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Simple Summary: The Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) is an important species in Korea. However, there has been little research about its joint anatomy. In this study, we investigated the anatomy of the limb joints of the Korean raccoon dog using joint orientation angles, a method frequently used in humans, dogs, and cats. The findings of this study should be helpful not only for individual therapies, such as fracture repair, but also for comparative anatomy. Furthermore, this study is the first to measure joint orientation angles in wild animals such as the Korean raccoon dog, making it a useful reference for measurements in other wild canids. Studies are being conducted on the anatomical structures of various wild animals. Despite the ecological importance of the Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), limited research has been conducted on its anatomical structure. This study is the first to establish a reference range for joint orientation angles in the limbs of the Korean raccoon dog. Joint orientation angles are an unexplored concept not only in Korean raccoon dogs but also in other wildlife. However, they are important in the examination of the skeletal anatomy of humans and companion animals, such as dogs and cats. Because this type of measurement is still emerging in wildlife research, we applied the methodology used in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Angles were measured between the mechanical or anatomical axis and the joint orientation lines in the thoracic and pelvic limbs of Korean raccoon dogs. No significant differences were observed between the sexes or between the left and right sides. These findings are consistent with those observed in domestic dogs. Based on this study, a reference range of joint orientation angles could be established for Korean raccoon dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of ovarian cancer (OC) has made developing effective treatments difficult. Nowadays, hormone therapy plays a growing role in the treatment of OC; however, hormone modulators have had only limited success so far. To provide a more rigorous foundation for hormonal therapy for different OC subtypes, the current study used a series of bioinformatics approaches to analyse the expression profiles of genes encoding membrane progesterone (PGRMC1, progestins and the adipoQ receptor [PAQR] family), and androgen (zinc transporter member 9 [ZIP9], OXER1) receptors. Our work investigated also their prognostic value in the context of OC. We found differences in expression of ZIP9 and OXER1 between different OC subtypes, as well as between patient tumour and normal tissues. Expression of mRNA encoding PAQR7 and PAQR8 in a panel of OC cell lines was below the qPCR detection limit and was downregulated in tumour tissue samples, whereas high expression of PGRMC1 and PAQR4 mRNA was observed in rare subtypes of OC cell lines. In addition, chemical inhibition of PGRMC1 reduced the viability of rare OCs represented by COV434 cells. In conclusion, PGRMC1 and PAQR4 are promising targets for anticancer therapy, particularly for rare subtypes of OC. These findings may reflect differences in the observed responses of various OC subtypes to hormone therapy.

Background: This study aimed to assess the role and effect of neoadjuvant targeted therapy (TT) versus targeted combined with chemotherapy (TC) for resectable EGFR-mutant non--small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Between March 2021 and June 2023, 20 patients with stage IA3-IIIB NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Eleven patients received EGFR-TKIs in the TT group, while nine patients received EGFR-TKIs and two cycles of cisplatin-based doublet chemotherapy (TC group). We compare the differences between the two groups through the following variables, including age, sex, surgical approach, postoperative complications, neoadjuvant therapy adverse events, complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), progressive disease (PD), objective response rate (ORR), major pathologic response (MPR), and pathologic complete response (pCR). Results: Patients were predominantly female (75%) and never-smokers (95%). The average age was 59.2 years (range 46-79 years). Fifty-five percent harbored an exon 19 EGFR mutation and 45% an exon 21 mutation. The average targeted drug dosing time was 2.91 ± 1.7 (range 1-6) months in the TT group and 3.56 ± 3.54 (range 1-12) months in the TC group (P=0.598). The most common side effects were rash and diarrhea. No grade 5 events with neoadjuvant therapy were observed. The rate of R0 resection was 100% in all patients. Among the 11 patients in the TT group, 6 achieved a PR and 5 had SD, resulting in an ORR of 54.5%. Among the 9 patients in the TC group, 6 had PR and the remaining 3 had SD, resulting in an ORR of 66.6%. one patient (11.1%) in the TC group achieved pCR, while no patients in the TT group achieved pCR (P = 0.142). Two patients (18.2%) in the TT group reached MPR, and 2 patients (22.2%) in the TC group reached MPR (P = 0.257). The overall clinical downstage rate is 60%. Only 9 (45%) cases of yield clinical TNM (ycTNM) were consistent with yield pathologic TNM (ypTNM). Conclusion: Results from this retrospective controlled research indicate that the neoadjuvant TT group is likely to be more effective outcomes and has safer profile in patients with EGFR-positive NSCLC than the neoadjuvant TC group. However, our results need to be validated in a multicenter, large sample prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We investigated the association between statin compliance and the risk of dementia among patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Chronic periodontitis patients were extracted from the National Health Insurance Service‐Health Screening Cohort Database, covering the period from 2002 to 2019. A total of 22,089 subjects were included in the study and divided into three groups based on their compliance with statin administration. The Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for analyzing the risk of dementia. Results: In the restricted cubic spline of the multivariable‐adjusted model, the hazard ratio for dementia decreased prominently with a higher medication possession ratio. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals in the multivariable‐adjusted model for dementia risk in the middle and high medication possession ratio groups, compared to the low medication possession ratio group, were confirmed as 0.70 (0.57–0.87) and 0.57 (0.45–0.72), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, a significant association between dementia and good statin medication possession ratio was found in both severe periodontitis and mild periodontitis cases. