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In this paper, we explore the lived experiences of mother-coaches who, while coaching, navigate policy and programs aimed at promoting gender equity. Specifically, this study took place within the context of an amateur national, 10-day multisport games event in Canada. Using critical feminist narrative inquiry, 14 mother-coaches (apprentice, assistant, or head coach), representing eight different provinces, and 10 different sports, participated in this study. Three themes were constructed that call attention to the Canadian sport system broadly, as well as the 10-day multisport games event specifically: (a) performative policies and gendered assumptions, (b) programs that are band-aids for a "shitty culture," and (c) a pathway to nowhere for mother-coaches. The findings complicate the hegemonic work–family conflict narrative, suggesting that mother-coaches' advancement, opportunities, and quality experiences are impacted by the current heteropatriarchal culture and structure of sport that these programs and policy are rooted in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various stakeholders have hailed the recently introduced "European Championships" – a multi-sport event comprising competitions for European titles in several sports – as a huge success, particularly because some previously overlooked niche sports received an extraordinary amount of media attention. Empirical evidence indicates that the event has elicited increased live broadcasting of the participating sports. However, retrospective coverage in popular news media also plays an important role in helping sports federations attract active members, fans, and sponsors. Based on mediatization and news value theory, we investigated whether "the European Championships" elicited increased coverage of the most popular German TV news show when compared with corresponding stand-alone competitions in previous years. We also assessed whether all participating sports benefitted equally from this mediatization strategy of aggregation. Employing quantitative content analysis using a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group in a field setting, we analyzed screen time from competitions during (the) European Championships, controlling for national success. The results overall indicate a significant positive aggregation effect, though not all sports profited equally. Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of aggregation as a mediatization strategy that might be particularly attractive to niche sports federations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sport of triathlon has evolved to become a discipline comprising races of different lengths and formats. It has also undergone significant growth in popularity and exposure with several variations in format from the classic swim - bike - run combination attracting significant television and media coverage. Since 2021 an original and unique format called the Arena Games Triathlon (or in 2024 the E-Games) has evolved that involves athletes competing against each other in swimming, cycling and running combining both the real and virtual worlds in one race. This model of endurance sport is currently unique, provides instantaneous data on performance and has the potential to be a tool for performance prediction, talent selection and sport development. The goal of this perspective paper is to provide context around the emergence of the Arena Games Triathlon series, describe the format of this type of racing, outline how it has the potential to drive training and evaluation of triathletes and discuss the attractiveness of its future inclusion as an Olympic discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Athletes are susceptible to oral injuries. To reduce the incidence and severity of oral trauma, a custom‐made mouthguard, a device positioned in the mouth to prevent damage to teeth and surrounding structures, is recommended. In field hockey, according to the international rules of this sport, using mouthguards is not mandatory, but it is recommended to wear them at all times while practicing this discipline. We aimed to determine characteristics and differences regarding mouthguard usage among field hockey players from different countries participating in the XII ODESUR Games. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional study that included 78 voluntary hockey athletes that met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire used was validated by Panam Sports, collecting information on the type of mouthguard (custom‐made or prefabricated), and the time of use of the mouthguard (range of 5 years). Results: Of the total number of athletes, 96% used mouthguards, of which 64% were custom‐made type, and 32% were prefabricated (p <.001). Custom‐made mouthguards were used by 100%, 89%, and 64% of athletes in Argentina, Chile, and Peru, respectively, while only 40% of athletes in Paraguay and Uruguay used them. It has also been observed that more than 50% of the individuals have not controlled and replaced their intraoral devices for more than 10 years. Conclusions: Our results reveal a problem with a public health dimension and thus invite the standardization of guidelines with an educational approach to promoting and adopting good sports practices. This report is the first on using mouthguards in high‐performance athletes during an international multisport event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative study, the experiences of sport spectatorship by people with disabilities who watched the PyeongChang Paralympics were explored to add to the body of knowledge surrounding the legacies and leverage of major mega-sports events, in which the experiences of people with disabilities in non-western contexts have been largely overlooked. Fifteen adults with physical disabilities of Asian origin or heritage participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews concerning their responses to observing the para-games. Analysis of the interview data yielded five thematic reactions: (1) desire to participate, (2) sense of in-group pride, (3) self-efficacy, (4) disability sports awareness, and (5) social inclusion. Conceptual and practical perspectives are discussed along with suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To provide information regarding injury incidence, injury