009. The success of the conference series and the commitment of the World Bank and AFD to sponsoring the conferences reflect the recognition by international development agencies and the academic community of the importance of international migration to the development agenda. The five articles in this symposium issue fall into two groups. A first group of three articles deal with the measurement, determinants, and political effects of international migration. A new global bilateral migration database for 1960–2000 ( Özden and others 2011) updates and extends the Parsons and others (2007) database back to 1960.

Europski prostor tijekom svoje novije povijesti (nakon II. svjetskog rata) bilježi velike i radikalne promjene glede graničnog režima i uloge granica. Od rigorozno čuvane granice i vrlo složenog postupka za ulaz u prostor Zapadne i Istočne Europe, posebno u njenom srednjem dijelu, posljednja dva desetljeća svjedoci smo liberalizacije graničnog režima. Nekadašnje ˝hermetički˝ zatvorene granice, koje su predstavljale velike gospodarske i političke zapreke, postale su tako znatno otvorenije, a promet ljudi, ideja i materijalnih dobara znatno liberalniji. Režim upravljanja vanskim granicama EU prolazi kroz transformaciju koja je bez presedana, čije su temeljne manifestacije ubrzana izgradnja pravnog okvira i institucionalizacija. U okviru implementacije novog sustava nadzora vanjskih granica EU, posebno u praktičnoj provedbi, javljaju se i mnoge kontroverze i problemi. Autor u radu, analizom postojeće regulative i njene praktične primjene, pokušava ukazati na neke od temeljnih kontroverzi i do sada uočene probleme, čije rješavanje bi moglo rezultirati uspostavom kvalitetnijeg sustava nadzora vanjskih granica šengenskog prostora, posebno glede zaštite temeljnih ljudskih prava., The area of Europe during its more recent history (after World War II) has been marked by huge and radical changes regarding its border regime and the role of borders. From the rigorously guarded borders and the very complex procedure for entry into the area between Western and Eastern Europe we have borne witness to the liberalization of the border regime. The former ‘ hermetically’ closed borders which posed great business and political hindrances have become considerably more open and the movement of people, ideas and goods has become more liberal. The regime for EU external border administration is going through an unprecedented transformation. This has been manifested by the speedy creation of legal frameworks and institutionalization. Within the implementation of a new system of EU external border supervision, in particular its practical application, many controversial problems have arisen. In this paper, the author, by analyzing the existing regulations and their practical application, attempts to demonstrate some of the fundamental controversies and noted problems, the resolution of which could result in the establishment of a more quality system of supervision of the Schengen external borders in particular regarding the protection of fundamental human rights.