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a group of patients with chronic periodontitis who maintain good statin compliance are associated with a reduced risk of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperbolic relations between independent and dependent variables are ubiquitous in the experimental analysis of behavior, mentioned in over 150 articles in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. There are two principal forms of hyperbolae: The first describes the relation between response rate and reinforcement rate on variable‐interval schedules of reinforcement; it rises asymptotically toward a maximum. The second describes the relation between the current equivalent value of an incentive and its delay or (im)probability; it falls from a maximum toward an asymptote of 0. Where do these come from? What do their parameters mean? How are they related? This article answers the first two questions and addresses the last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the internet has created a global community by connecting millions of individuals, devices, and organizations. Unfortunately, internet connectivity is still not available to many people around the world. To provide everyone with internet access, network infrastructures must be expanded, and internet connection costs must be reduced, particularly in developing regions. Therefore, Wireless Community Networks (WCNs) have emerged as a crucial alternative for individuals who lack direct access to internet services provided by traditional internet service providers. This research paper aims to investigate the routing protocols that have been widely employed in WCNs over the past decade. Specifically, it focuses on evaluating the strengths and limitations of these protocols to assess their effectiveness and reliability in establishing optimal routing paths for end-to-end message delivery across the network. A set of recommendations and future directions are proposed to facilitate further research into unresolved challenges related to WCN routing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (pLCNEC) represents a rare malignancy characterized by its aggressive behavior and a notably high recurrence rate. Remarkably, there is currently no established standard treatment protocol for this condition. Case description In this report, we present an intriguing case of pLCNEC diagnosed at clinical-stage IIB. This case involves a 64-year-old man with a smoking history spanning four decades. In our approach, we initiated a course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with pembrolizumab, administered for two cycles prior to surgical resection. This innovative treatment strategy resulted in a significant pathological response, culminating in a major pathological remission (MPR). As of the time of composing this report, the patient has been diligently monitored for 39 months post-surgery, exhibiting no indications of recurrence, and has demonstrated exceptional tolerance to the entire treatment regimen. Conclusions We have first reported a clinically successful case of neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy with pembrolizumab in the treatment of pLCNEC. This case offers promising clinical insights and suggests that this therapeutic approach could be a viable option for managing pLCNEC.

The Multi-Point Relay (MPR) is one of the core technologies for Optimizing Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols, offering significant advantages in reducing network overhead, enhancing throughput, maintaining network scalability, and adaptability. However, due to the restriction that only MPR nodes can forward control messages in the network, the current evaluation criteria for selecting MPR nodes are relatively limited, making it challenging to flexibly choose MPR nodes based on current link states in dynamic networks. Therefore, the selection of MPR nodes is crucial in dynamic networks. To address issues such as unstable links, poor transmission accuracy, and lack of real-time performance caused by mobility in dynamic networks, we propose a comprehensive evaluation algorithm of MPR based on link-state awareness. This algorithm defines five state evaluation parameters from the perspectives of node mobility and load. Subsequently, we use the entropy weight method to determine weight coefficients and employing the method of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for comprehensive evaluation to select MPR nodes. Finally, the Comprehensive Evaluation based on Link-state awareness of OLSR (CEL-OLSR) protocol is proposed, and simulated experiments are conducted using NS-3. The results indicate that, compared to PM-OLSR, ML-OLSR, LD-OLSR, and OLSR, CEL-OLSR significantly improves network performance in terms of packet delivery rate, average end-to-end delay, network throughput, and control overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing control packets, especially in proactive routing protocols, needed to establish routes can lower network overhead in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). In Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, each Multipoint Relay (MPR) node propagates Topology Control (TC) messages to advertise neighbor information. However, OLSR controls the TC messages by reducing the number of MPR nodes. In this study, we propose an efficient MPR node selection mechanism to reduce the TC message volume leading to a minimized routing overhead. Each node selects the lowest cost node heuristically from its first hop neighbors as the MPR node for any destination. The same MPR node can be selected for multiple destinations if it costs the lowest for each destination node. The selection technique is realized by modifying only the default OLSR TC and Hello messages. The proof-of-concept implementation in the NS3 simulator reveals that the proposed methodology reduces the routing overhead by selecting around 55%, 28% and 49% (on average) fewer MPR nodes compared to the traditional OLSR, SSTB and M-OLSR protocol respectively, without negotiating packet delivery ratio, throughput and delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the adoption of a legitimate language by the Mongolian People’s Republic following the language reform of the 1930s, which involved the switch to the Latin script, is considered. The language policy pursued by the MPR in the early 20th century is investigated from the perspective of the legitimate language theory. By that period, the traditional Mongolian script had become outdated and needed to be reformed. Furthermore, the illiteracy rate among Mongolian people was very high, and the old Mongolian script was difficult to study. Another reason is that the language turned into the main tool for promoting the new cultural and ideological values of the USSR. Thus, the shift of Mongolia to the writing system based on the Latin alphabet was a political phenomenon and played a key role in broadcasting the cultural policy of the new state. In the early years of the MPR, the Latin-based writing solved several problems at once: it promoted literacy among Mongolian people, gave greater publicity to the policy of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and the new culture, and became a platform to bring together Mongolia and the USSR. To substantiate the importance of the Latin graphics as the official state script, Pierre Bourdieu’s “Language and Symbolic Power” is analyzed, in which the author discusses the origin of the legitimate language and script, as well as their role in the process of nation building. Here, the documents in both Russian and Mongolian are also examined. The obtained results demonstrate that, despite various difficulties, the Latin script was adopted for a quite short period of time as legitimate in the MPR, which had a great influence on the development of the socialist culture and the Mongolian national identity.