pattern, and associated injury risk factors in elite Paralympic judokas. Methods: Participants in this observational research were elite judokas taking part in the IBSA 2018 World Judo Championship. The entire championship was videotaped, and all injuries were prospectively documented using an all-complaints definition. Results: The tournament featured 267 judokas, (B1 = 58; B2 = 105; B3 = 104). The injury proportion was estimated at 18.9 injuries/100 fighters (B1 = 13.8; B2 = 22.3; B3 = 18.5). A total of 745 athletic exposures were registered. The overall injury rate was 68.5 (95% CI, 52.5–89.2); 62.5 (95% CI, 32–122.3); 79.6 (95% CI, 53.8–17.8); and 61.2 (95% CI, 40–93.5) for the total sample, B1, B2, and B3 judokas, respectively. When only injuries resulting in medical attention were analyzed, the overall injury rate was calculated to be 22.8 (95% CI, 14.3–36.5), and the injury proportion was estimated at 6.3 injuries/100 fighters. No significant differences were found for sex, weight, and visual class regarding injury proportion and injury rates. Conclusion: Paralympic judokas show a high injury rate. However, when only injuries that needed medical attention were taken into account, the proportion of athletes injured was low. The degree of visual impairment was not considered as an injury risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on role ambiguity suggests its relationship to retention and commitment in business, industry and non-profit settings. The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with perceived role ambiguity experienced by volunteers at the 2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival, and their impact on future volunteering engagement and awareness post-event. The study also examined differences in event role ambiguity perceptions based on gender, age and volunteering experience among the participants. Data were collected by a means of an online-administered survey from a sample of 268 volunteers. A response rate of 44% was obtained. Results of principal component analysis suggested two role ambiguity factors consisting of 'means-ends/expectations & Scope' and 'Consequences of role performance' that were relevant in this event setting. A significant association between volunteering experience and both role ambiguity dimensions were reported, while for 'means-ends/expectations & scope' ambiguity, males experienced greater clarity. Finally, the results indicate that role ambiguity is associated with future volunteering beyond the event. Implications for event managers are then explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-sport events are one of the attractions in the world of sports. One of the problems that occur in multi-sport events in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is the phenomenon of athlete transfer. The transfer of athletes from one area to another is something that can cause pros and cons. The need to know data/information related to the transfer of athletes is very important. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the problem of transferring athletes in multi-sport events in the DIY Province. In this regard, this research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques were carried out using document studies and interviews. Participants are experts in the field of sports, sports lecturers, athletes, coaches and administrators of sports organizations. Based on the research some opinions if the transfer of athletes can interfere with the process of coaching athletes in the regional area. While according to some parties if the transfer of athletes can be managed properly will be able to help improve the quality of athletes. So that this research can be used as an evaluation material to be able to minimize the negative impact caused by the transfer of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how national swimsuits are more than team garments worn at international events such as the Olympics. In their development and construction as well as the public contexts within which they are worn, swimsuits have a long history of transforming and controlling swimmers' bodies and when the swimsuit fails to control or transform, the swimmer rather than the swimsuit is blamed for any transgressions. This article follows the development of the competitive swimsuit from the Victorian era, which required swimmers to fully cover their body, through to the mid-twentieth century when swimsuits revealed more and more of the body, before returning to full body racing swimsuits in the late twentieth century. For women, swimsuits have had a history of regulating their public bodies. For female competitive swimmers, national swimsuits have been particularly problematic because the design radically changed how their bodies looked when competing. Similarly, swimsuits for transgendered competitive swimmers overly focus on body image. In transforming and controlling the competitive swimmers' bodies, and in punishing transgressions, it is argued that this impacts on the wearer's identity and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to understand the impact of content orientation, media type, and information richness on fan engagement in multi-sport global events. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a content analysis on Twitter posts recording over two million user impressions from the official account managed by the International Olympic Committee for India during the Tokyo Olympic Games 2020. A multivariate Poisson model using the Bayesian approach was used for analyzing data. Findings: This study found that fan engagement is likely to be higher for player-oriented content as opposed to team-oriented content. Also, the usage of photos to enhance engagement worked better than any other media type. Finally, the results revealed that the inclusion of hashtags has a positive effect on fan engagement for tweet comments but not for like count and retweet count. Originality/value: The study highlights the differences in player versus team-oriented posts in global multi-sport competitions. The findings have significant implications for practicing sport managers by informing them about key elements that drive fans to engage in online communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of technology in elite sports and the debate surrounding its impact on competition. The authors acknowledge the differing viewpoints on technologies such as WaveLight technology (WLT) and advanced footwear technology (AFT), with some arguing that they should be allowed as they do not cause harm, while others believe they artificially augment an athlete's natural performance capacity. The authors also address the role of technology in training versus competition, with some arguing for the prohibition of external performance-enhancing technologies in order to maintain fairness and sport integrity. They emphasize the need for thorough scientific validation and independent assessment before introducing new technologies in major sporting competitions. The authors conclude by stating that any new technology must align with Olympic ideals and prioritize athlete health and competition integrity. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines Japan's performance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and considers whether the inclusion of new sports and the Games being staged behind closed doors influenced Japan's performance as the host nation. We analysed Japan's medal output and ranking at Tokyo 2020 in the context of its historical Summer Olympic performances and compared with other recent hosts. We also analysed how Japan's performance changed between Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 in different events (men, women and mixed) and in different sports. Japan improved its performance at its home Games across multiple measures. Evidence of improvement between Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 was seen in men's, women's and mixed events and across the portfolio of sports that were common to both editions. Japan's home performance was amplified by its success in the new sports added to the programme. To promote fair competition, the inclusion of new sports at future Games should be evaluated on the basis of their global appeal alongside their local popularity within the host nation. Our findings somewhat challenge conventional wisdom that home crowd support is a key game location factor which contributes to home advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Olympics and the Paralympics are two of the largest multi-sport events worldwide that aim to represent social movements. The Games and the movements could be influenced by the widespread reach of their athletes' social media. Thus, this study examined if Olympians' and Paralympians' Instagram posts reflected their respective Movements. A coding scheme was developed based on the Movements to analyse the Instagram posts of Olympians and Paralympians. The Paralympians may be assimilating to Olympian/able-bodied ideologies regarding sport. While assimilation in athleticism, sponsorship and sport participation may be positive, as it promotes athletes with a disability as elite, assimilation in the category of advancement may have negative consequences. At the initiation of the Movement, achieving recognition as elite athletes needed to be prioritized. However, the results of this study indicate advancement needs to be prioritized to avoid forgetting the Paralympics as a broader movement and to maintain disability culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publicly funded sport events (may) affect the relationship between governments and residents. The use of taxpayers' money creates certain expectations, including community-focused event outcomes. The purpose of this article is to investigate the alignment of event objectives and outcomes between host residents and those responsible for bringing a publicly funded sport event to a city, namely the government. The 2011 and 2019 Canada Winter Games, two publicly funded, non-mega-, multisport events, provided the context for the study. Data were collected through documents, interviews, and focus groups. Our findings are articulated in three themes, highlighting that although residents often evaluated their respective events positively, event experiences diverged from those of event providers. Our findings support the need for multisectoral event portfolios to pursue community objectives and public engagement strategies throughout the event planning process. These results may help event providers meet the needs of host residents when hosting future sport events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Indigenous-only multi-sport events (or Games) in Canada comprise mainly modern Western sport forms, as opposed to traditional Indigenous games. Yet these same sport forms were used in oppressive, assimilative, "sport for colonization" processes to marginalize traditional games and Indigenous culture throughout the settlercolonial period. In this sense, as means to self-determination, cultural agency, and Indigenous-settler reconciliation, Indigenous Games (such as the North American Indigenous Games or Arctic Winter Games) can be viewed as sites of both repression and resistance. As such, a critical reflection of games within Games is needed to understand the tensions in contemporary Indigenous physical culture. Focusing on the Canadian context, this essay provides a commentary of the struggle for legitimacy, sportification process, and reconciliatory nature of traditional games within Indigenous Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale/Purpose: This study examines the role of elite sport development programs in the capacity building process of disability sport organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: An instrumental qualitative case study design was employed with data consisting of documentation and semi–structured interviews with program administrators and senior leadership from seven NPCs. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and yielded four main themes. Findings: Development programs are external and incentivized stimuli which can initiate the capacity building process. Prior assessment of target groups' needs and existing capacities are key to program design and implementation. Practical Implications: Recommendations are provided for program administrators on how they may support the development of NPCs organizational capacities through each stage of the capacity building process. Research contribution: The study contributes to the literature on elite Para sport development and organizational capacity by highlighting the importance of, and challenges in, aligning development programs' objectives with the target organization's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The National Sports Week (known in Bahasa Indonesia as Pekan Olahraga Nasional or PON) consumes a large budget as Indonesia's largest multi-sports event. This raises the question of whether it is only a sporting event or has an impact on society. Studies related to multi-sports events, specifically in the form of local or small-scale, such as PON, are still limited in Asia. The aim of this study was to investigate six important domains (constructs) of the 20th PON (PON XX) held in Papua in 2021: sports event image, motivation, satisfaction, stadium atmosphere, environment, and perception of the impacts. In addition, this study assessed the correlations between those six constructs and associations between the explanatory variables (gender, distance of residence, and involvement in the sporting event) and those six constructs. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to assess those six constructs and the explanatory variables. We included 675 respondents aged between 17–57 years, with a mean age of 22.87 years in the study. The results showed that the implementation of PON XX was positively received by the community and their highest motivation to watch this event was for entertainment. The involvement of the participant in the event was significantly associated with sports event image, satisfaction, motivation, stadium atmosphere, environment, and the perception of PON impact. The distance of the residence from the venues was only significantly associated with the perceived impact of PON XX on the community while gender had no association with all six constructs. There was a strong correlation between the other five investigated constructs and the perceived impact of PON XX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The former Imperial State of Iran was a critical actor and deal-broker in orchestrating the Asian Games Federation's admission of the All-China Sports Federation and expulsion of the Republic of China Olympic Committee in 1973 and enabling China's Asian Games debut in Tehran in September 1974. Notably, it achieved this disruptive and historic outcome largely through offering good offices and adhering to institutionalism. In particular, Iran convinced the IOC to retain its patronage to the AGF and facilitated fruitful negotiations between the People's Republic of China and the international sport governing bodies to ensure the issuance of event permits. Despite the occasionally provocative statements of Iranian officials against the IOC and IFs while playing the role of communist China's advocate, Tehran also managed to persuade Beijing to make seemingly small but actually critical comprises while interacting with international governing bodies. These compromises proved essential to China's eventual rehabilitation in international sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Olympic distance triathlon includes maximal exercise bouts with transitions between the activities. This study investigated the effect of an Olympic distance triathlon (1.5-km swim, 40-km bike, 10-km run) on pulmonary diffusion capacity (DLCO). In nine male triathletes (age: 24 ± 4.7 years), we measured DLCO and calculated the DLCO to alveolar volume ratio (DLCO/VA) and performed spirometry testing before a triathlon (pre-T), 2 hours after the race (post-T), and the day following the race (post-T-24 h). DLCO was measured using the 9-s breath-holding method. We found that (1) DLCO decreased significantly between pre- and post-T values (38.52 ± 5.44 vs. 35.92 ± 6.63 ml∙min-1∙mmHg-1) (p < 0.01) and returned to baseline at post-T-24 h (38.52 ± 5.44 vs. 37.24 ± 6.76 ml∙min-1∙mmHg-1, p > 0.05); (2) DLCO/VA was similar at the pre-, post- and post-T-24 h DLCO comparisons; and (3) forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) significantly decreased between pre- and post-T and between pre- and post-T-24-h (p < 0.02). In conclusion, a significant reduction in DLCO and DLCO/VA 2 hours after the triathlon suggests the presence of pulmonary interstitial oedema. Both values returned to baseline 24 hours after the race, which reflects possible mild and transient pulmonary oedema with minimal physiological significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To carry out a systematic review to update the scientific evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injuries in the swimming discipline, as well as the location, type, and mechanism of the injuries, and to assess whether studies are meeting methodological recommendations for data collection and injury surveillance. Type: Analytical‐Systematic review. Literature Survey: The databases of PubMed and Sportdiscus were used to search for studies that describe the epidemiology of injuries in adult swimmers between 2010 and March 2020. Methodology: Of the 864 articles identified, 14 studies were finally included in this review. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Synthesis: The results showed a high prevalence of shoulder, knee, and lower back injuries among swimmers due to overuse. These injuries were mainly short‐term tendon muscles; there were reported data differences between genders. Conclusions: Despite the publication of an injury surveillance single and multisport events document and a consensus on data collection and injury surveillance in swimming, there are huge methodological limitations that do not allow firm conclusions. As such, more epidemiological studies following guidelines for data collection and injury surveillance are needed to establish differences by gender, age group, and swimming stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leverage perspective takes a prospective approach to legacy and focuses on how different organisations use an event as a catalyst to implement their own organisational goals. This paper examines how the second winter Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in Lillehammer in 2016 were leveraged to increase participation in organised and non-organised sport among regional youth. The analytical framework is based on available sport participation leverage literature. This is a case study using interviews with representatives from involved organisations, archival materials and observations as its main sources. The findings show that event organisations, sport organisations and non-sport