Studies are being conducted on the anatomical structures of various wild animals. Despite the ecological importance of the Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), limited research has been conducted on its anatomical structure. This study is the first to establish a reference range for joint orientation angles in the limbs of the Korean raccoon dog. Joint orientation angles are an unexplored concept not only in Korean raccoon dogs but also in other wildlife. However, they are important in the examination of the skeletal anatomy of humans and companion animals, such as dogs and cats. Because this type of measurement is still emerging in wildlife research, we applied the methodology used in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Angles were measured between the mechanical or anatomical axis and the joint orientation lines in the thoracic and pelvic limbs of Korean raccoon dogs. No significant differences were observed between the sexes or between the left and right sides. These findings are consistent with those observed in domestic dogs. Based on this study, a reference range of joint orientation angles could be established for Korean raccoon dogs.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact that a pharmacist-managed oral anticancer clinic has on patient adherence to oral anticancer therapy in regard to medication adherence and adherence to lab monitoring. Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed for patients prescribed abiraterone, enzalutamide, or ibrutinib within the study time period. The primary outcome was assessing medication adherence by comparing the medication possession ratio (MPR) before (Phase 1) and after (Phase 2) initiation of the pharmacist-led oral anticancer therapy clinic. The secondary outcome was assessing lab monitoring adherence by patients and providers in Phase 1 and Phase 2. This will be done by assessing whether labs were ordered at the appropriate time frame by oncology providers, as well as whether or not the patient came and got these labs drawn. This study will also examine outcomes related to the pharmacist-led oral anticancer therapy clinic (phase 2) for descriptive purposes. Results: A total of 189 charts were analyzed with 134 excluded and 55 included (25 patients in phase 1 and 30 patients in phase 2). Independent sample t -test analyses revealed a statistically significant increase (t (30.57) = −1.99; p = 0.027) in the MPR ratio between phase 1 (mean = 0.98, SD = 0.13) compared to phase 2 (mean = 1.04, SD = 0.08). For patient adherence to lab monitoring, there was a statistically significant improvement between phase 1 and phase 2 for patients on abiraterone (21.9% vs 67%; t (25) = −5.73; p < 0.001) and enzalutamide (35.7% vs. 90.5%; t (8) = −3.26; p = 0.006). However, for patients on ibrutinib, there was a slight decline in lab monitoring adherence between phase 1 and phase 2 but this effect was not statistically significant (56.2% vs. 51%; t (17) = 0.58; p = 0.283). Similar results were shown for provider adherence to lab monitoring. Descriptive outcomes showed that the pharmacist had, on average, 6.7 encounters per patient with the majority being phone and face-to-face appointments. Conclusions: Data from this study demonstrated that a pharmacist-led oral anticancer clinic can improve MPR ratios and patient adherence to oral anticancer medication regimens. In addition, patient and provider lab monitoring adherence was improved for abiraterone and enzalutamide. Improvement in patient and provider lab monitoring adherence for ibrutinib was not shown, possibly due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, relatively small sample size, and retrospective nature of this study. The results of this study support that overall, a pharmacist-led oral anticancer clinic can significantly improve patient outcomes, which aligns with previous smaller studies that have shown similar benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical value and safety of Multi-planner reformation (MPR) reconstruction and CT-guided percutaneous puncture biopsy of retroperitoneal masses. Methods A total of 79 patients who underwent percutaneous retroperitoneal of retroperitoneal masses from August 2019 to August 2022 in this hospital were retrospectively analyzed, including MPR reconstruction CT 44 cases (the MPR group) and 35 cases (the general group) guided by conventional axial CT. The success rates and complications of the two groups were compared. Results The success rate of puncture was 97.7% in the MPR group and 85.7% in the general group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.045). Among the 73 patients with successful puncture, retroperitoneal masses were malignant lymphoma (39.7%), metastatic tumor (43.8%), schlemma (5.5%) and lymph node tuberculosis (11.0%). The incidence of complications was 20.5% in the MPR group and 45.7% in the general group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.016). Conclusion MPR reconstruction and CT-guided percutaneous puncture biopsy of retroperitoneal masses is safe and reliable, which can improve the success rate and reduce the incidence of complications compared with general CT-guided puncture, and is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the "contingencies of reinforcement." Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews the basic theory and its extensions to satiation, warm‐up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, and sequential control in progressive‐ratio and multiple schedules. In the latter cases, a single equation balancing target and competing responses governs behavioral contrast and behavioral momentum. Momentum is intrinsic in the fundamental equations, as behavior unspools more slowly from highly aroused responses conditioned by higher rates of incitement than it does from responses from leaner contexts. Habits are responses that have accrued substantial behavioral momentum. Operant responses, being predictors of reinforcement, are approached by making them: The sight and feel of a paw on a lever is approached by placing paw on lever, as attempted for any sign of reinforcement. Behavior in concurrent schedules is governed by approach to momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications of MPR in behavioral pharmacology and delay discounting are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a collection of high speed mobile nodes and exchanges the data packets wirelessly using electromagnetic waves or radio transmission links. However, the data transmission through wireless channel is vulnerable to the intrusions in the network and may lead to disabling of seamless network services. Therefore, security is another essential parameter for successful dissemination of the data besides design of optimized Routing in MANET. Towards this, Machine Learning frame work known as Deep Belief Network Based Secure Optimized Link State Routing (DBN-OLSR) Protocol is presented in MANETs. The proposed DBN-OLSR approach includes series of steps for networking of data packets: firstly, Multipoint relay nodes are selected using real time metrics of the nodes like, hop-count and residual energy to reduce the unnecessary transmission of beacon messages in route selection. Secondly, secure data transmission is achieved by preventing single black hole attack using Machine learning based Deep belief network (DBN) and Naive bayes classifier. The performance of the proposed DBN-OLSR protocol is compared with traditional OLSR and on demand routing (AODV) schemes. The simulation results were tested for different nodes and illustrates that the proposed DBN-OLSR outperforms in terms of intrusion detection accuracy, routing overhead, packets lost, throughput, execution time and average end-to-end delay over normal OLSR and AODV routing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The extra-pleural space is challenging to view radiologically and is commonly overlooked. Therefore, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of its anatomy in order to correctly classify lesions as either pleural or extra-pleural so as to choose the most appropriate treatment. CT with multi-planar reformatting allows the assessment of pathological conditions involving the extra-pleural space. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the role of CT in the detection and evaluation of the extra-pleural space lesions and to classify them according to their CT appearance in order to reach a proper diagnosis and successful management plan. Results This study was conducted on 131 patients who underwent CT scan of the chest for different chest complaints, and the detected extra-pleural space abnormalities were classified according to their CT appearance into three major groups which are fatty expansion and soft tissue stranding group that included 59 cases (45%), abnormal attenuation group that included 13 cases (10%), and soft tissue expansion group that included 59 cases (45%). Out of the 59 cases with increased fatty expansion and soft tissue stranding, 73% were of inflammatory cause (either pulmonary or pleural), 17% were of neoplastic cause, and 3 cases were caused by systemic conditions. The abnormal extra-pleural space attenuation group was classified into air-containing and blood-containing groups, and both were mainly caused by trauma. Soft tissue infiltration of extra-pleural space was classified into neoplastic (85%) and non-neoplastic (15%) lesions, while most of the non-neoplastic pathologies were caused by severe inflammatory processes. The axial images were mostly sufficient to detect extra-pleural space lesions. Conclusions CT has a crucial role in the assessment of extra-pleural space and the different lesions involving it. Those lesions can be classified according to their CT appearance in order to reach a proper diagnosis and as a result aid in better management of these pathologies.

Hongyan Xu, Wenjing Wang, Junlei Yin, Chengcun Song, Lin Li, Zhi Sun Department of Chemotherapy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hongyan Xu, Department of Chemotherapy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 248, Tongyi Road, Huancui District, Weihai, Shangdong, 264200, People’s Republic of China, Tel +860631-5287510, Email xuhongyan19701212@163.comAim: To investigate the efficacy and safety of preoperative neoadjuvant therapy (PD-1 inhibitor plus nab-PTX and nedaplatin) for resectable stage III lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients.Methods: Patients with locally advanced lung SCC (stage IIIA, IIIB) who received PD-1 inhibitor combined with nab-PTX and NED between February 2019 and June 2021 in Weihai Municipal Hospital were included and underwent surgical treatment 4 weeks after 2– 4 cycles neoadjuvant therapy. The rate of resection R0, the effective rate, the complete pathological remission rate (pCR) and the rate of major pathological remission (MPR) were observed.Results: A total of 14 initially unresectable male patients with lung SCC were included and received neoadjuvant treatment after evaluation. Nine out of 14 patients (64.3%) experienced treatment-related adverse events (TRAE), among which 8 (57.1%) experienced grade (G) I–II TRAEs including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, constipation, elevated ALT and AST, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, rash, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and 1 (7.1%) experienced grade III–V TRAEs (G), including granulocytopenia and atelectasis. Thirteen patients (92.86%) achieved RECIST-assessed partial remission (PR), while 1 patient (7.14%) achieved stable disease (SD) on imaging assessment after neoadjuvant treatment and continued to be progression-free for 26 months. Of the 11 patients who underwent resection, all were alive and recurrence/progression-free. MPR and pCR were observed in 2 (18.18%) and 9 (81.82%), respectively. IHC results exhibited that all NSCLC patients exhibited positive PD-L1 expression (9/14, TPS ≥ 50% or greater; 5/14, 1% < TPS < 50%). Two were negative for ALK, EGFR, and ros-1, and the rest were not examined for driver oncogene mutation.Conclusion: The neoadjuvant therapy of the PD-1 inhibitor combined with nab-PTX and NED demonstrated remarkable therapeutic efficacy and good safety on stage III lung SCC without increasing the risk of TRAE, mortality and surgery-related complications, or impede surgery feasibility.Keywords: lung squamous cell lung cancer, neoadjuvant therapy, immunotherapy, complete pathological remission, pCR, major pathological remission, MPR

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lebih detail tentang lembaga negara yang memiliki kewenangan untuk membentuk undang-undang. Penelitian ini bermaksud mengkaji Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sebelum di amandemen dan sesudah amandemen, selain itu juga mengkaji dengan Undang-Undang Nomor: 12 Tahun 2011 Tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Metode yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Sedangkan bahan atau data yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini, dengan mencari dan mengumpulkan bahan yang berasal dari data kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lembaga negara pembentuk undang-undang adalah lembaga negara yang ikut andil dalam proses pembentukan undang-undang. Sebelum amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, lembaga negara yang berwenang membentuk Undang-Undang adalah MPR dan DPR. Dan setelah adanya amandemen UndangUndang Dasar 1945, kewenangan membentuk Undang-Undang berubah yaitu terdiri dari DPR, Presiden dan DPD. Akan tetapi kekuasaan untuk membentuk undangundang, berada ditangan DPR, sedangkan DPD kekuasaan legislasinya masih sangat terbatas dan hanya memiliki kewenangan untuk ikut membahas Rancangan UndangUndang yang berkaitan dengan Otonomi Daerah, Hubungan Pusat dan Daerah, Pembentukan pemekaran dan Pengolahan Sumber Daya Alam serta Sumber Daya Ekonomi lainya, dan Perimbangan Keuangan Pusat dan Daerah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multi-Point Relay (MPR) is one of the core technologies for Optimizing Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols, offering significant advantages in reducing network overhead, enhancing throughput, maintaining network scalability, and adaptability. However, due to the restriction that only MPR nodes can forward control messages in the network, the current evaluation criteria for selecting MPR nodes are relatively limited, making it challenging to flexibly choose MPR nodes based on current link states in dynamic networks. Therefore, the selection of MPR nodes is crucial in dynamic networks. To address issues such as unstable links, poor transmission accuracy, and lack of real-time performance caused by mobility in dynamic networks, we propose a comprehensive evaluation algorithm of MPR based on link-state awareness. This algorithm defines five state evaluation parameters from the perspectives of node mobility and load. Subsequently, we use the entropy weight method to determine weight coefficients and employing the method of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for comprehensive evaluation to select MPR nodes. Finally, the Comprehensive Evaluation based on Link-state awareness of OLSR (CEL-OLSR) protocol is proposed, and simulated experiments are conducted using NS-3. The results indicate that, compared to PM-OLSR, ML-OLSR, LD-OLSR, and OLSR, CEL-OLSR significantly improves network performance in terms of packet delivery rate, average end-to-end delay, network throughput, and control overhead.