organisations formed alliances to leverage the 2016 YOG for sport participation with intervention programmes and new infrastructure as the two main strategies. The sport participation legacy outcomes of the 2016 YOG were constrained by a lack of long-term strategies and limited resources made available after the Games. To maximise the sport participation goals, strong alliances and long-term commitments need to be formed among local and regional organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth multi-sport events offer athletes an opportunity to prepare and train for traditional (adult) multi-sport competitions like the Olympic Games, but simultaneously raises questions as to how athletes train and prepare for the former. Thus, the purpose of this study was to uncover how youth athletes were educated and prepared for a multi-sport games, and whether this preparation was congruent with the circumstances that athletes would encounter. To do so, the Australian Olympic Committee's "Champ Camp" pre-Games summit was observed, documenting the educational training youth athletes received prior to attending the 2018 Buenos Aires Youth Olympic Games. The findings indicate that youth athletes experienced an overload of information that focused on professionalization, and ignored social issues (e.g., sexual health) experienced at the Games. The findings underscore the importance of increasing socialization activities in preparing for a youth multi-sport competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights a series of upcoming events for the spring of 2024 organized by the HA (Historian Association). These events aim to provide accessible and enjoyable history experiences for individuals with varying levels of time commitment. The events include a short course on the impact and legacy of the First World War, exclusive members' webinars on topics such as Black Germans and John F. Kennedy's role in the Vietnam War, virtual branch talks on the East India Company and the Normans, and the highly anticipated HA Annual Conference in Birmingham. The article also mentions future events, including a summer mini-series exploring Olympic heritage. All events are free for HA members. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the impact of Olympic Sponsorship announcements on stock returns for sponsors of the ten Olympic Summer Games held between 1984 and 2020. The paper finds that sponsorship announcements are associated with an average 0.44% impact on returns on the announcement day. This increase translates to a $61 million increase in sponsoring firms' market value, on average. The study also documents significant differences in the impact of Olympic sponsorship announcements on domestic versus foreign sponsors' stock returns as well as significant differences on the returns of Olympic partners versus Olympic supporters. Abnormal returns for firms domiciled in the host country are shown to be significantly higher than abnormal returns for firms domiciled outside the host country. Abnormal returns are significantly higher for Olympic partners, who pay a higher sponsorship fee, than for Olympic supporters. Overall, our findings imply Olympic sponsorship is a value-creating strategy, especially for domestic firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Olympic Charter is the binding document that rules the Olympic Movement which, among other things, has the role of managing the organization of the biggest and most complex sporting event in the world - the Olympic games. The multi-disciplinary nature of this event implies the involvement of diverse stakeholders, including hosts and respective communities that, besides having different interests, rely on each other to fulfil them. As the owner of the event, the International Olympic Committee has the role of managing these interests through the update and modification of the Olympic Charter. This paper explores the evolution of this document, taking special consideration of the influence that occurrences related with stakeholder's governance and urban strategies of hosts had on its rules. A cross-referenced review between the historical events within these two fields of study is compared to a systematic review of the Charter's evolution. The results include a timeline with eight periods identifying the progress of those relationships, showing that the Olympic Charter has had a more reactive than pro-active character: it was highly influenced by hosts and other internal and external governance issues that, together, were responsible for the addition of new rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, a critical mass of feminist scholars has been working to develop new ways of understanding the complex interactions between the social and biological body. Working broadly under the umbrella of 'new materialisms,' a subgroup of feminist scholars is proposing alternative non-dualistic models for engaging with biology, corporeality, science, and matter. In this study, we take inspiration from this body of literature, and particularly Samantha Frost's recent concept of 'biocultural creatures' to explore the complex entanglements between sporting cultures and women's biological bodies. In conceiving of biology differently, this study reveals the dynamism and plasticity of the biocultural sporting body and reveals sportswomen as active agents in these processes. Interviews with sportswomen in two different sporting cultures—endurance multi-sport events (triathlon and Ironman) and rugby sevens—offer rich insights into how different body ideals, physical requirements, support structures, and performance cultures intra-act with women's biological bodies, and particularly their embodied experiences of the health condition known as Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Ultimately, this study reveals sportswomen as biocultural creatives, "constantly composing, decomposing and recomposing" (Frost 2016, p. 149) in response to their engagement with distinctive sporting habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade a great deal of work has examined major sport event legacies and event leverage. Much of this work has involved Olympic studies and this paper seeks to add to the body of knowledge surrounding major sport event legacies by examining the largely overlooked area of the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games are