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Background: The extra-pleural space is challenging to view radiologically and is commonly overlooked. Therefore, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of its anatomy in order to correctly classify lesions as either pleural or extra-pleural so as to choose the most appropriate treatment. CT with multi-planar reformatting allows the assessment of pathological conditions involving the extra-pleural space. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the role of CT in the detection and evaluation of the extra-pleural space lesions and to classify them according to their CT appearance in order to reach a proper diagnosis and successful management plan. Results: This study was conducted on 131 patients who underwent CT scan of the chest for different chest complaints, and the detected extra-pleural space abnormalities were classified according to their CT appearance into three major groups which are fatty expansion and soft tissue stranding group that included 59 cases (45%), abnormal attenuation group that included 13 cases (10%), and soft tissue expansion group that included 59 cases (45%). Out of the 59 cases with increased fatty expansion and soft tissue stranding, 73% were of inflammatory cause (either pulmonary or pleural), 17% were of neoplastic cause, and 3 cases were caused by systemic conditions. The abnormal extra-pleural space attenuation group was classified into air-containing and blood-containing groups, and both were mainly caused by trauma. Soft tissue infiltration of extra-pleural space was classified into neoplastic (85%) and non-neoplastic (15%) lesions, while most of the non-neoplastic pathologies were caused by severe inflammatory processes. The axial images were mostly sufficient to detect extra-pleural space lesions. Conclusions: CT has a crucial role in the assessment of extra-pleural space and the different lesions involving it. Those lesions can be classified according to their CT appearance in order to reach a proper diagnosis and as a result aid in better management of these pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the rate of growth of real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) has continued to be the most important policy of many countries, especially, the developing ones. Given the importance of ensuring economic growth in reducing poverty and ensuring improved welfare, it is imperative to identify its various determinants. Studies have identified the various determinants of economic growth, however, sustained economic growth continues to be a misery in Nigeria. This present study aims to determine the impact of monetary policy on economic growth in Nigeria. The study examined monetary policy on economic growth in Nigeria. In doing this, the study employed a time series data between the periods of 1990-2020. The methodology used involved examining the stationary nature of the data using Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and an ARDL bond test for examining the presence of long run relationship among the variables of the study. The short run regression conducted using ARDL regression method showed that monetary policy is an important determinant of economic growth in Nigeria. The two indicators of monetary policy used (Monetary Policy Rate, MPR and Money Growth Rate, M2) exert a significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Based on the findings, this study concludes that monetary policy significantly affects economic growth in Nigeria. It is recommended that policy makers in Nigeria should improve the monetary policy in such a way to increase the economic growth in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive feedback on gonadotropin release requires not only estrogen but also progesterone to activate neural circuits. In rodents, ovarian estradiol (E2) stimulates progesterone synthesis in hypothalamic astrocytes (neuroP), needed for the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Kisspeptin (kiss) neurons are the principal stimulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and disruption of kiss signaling abrogates the LH surge. Similarly, blocking steroid synthesis in the hypothalamus or deleting classical progesterone receptor (PGR) selectively in kiss neurons prevents the LH surge. These results suggest a synergistic action of E2 and progesterone in kiss neurons to affect gonadotropin release. The mHypoA51, immortalized kiss-expressing neuronal cell line derived from adult female mice, is a tractable model for examining integration of steroid signaling underlying estrogen positive feedback. Here, we report that kiss neurons in vitro integrate E2 and progesterone signaling to increase levels of kiss translation and release. mHypoA51 neurons expressed nonclassical membrane progesterone receptors (mPRα and mPRβ) and E2-inducible PGR, required for progesterone-augmentation of E2-induced kiss expression. With astrocyte-conditioned media or in mHypoA51-astrocyte co-culture, neuroP augmented stimulatory effects of E2 on kiss protein. Progesterone activation of classical, membrane-localized PGR led to activation of MAPK and Src kinases. Importantly, progesterone or Src activation induced release of kiss from E2-primed mHypoA51 neurons. Consistent with previous studies, the present results provide compelling evidence that the interaction of E2 and progesterone stimulates kiss expression and release. Further, these results demonstrate a mechanism though which peripheral E2 may prime kiss neurons to respond to neuroP, mediating estrogen positive feedback.

Objective To explore the application value of CBCT imaging in the diagnosis of salivary gland disease by sialography. Methods After sialography,51 patients performed traditional pantomography and CBCT scans, Multi-planar images (MPR), synthetic pantographs (SPAN) and 3D images were reconstructed from CBCT volume data and compared with TPAN. Results 51 salivary glands after sialography can display the full picture of salivary glands in 360 degrees on CBCT 3D images, and the lesion characteristics such as duct dilation, stenosis and distal catheter “punctate dilation” were obviously better than those of TPAN. Its MPR image showed the filling defect formed by salivary gland space-occupying lesions such as negative--“punctate dilation” was obviously better than that of TPAN. Its MPR image showed the filling defect formed by salivary gland space-occupying lesions such as negative sialolith and tumors more clearly and accurately. Conclusion CBCT imaging can stereoscopically display the ductal system and glandular morphological changes of the salivary glands with a variety of reconstruction techniques ( MPR, SPAN and 3D) in sialography, which is more conducive to the diagnosis of salivary gland diseases, In addition, the advantages of a comfortable position, simple operation, low radiation dose, and so on, it has unique application value in the diagnosis of salivary gland diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy has reshaped the treatment landscape for resectable NSCLC, yet the prognostic significance of pathologic response remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of achieving pathologic complete response (pCR) or major pathologic response (MPR) on event-free survival (EFS) and assessed the influence of adjuvant immunotherapy., Methods: We performed an IPD meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials on neoadjuvant or perioperative anti-programmed death-ligand 1 in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with resectable NSCLC. The IPD was extracted from Kaplan-Meier curves for pCR and MPR from the included studies. Survival outcomes were compared between patients achieving pCR or MPR and those who did not, considering both intention-to-treat and resected populations., Results: Achieving pCR or MPR was associated with improved EFS in the intention-to-treat population (pCR, hazard ratio = 0.13; MPR, hazard ratio = 0.18, respectively) with a 24 months EFS rate of 94% and 88% for patients who achieved pCR and MPR, respectively. Independently from pCR status, patients who were treated in an experimental arm that included adjuvant immunotherapy had similar EFS., Conclusions: Our study reported a strong EFS improvement in patients who achieved either pCR or MPR after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. The use of adjuvant immunotherapy after tumor resection was not associated with improved EFS., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abdullah A Mobarki,1 Gasim Dobie,1 Muhammad Saboor,1,2 Aymen M Madkhali,1 Mohammad S Akhter,1 Ali Hakamy,3 Adel Humran,4 Yousof Hamali,5 Denise E Jackson,6 Hassan A Hamali1 1Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia; 2Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia; 4Respiratory Care Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Gizan, Saudi Arabia; 5Radiodiagnostics and Medical Imaging Department, Prince Sultan Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, AustraliaCorrespondence: Hassan A HamaliDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 1906, Gizan, 45142, Saudi ArabiaTel +966581155585Email hhamali@jazanu.edu.saObjective: The aims of the current study were to evaluate the importance of MPR and NLR as prognostic markers in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients and to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on hematological and coagulation parameters in patients from Jazan region of Saudi Arabia.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 at King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan region. Medical files, which included the results of complete blood count (CBC), calculated mean platelet volume to platelet count ratio (MPR) and neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) parameters, coagulation profile and D-dimer test, of 96 (64 male and 32 female) COVID-19-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit were reviewed. Associations between the test results and COVID-19 infection outcomes (discharged [DC] or passed away [PA]) were measured.Results: The results of the current study demonstrate overall significant differences in CBC parameters between PA group as compared to DC group (P < 0.05). The PA group had a significantly elevated MPR (10.15± 12.16 vs 4.04± 1.5; P < 0.01) and NLR (18.29± 19.82 vs 7.35± 9.68; P < 0.01) as compared to the DC group, suggesting an association between these parameters and mortality. Odds ratios analysis also showed that adjustment for demographic variables and comorbidities did not weaken the observed association.Conclusion: Elevated MPR and NLR are associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients and could be useful as therapy management indicators.Keywords: COVID-19, NLR, MPR, ICU, CBC, mortality

Komplikasi hipertensi pada organ tubuh menyebabkan angka kematian yang tinggi. Hipertensi membutuhkan terapi obat jangka panjang sehingga pasien harus patuh menjalani pengobatan. Salah satu jenis kepatuhan dalam pengobatan hipertensi adalah kepatuhan pengambilan ulang obat dari fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan sehingga pasien senantiasa memiliki ketersediaan obat untuk diminum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat kepatuhan pengambilan ulang obat anti hipertensi pasien hipertensi rujuk balik di Apotek Appo Farma Banjarmasin. Penelitian menggunakan desain observasional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara retrospektif. Data dikumpulkan dari resep pasien rujuk balik di Apotek Appo Farma Banjarmasin pada periode bulan Mei-Juni 2022. Sebanyak 123 sampel digunakan pada penelitian ini. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Data kepatuhan pengambilan obat ulang dianalisis dengan metode Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). Parameter hasil perhitungan MPR dibagi menjadi kategori patuh apabila ? 80% dan tidak patuh apabila kurang dari 80%. Data hasil penelitian ditampilkan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pengukuran kepatuhan pengambilan obat ulang dengan periode 3 bulan dan 6 bulan sama-sama didominasi oleh sampel dengan kategori patuh mengambil obat ulang dengan jumlah 103 sampel (83,74%). Berdasarkan data tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel pasien hipertensi pada penelitian ini belum semuanya patuh dalam mengambil ulang obat anti hipertensinya.