the second largest multisport event after the Olympic Games depending upon which parameters are used and since Sydney 2000 there has been an 'operational partnership' where bid cities are required to host both Games. Yet, few studies have evaluated the comparative outcomes, legacies and event leverage that Paralympic games have generated. This paper addresses this absence by conducting a thematic analysis of Paralympic legacy research. The thematic analysis used a combination of keywords involving event legacy across 13 major academic databases. Of the 43 articles identified as having Paralympic legacy related content only 13 articles empirically investigated Paralympic legacy. In reviewing the research, it is noted that the bulk of the research has focused on Summer Paralympic Games with little interest in the Winter Paralympic Games. The major findings for legacy-based research include: infrastructure; sport; information education, and awareness; human capital; and managerial changes. However, while these findings may seem congruent with major event legacies frameworks conceptually, an examination of the detailed findings shows that Paralympic legacy research is isomorphic and adds a new component to existing legacy dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sport media coverage of women's participation has long been viewed as perpetuating hegemonic masculinity. Yet several authors have found recent coverage of mega, multi-sport events, such as the Summer Olympic Games, to be more equitable towards women, particularly when examined proportionally to participation. The Czech Republic for various reasons has traditionally been resistant to feminist ideology, marking its unique positioning in providing an equitable presentation of women's participation. Objective: To examine the influence of hegemonic masculinity in an Eastern European culture, portrayed through Czech online media coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Methods: Online media coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was examined for gendered differences of Czech athletes. Analysis of number of articles, length of articles, type of sport, and whether the article was about domestic or foreign athletes, was evaluated over 17 days of media coverage on two dominant Czech sport media websites. Results were compared in relation to gender, participation rates and medal success. Results: A total of 860 articles were reviewed, with 49.7% favoring male athletes, and 38.6% female. Articles about female athletes were largely composed of reporting on female medal winners (medal winning: media coverage correlation .845, p < .001), while those on male athletes were predominantly from the cultural dominant sport of men's ice hockey (25.1%). Conclusions: The findings suggest that success is more important than perpetuations of hegemonic masculinity when men and women are competing in mega, multi-sport events. Implications of these findings are also provided in terms of type of media coverage and influences of equity in media coverage for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The systematic surveillance of injuries and illness in young athletes is important to reduce the loss of training and competition time and enable continuing sports participation. However, the risk and incidence of injury and illness in tropical country athletes competing in winter sports remains unclear. Objective: To identify the incidence, severity, and causes of injuries and illness in the Thailand National Youth Team during the 10-day First Winter Children of Asia Games. Materials and Methods: In the present observational prospective cohort study, the authors used the International Olympic Committee (IOC) injury and illness surveillance system for multisport events. The injuries and illnesses of 18 Thailand athletes were collected daily by the team physician over a 10-day competition period. Results: Eight injuries and nine illnesses were reported, equating to 44.4% of the athletes sustaining at least one injury and 50% at least one illness, an incidence rate of 2.6 injuries and 7.3 illnesses per 100 athletes, respectively. The risk of sustaining an injury was highest during cross country skiing while the most common type of injury was a sprain. The upper respiratory tract was the site most affected by illness with females reporting a greater illness rate. Conclusion: The presented data constitute the basis for future analyses of injury and illness associated risk factors in winter sports, which are essential to develop and implement effective preventative strategies in tropical winter sport athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study investigates three issues associated with playing sports video games: the correlates of participation (and its intensity) in this type of activity, their complementarity with traditional sports and their perception as sport. Given the scarcity of data on esports participation, these results can be seen as an initial approach to these issues with regard to esports. Design/methodology/approach: Sequential, two-part and regression models are estimated using a sample of 11,018 individuals from the Survey of Sporting Habits in Spain 2015. Findings: First, the association of the correlates follows different patterns for participation in sports video games and its intensity. Second, complementarity with traditional sports is found using different approaches. Third, young people consider this activity as a dimension of their overall interest in sports. Practical implications: The different association of the correlates with participation in esports and its intensity can be used to define marketing and brand investment strategies. The complementarity between esports and traditional sports should influence how the actual stakeholders in sport define future strategies to favour the growth of both industries. Finally, the increasing perception of esports as a sport should influence the future organisation of multi-sport events like the Olympic Games. Originality/value: Using sports video games participation as a proxy of esports participation, this study is the first to provide empirical evidence of the relevance of distinguishing between participation in esports and its intensity, their complementarity with traditional sports and their perception as sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]