Hydrologic modeling in Nigeria is plagued by non-existent or paucity of hydro-metrological/morphological records, which has detrimental impacts on sustainable water resource management and agricultural production. Nowadays, freely accessible remotely sensed products are used as inputs in hydrologic modeling, especially in regions with deficient observed records. Therefore, it is appropriate to utilize the fine-resolution spatial coverage offered by these products in a parameter regionalization method that supports sub-grid variability. This study assessed the transferability of optimized model parameters from a gauged to an ungauged basin using the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM)—Multiscale Parameter Regionalization (MPR) technique. The ability of the fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis product (ERA5), Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) gridded rainfall products to simulate observed discharge in three basins was first assessed. Thereafter, the CHIRPS rainfall product was used in three multi-basin mHM setups. Optimized model parameters were then transferred to independent basins, and the reproduction of observed discharges was assessed. Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE) scores showed improvements when mHM runs were performed using optimized parameters in comparison to using default parameters for discharge simulations. Optimized mHM runs performed reasonably (KGE > 0.4) for all basins and rainfall products. However, only one basin showed a satisfactory KGE value (KGE = 0.54) when optimized parameters were transferred to an ungauged basin. This study underscores the utility of the mHM-MPR tool for parameter transferability during discharge simulation in data-scarce regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Adherence is a particular concern in treating hypertension, and non-adherence to antihypertensive drugs might cause uncontrolled hypertension. This study aimed to measure retrospectively the medication adherence of hypertensive patients with monotherapy treatment in a community health center (Puskesmas) in Bandung city, Indonesia. The retrospective patient data from 2011 to 2015 were obtained from an electronic prescription database. The patient data of those diagnosed with hypertension, >18 years old, and who received mono-antihypertensive therapy within a 12-month period were included in this study. To assess medication adherence, the medication possession ratio (MPR) was applied. Out of 780 patients, 93.6% of patients showed poor adherence, about 5.8% showed intermediate adherence, and 0.6% of patients had high adherence. Males and females showed different levels of adherence (p<0.05). Efforts should be focused on obtaining optimum clinical benefits and strengthening the effectiveness of health systems in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) is a representative institution which is one of the highest state institutions in the Indonesian constitutional system. MPR Decrees are MPR Decrees to determine the exercise of MPR powers, namely to determine policies on State Policy Guidelines (GBHN). The MPR decree is one of the types of laws and regulations in force in Indonesia. The existence of the MPR Decree in the hierarchy of laws and regulations in force in Indonesia almost always experiences dynamics and ambivalence. Whether it is due to changes in the Indonesian constitutional system, as well as the development of knowledge and knowledge regarding the legislation itself. This raises several problems, both physiologically, juridically and theoretically. The purpose of this study was to determine the legal implications of the existence of MPR decrees in the hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia. This research is a normative juridical research with a statutory approach, a historical approach, a conceptual approach, and a philosophical approach. The legal materials used are primary, secondary, and tertiary law materials with perspective analysis techniques with deductive-inductive reasoning. The results showed that the re-entry of the MPR Decree in Law no. 12 of 2011 as a type of Legislation and its hierarchy is placed after the 1945 Constitution as regulated in MPR Decree No. III/MPR/2000, making the implications of the MPR Decree very large and significant. MPR decrees have again become a source of formal and material law.

Kyung Rae Ko,1 Sangcheol Lee,2 Seo Yoon Oh,3 Ki-duk Kim,4 Sin Hyung Park,4,* Soonchul Lee2,* 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; 3University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; 4Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Soonchul LeeDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of KoreaTel +82 31-780-5289Fax +82 31-708-3578Email Lsceline78@gmail.comSin Hyung ParkDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, 170 Jomaru-Ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of KoreaTel +82 32-621-5114Fax +82 32-708-3578Email Sh0803@schmc.ac.krBackground: Factors determining bisphosphonate compliance are not fully understood. We examined fluctuations in oral bisphosphonate dosing intervals to gauge therapeutic compliance in patients with osteoporosis.Materials and Methods: Hospital data accruing between 2010 and 2017 were accessed to retrospectively study patients ≥ 50 years old (N=1873), each prescribed bisphosphonate at initial diagnosis of osteoporosis. The medication possession ratio (MPR), calculated as total days supplied divided by length of follow-up, served to measure therapeutic compliance. We compared MPRs of various prescription patterns (daily, weekly, monthly, and switch [ie, ≥ 1 change in pattern] groups). We also analyzed the impact of age, sex, fracture history, surgical history, and comorbidities. Multiple regression analysis was ultimately performed, using MPR as a dependent variable.Results: In our cohort (mean follow-up=5.7± 2.4 years), once weekly dosing was the most common prescription pattern (1223/1873, 65.3%), as opposed to monthly (366/1873, 19.5%) or daily (164/1873, 8.8%) dosing. A total of 120 patients (6.4%) comprising the switch group changed dosing patterns during the study period. MPR was significantly higher in the switch group (32.8± 22.7) than in the other three groups (daily, 21.9± 25.9; weekly, 22.7± 27.3; monthly, 23.2± 27.7). In multiple regression analysis, younger age (P< 0.001), female sex (P=0.004), and switching of prescription pattern (decrease or increase frequency) were factors significantly associated with higher MPR, signaling better compliance.Conclusion: Better bisphosphonate compliance was associated with physician-modified dosing patterns. We therefore recommend adjustments of prescription intervals in poorly compliant patients requiring long-term treatment.Keywords: bisphosphonate, compliance, medication possession ratio, MPR

Wacana reformulasi GBHN dan pengembalian kewenangan MPR untuk membuat ketetapan, kembali menguat pasca-Kongres V PDI-P (2019). Kongres tersebut menghasilkan 23 rekomendasi yang berisi sikap dan kebijakan partai serta usulan untuk pemerintahan Jokowi-Ma'ruf 2019-2024. Kajian ini bertujuan memetakan proses politik wacana reformulasi GBHN dan Posisi MPR pasca-amandemen UUD 1945. Hasil kajian ini menemukan fakta sebagai market leader dalam penataan sistem ketatanegaraan dengan memperkuat MPR dan menetapkan haluan negara, PDI-P kurang piawai mengelola situasi politik. PDI-P yang memperjuangkan agenda terbatas dalam amandemen, harus menenggang agenda lain. Saat ini kuasa ada di pimpinan PDI-P dan presiden, selain itu juga bergantung pada respon pemilik saham besar lain atas republik ini, yakni para ketua umum partai yang punya wakil di DPR/MPR.

Abstract Background Gastric cancer is regarded as the fifth most frequent tumor globally but the third most common fatal illness. As early as possible, we diagnose cancer stomach especially at early stages, the higher the rate of life. Nevertheless, most cases are diagnosed at late cases where surgery is not of the same benefit at early stages because of clinically indefinite symptoms. The prospective study goal is to estimate the role of MDCT in diagnosis and staging of cancer stomach. Results In our study, it was found that there was a high relationship between pathological and CT staging by using MPR. CT with MPR was specific and accurate in diagnosis of all stages of gastric cancer with specificity ranged between 93 and 97% and accuracy ranged between 90 and 92.5%. However, it showed lowest sensitivity in diagnosis of stage 1 of gastric cancer. On the other hand, it showed highest sensitivity (90%) in diagnosis of stage IV as well as we found that MPR and VR of MDCT are much more accurate (92.5%) than multi-detector computed tomography axial images (80%) in the diagnosis of all stages of gastric cancer with the difference between the two sequences was significant (P = 0.009). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that preoperative MDCT with contrast filling technique for abdomen and pelvis evaluates the local disease process of gastric cancer as well as the potential areas of spread. This information is vital in choosing between palliative or radical surgery. MPR and VR help in the assessment of tumor extension and considered as a highly representative prognostic value. Making it the imaging modality of choice in diagnosis and staging of gastric cancers.

The 1945 Constitution as the constitution of the Indonesian state which adopts a distribution of power system accompanied by a mechanism of checks and balances between state institutions based on popular sovereignty. In this case, as the People's Consultative Assembly and the Constitutional Court which have the authority related to the 1945 Constitution directly. Then it contains the research distinction that is the actual inherence of the authority of the People's Consultative Assembly and the Constitutional Court institutions as the guardians of the constitution through a technical review of checks and balances. Therefore, to scientifically strengthen this legal research, a juridical-normative, philosophical and conceptual-critical approach is used. On that basis, it is considered that between the People's Consultative Assembly and the Constitutional Court have actual significance of the checks and balances mechanism on their institutional authority as the guardian of the constitution. Therefore, it has implications for strengthening the institutional authority of the said state institution and realizing the order of legal civilization and democracy in the 1945 Constitution as the state constitution which is the central point of the administration of the Indonesian state as a democratic law state.

Background: This study aimed to assess the role and effect of neoadjuvant targeted therapy (TT) versus targeted combined with chemotherapy (TC) for resectable EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: Between March 2021 and June 2023, 20 patients with stage IA3-IIIB NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Eleven patients received EGFR-TKIs in the TT group, while nine patients received EGFR-TKIs and two cycles of cisplatin-based doublet chemotherapy (TC group). We compare the differences between the two groups through the following variables, including age, sex, surgical approach, postoperative complications, neoadjuvant therapy adverse events, complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), progressive disease (PD), objective response rate (ORR), major pathologic response (MPR), and pathologic complete response (pCR)., Results: Patients were predominantly female (75%) and never-smokers (95%). The average age was 59.2 years (range 46-79 years). Fifty-five percent harbored an exon 19 EGFR mutation and 45% an exon 21 mutation. The average targeted drug dosing time was 2.91 ± 1.7 (range 1-6) months in the TT group and 3.56 ± 3.54 (range 1-12) months in the TC group (P=0.598). The most common side effects were rash and diarrhea. No grade 5 events with neoadjuvant therapy were observed. The rate of R0 resection was 100% in all patients. Among the 11 patients in the TT group, 6 achieved a PR and 5 had SD, resulting in an ORR of 54.5%. Among the 9 patients in the TC group, 6 had PR and the remaining 3 had SD, resulting in an ORR of 66.6%. one patient (11.1%) in the TC group achieved pCR, while no patients in the TT group achieved pCR (P = 0.142). Two patients (18.2%) in the TT group reached MPR, and 2 patients (22.2%) in the TC group reached MPR (P = 0.257). The overall clinical downstage rate is 60%. Only 9 (45%) cases of yield clinical TNM (ycTNM) were consistent with yield pathologic TNM (ypTNM)., Conclusion: Results from this retrospective controlled research indicate that the neoadjuvant TT group is likely to be more effective outcomes and has safer profile in patients with EGFR-positive NSCLC than the neoadjuvant TC group. However, our results need to be validated in a multicenter, large sample prospective study., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer DC declared a shared affiliation with the authors to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2024 Shao, Liu, Li, Chen, Liu, Li and Guo.)